Ukuzala kwizityalo Sisifundo esinomdla kwibhotani, kungekuphela nje ngenxa yeyantlukwano yayo, kodwa nangenxa yokubaluleka kwendalo kunye nokuvela kwenkqubo yokuzala. Ukuqonda Yintoni izityalo ze-monoecious kunye ne-dioecious?, kunye nokwahlula ezi ngqikelelo kunye nokuqonda iintsingiselo zazo, kubalulekile kumafama, abalimi, iingcali ngezityalo, kunye nabaphi na abathanda indalo.
Ukwabelana ngesondo kuququzelelwe njani kwizityalo?
Izityalo, ngokungafaniyo nezilwanyana, zibonisa iindlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zokuzala ezilungelelaniswe nokungahambi kwazo. Le ntlukwano iguqulela kubukho beentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentyatyambo kunye neendlela zokuzala. flores Banokuba yi-hermaphroditic, i-monoecious okanye i-dioecious, ngokuxhomekeke kulungiselelo kunye nokudityaniswa kwamalungu abo okuzala (i-stamens okanye i-androecium) kunye namalungu okuzala amabhinqa (i-pistil okanye i-gynoecium).
Kule meko, izityalo ze-monoecious y eyobe Benza amaqela amabini aphambili ezityalo ngokuhlukana ngokwesondo, ngokudibeneyo eyaziwa ngokuba "zizityalo ze-dyclinal." Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba kukho imeko ekhethekileyo: izityalo ze-hermaphrodite, ezinamalungu omabini esini kwintyatyambo enye. Siza kuhlalutya nzulu umahluko, iimpawu, kunye nemizekelo yeqela ngalinye.
Izityalo zeHermaphrodite: yintoni na?
Las izityalo hermaphroditic zezo ekuzo Intyatyambo enye inamalungu omabini esini: indoda (androecium) kunye nemazi (gynoecium okanye pistil). Ezi ntyatyambo zikwabizwa ngokuba "iintyatyambo ezigqibeleleyo" okanye "iintyatyambo ze-monoclinic."
El androecium Yenziwe ngestamens, evelisa umungu, ngelixa i gynoecium Kubandakanya i-pistil, ehlanganiswe ne-stigma, isitayela, kunye ne-ovary, apho i-ovules ikhula khona. Eli lungiselelo livumela intyatyambo, ngokwethiyori, ukuba izichumise, nangona iintlobo ezininzi zineendlela zokuthintela ukuzichumisa, zikhetha ukwahluka kwemfuza.
- Imizekelo yezityalo ze-hermaphroite Zixhaphake kakhulu iitumato, iiapile, iimbotyi (iimbotyi, iimbotyi ezibanzi, ii-ertyisi), iziqhamo ze-citrus (i-orenji, i-lemon), i-chili kunye nekofu.
Kwezinye iimeko, i i-hermaphroditism Isenokuzibonakalisa ngamaxesha athile kwiintlobo ezininzi ze-dioecious okanye i- monoecious. Umzekelo, kwi-cannabis, uxinzelelo lunokubangela ukubonakala kweentyatyambo ze-hermaphroditic ezikwaziyo ukuzichumisa, ezinokuba yingxaki kwizityalo ezijonge ukuvelisa iintyatyambo ezingenambewu.
Izityalo ze-Monoecious: inkcazo kunye neempawu
Igama elithi "monoecious" livela kwisiGrike: "mono" ithetha enye kwaye "oikos" ithetha indlu; ngoko ke, "indlu enye". izityalo ezimnyama Ezi zizityalo ezineentyantyambo eziziinkunzi nezabafazi ezahlukeneyo, kodwa zombini zibekwe kumntu omnye. Oko kukuthi, isityalo ngasinye esine- monoecious siyakwazi ukuvelisa zombini i-pollen kunye ne-ovules, nangona ingekho kwintyatyambo enye.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, kwezi ntlobo ungaqwalasela iintlobo ezimbini zeentyatyambo:
- Iintyatyambo ezingamadoda: Zivelisa i-pollen kwaye zihlala kwindawo ephakamileyo okanye ekupheleni kwamasebe ukuququzelela ukusasazwa kwe-pollen ngumoya.
- Iintyatyambo zabasetyhini: Zinepistil kwaye zinoxanduva lokufumana umungu ukuvelisa imbewu.
Kwizityalo ezine-monoecious, Ukudluliselwa kwepoleni ngokuqhelekileyo kuxhomekeke emoyeni okanye kwizinambuzane, nangona kwiimeko ezininzi kukho iindlela ezinciphisa amathuba okuzichumisa, njengokuvuthwa okungahambelaniyo kwamalungu esini kunye nabasetyhini (dichogamy).
Izinto eziluncedo kunye nokunciphisa izityalo ze-monoecious
Phakathi kweenzuzo eziphambili ze-monoecy yi ukukwazi ukuzala xa bengekho abantu besini esahlukileyo, nto leyo eyandisa amathuba okusinda. Nangona kunjalo, ukuzichumisa rhoqo kunokunciphisa ukwahlukana kwemfuza, okuthi ekuhambeni kwexesha kube nzima ukuba iintlobo zivumelane neenguqu zendalo.
Ukukhawulelana nalo mda, izityalo ezininzi ze-monoecious zisebenzisa iindlela ezifana ne-dichogamy, ukuthintela umungu okhulileyo ukuba ungahambelani okwexeshana nebala elamkelayo kumntu omnye. Ukuba amalungu wesilisa aqala ukukhula, le nto ibizwa ngokuba protandry; ukuba ngaba abafazi bayayenza, iprotogyny.
Imizekelo yezityalo ezine-monoecious
- Umbona (Zea mays): ngomnye wemizekelo ebalaseleyo. Iintyatyambo zayo zobuduna zenza i-panicles phezulu, ngelixa iintyatyambo zasemazi zenza iindlebe.
- Umthi wekhokhonathi (Cocos nucifera): Ibonisa iintyatyambo eziziinkunzi nemazi ezahlukeneyo kwi-inflorescence enye.
- Ingqolowa, irayisi, amazimba: ezinye iicereals ezilinywa ngokubanzi nge monoecious system.
- I-almond kunye ne-eucalyptus: Iintlobo zemithi ezineentyatyambo zesini zozibini kumntu omnye.
- Ithanga, i-zucchini, ikhukhamba kunye nezinye iicucurbits: izityalo ezaziwayo ze-monoecious horticultural.
Izityalo zeDioecious: inkcazo kunye neempawu
Las izityalo zedioecious Babonisa ukwahlulwa ngokupheleleyo kwezini: Umntu ngamnye uyindoda kuphela okanye ibhinqa kuphelaNgamanye amazwi, iintyatyambo zamadoda zikhula kuphela kwizityalo eziziinkunzi, kwaye iintyatyambo zobufazi zikhula kuphela kwizityalo ezizimazi. Ke, ukuze iziqhamo kunye nembewu zikhule, ubukho babantu besini esisondeleyo bubalulekile.
Igama elithi "dioecious" livela kwigama lesiGrike elithi "di" (ezimbini) kunye no "oikos" (indlu), libhekisa kwinto yokuba. izini zihlala kwizindlu ezahlukeneyoOku kuthetha ukuba ukuze kubekho ukuzala nokumila kwembewu, umungu osuka kwiintyatyambo zamadoda kufuneka uhanjiswe kwiintyatyambo ezizimazi, mhlawumbi ngomoya, izinambuzane, okanye ezinye izinto ezihambisa ipoleni.
Iingenelo zokuzivelela kwe-dioecy
Inzuzo ephambili ye-dioecy kukuba kuthintela ukuzichumisa, ukunyanzeliswa kokudibanisa phakathi kwabantu abahlukeneyo. Oku kuvelisa ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwemfuza, eyona nto iphambili ekuziqhelaniseni nasekuguqukeni kweentlobo zezityalo. Nangona kunjalo, ikwathwele intsonkotha yokuba, ngokungabikho kwabantu abaneleyo besini sozibini kwindawo ethile, ukuzala kunokuchaphazeleka.
Imizekelo yezityalo ze-dioecious
- Ipapaya (Carica papaya): Zizityalo ezizimazi kuphela ezinokuvelisa isiqhamo ukuba zikufuphi nezityalo eziziinkunzi ezivelisa umungu.
- IKiwi (Actinidia deliciosa): Kuyimfuneko ukutyala imizekelo yamadoda nemazi ukuze ufumane iziqhamo.
- I-Pistachio (i-Pistacia vera) y idate palm (Phoenix dactylifera): Zombini zifuna ubukho obudibeneyo bezityalo zesini zombini ukuze zithwale isiqhamo.
- IAsparagus (iAsparagus officinalis): Nangona kukho iintlobo ze-monoecious, ezininzi ziyi-dioecious.
- Ginkgo biloba: ummeli okhoyo kuphela wodidi lwayo, uhlobo lwe-dioecious olusetyenziswa kakhulu kwigadi yasezidolophini.
- IHiedra, Ngcwele y Mistletoe: izihlahla ze-dioecious kunye nabakhweli abaqhelekileyo kwiipaki kunye negadi.
Umahluko ophambili phakathi kwezityalo ze-monoecious kunye ne-dioecious
Umahluko ophambili phakathi kweentlobo zombini zezityalo kwi indlela abasasaza ngayo amalungu abo esini:
- Izityalo ezimangalisayo: Umntu omnye uvelisa iintyatyambo zenkunzi nemazi, nangona ngokuqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo okanye kwi-inflorescences.
- Izityalo ezinomdla: Mntu ngamnye yindoda okanye ibhinqa kuphela, ngoko ke ukuzala kufuna ukuba kubekho zombini izini.
Ukongeza, kukho ukungafani phakathi ukuguquguquka kwemfuzo okulindelweyo, la ukuziqhelanisa notshintsho lwemo engqongileyo kunye isicwangciso sokuzala ukuze kuphile uhlobo:
- Monoecious: ukuzala ngokulula ngakumbi xa bengekho abanye abantu, kodwa ngokuguquguquka okuncinci kwemfuzo.
- Dioecious: Bahlala befuna intsebenziswano phakathi kwabantu abohlukeneyo ukuze baphinde bavelise, kodwa ngobutyebi obukhulu bemfuzo.
Kukwabalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba, kwihlabathi lezityalo, i-monoecy kunye ne-dioecy azikhethekanga ngokupheleleyo: kwezinye iintlobo, i-monoecious kunye ne-dioecious populations inokuhlalisana, okanye ngaphandle kwezinto ezinokuthi zenzeke (umzekelo, izityalo ezitshintsha isondo ngokweemeko zokusingqongileyo, into ebizwa ngokuba yi-monoecious kunye ne-dioecious. ukulandelelana ngokwesondo).
Ukufaneleka kwe-agronomic kunye ne-ecological
Umahluko phakathi kwezityalo ze-monoecious kunye ne-dioecious ubalulekile kwi ezolimo, ukulima kunye nolondolozo lweentloboNgokomzekelo, kwizityalo zekiwi, i<em>pistachio, nepapaya, kubalulekile ukwazi isini sezityalo ukuze uqinisekise imveliso yeziqhamo eyaneleyo. Kwi-landscaping, ukusetyenziswa kwemizekelo yamadoda okanye yabasetyhini kunokukhethwa ngokusekelwe kubukho okanye ukungabikho kwesiqhamo (kwimeko yeGinkgo biloba, amadoda akhethwayo, njengoko iziqhamo zabasetyhini zikhupha iphunga elibi xa zivuthiwe).
Ngokwembono yendalo, ubume bezesondo buthanda:
- Ukuvundiswa komnqamlezo, okwandisa ukuguquguquka kwemfuza.
- Umtsalane wee-pollinators ezahlukeneyo, ngenxa yokwahluka kweentyatyambo zenkunzi nemazi.
- Ukuziqhelanisa neemeko ezahlukeneyo kunye neearhente zomvumvuzelwano (umoya, izinambuzane, iintaka, izilwanyana ezanyisayo).
Ngaphaya koko, unxulumano phakathi kweenkqubo zokuzala kunye ne-ecosystem ngundoqo kwi I-co-evolution kunye ne-pollinators kunye nolondolozo lwezityalo neentlobo zezilwanyana.
Iimfuno kunye neendlela zokulawula inzala
Ezinye izityalo zenze iindlela ezongezelelweyo zokulawula ukuzala kunye nokukhuthaza ukuguquguquka. Ezi ziquka:
- I-Dichogamy: ukuvuthwa kwe-asynchronous kwezitho zesini (i-protandry okanye i-protogyny), ixhaphake kakhulu kwizityalo ze-monoecious.
- I-hermaphroditism ebangela uxinzelelo lwendalo: njengoko kwenzeka kwi-cannabis, apho izinto ezithile zokusingqongileyo zibangela ukubonakala kweentyatyambo zesini zombini kwisityalo se-dioecious.
- Izityalo zesithembu: babonisa inkunzi, imazi kunye neentyatyambo ze-hermaphrodite kumntu omnye okanye phakathi kwabemi abafanayo (imeko yeziqhamo kunye nemithi yokuhombisa).
Ukubaluleka kokuchonga nokuphatha izityalo ngokobulili bazo
Ukwazi ukuba isityalo si monoecious, dioecious okanye hermaphrodite Ibalulekile kulawulo lwezolimoOku kuchaphazela ngqo ukucwangciswa kwezityalo, ubume bomhlaba, kunye nokusasazwa kwembewu.
Umzekelo, kwiindidi ze-dioecious, umlinganiselo wesityalo esiyindoda nesemazi kufuneka ulungelelaniswe ngononophelo ukuqinisekisa imveliso yeziqhamo eyaneleyo. Kwizityalo ze-monoecious okanye i-hermaphrodite, nangona i-self-pollination inokuthi yenzeke, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kukhuthazwe i-cross-pollination ukuphepha inbreeding.
Ukukhethwa kweentlobo zendoda okanye imazi nako ngamanye amaxesha kuxhomekeke kwizizathu zokuhombisa. Kwi-holly, umzekelo, kuphela izityalo zasetyhini eziya kuvelisa amajikijolo abomvu njengeempawu zegadi, kodwa zifuna i-pollen kwisityalo esikufuphi sendoda. Kwiintlobo zeziqhamo ezinokuthi zinganqweneleki (umzekelo, iphunga lembewu yeGinkgo), ukukhula kwezityalo zamadoda kuphela kucetyiswa.
Uphuhliso lwendaleko kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo kwizityalo zesini
Iindidi kwiinkqubo zesini zezityalo zisisiphumo senguquko ende yokwandisa iindlela zokuphila kunye nokusabalalisa. I-Dioeciousness, nangona imbalwa kwi-Plantae ubukumkani (kuphela i-5-6% yezityalo ezidubulayo), ibonakalise ukuba sisicwangciso esisebenzayo kwiintlobo apho ukusasazwa kwe-pollen okanye ukuthunyelwa kwe-pollination kunokuthintelwa ngokwesithuba.
Ukuhlalisana kweenkqubo ze-monoecious, dioecious, kunye ne-hermaphroditic ngaphakathi kweentsapho ezininzi zezityalo zibonisa ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwezityalo kwindawo yazo, kunye nokukwazi kwazo ukuvela ngokusekwe kwimeko yendalo, ibhayotiki, kunye neemeko zeabiotic.
Uphononongo kunye nokuqonda ezi nkqubo kuqhubeka ukunika idatha entsha eluncedo kwi ukuphuculwa kofuzo lwezityalo, ukubuyiselwa kokusingqongileyo kunye nolondolozo lweentlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo.
Ukwabelana ngesondo kwizityalo, kude nokuba sisihloko esincinci, yintsika yemveliso yezolimo, ulondolozo lwendalo, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwe-ecosystem kwinguqu yehlabathi. Ukuchonga nokuqonda ukuba isityalo yi-monoecious, i-dioecious, okanye i-hermaphrodite, kunye nokuqonda iindlela zaso zokuzala kunye ne-pollination, kuvula umnyango wolawulo olungcono lwezityalo, ukwanda kwemveliso kunye nentabalala yeziqhamo okanye imbewu, kwaye, ngaphezu kwako konke, ukugcina impilo kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeegadi zethu, amasimi kunye namahlathi.
