Ingca: iintlobo, iimpawu, imizekelo kunye nokubaluleka kwazo kwilizwe lezityalo

Yintoni ingca? Inkcazo kunye neempawu eziqhelekileyo

Ingca okanye iPoaceae lusapho lwezityalo ze-monocotyledonous angiosperm, ubukhulu becala ezinamagqabi, nangona zibandakanya iintlobo zemithi (ezifana ne-bamboos). Eyona nto iyaziwayo kubukho be izikhondo ezibizwa ngokuba ziingcongolo, ngokuqhelekileyo i-cylindrical kunye ne-hollow, echazwe ngamaqhuqhuva aqinileyo, apho amaqabunga ahlukeneyo, amade, ahlelwe ngokungafaniyo avela.

Olu sapho lubandakanya malunga ne-10.000 ukuya kwi-12.000 yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo, ezisasazwa kwihlabathi lonke, ezimele malunga ne-20-24% yezityalo ezisemhlabeni. Ukuguquguquka kwazo kuzivumela ukuba zilawule yonke into ukusuka kumathafa anengca kunye neesavanna ukuya kwimimandla yeentaba, iintlango, indalo yasemanzini, kunye neemeko zasezidolophini.

Iimpawu eziphambili zemophological zengca:

• Iziqu okanye iinkonkxa: Ngokuqhelekileyo, ziyakwazi ukuma, ukunyuka, ukurhubuluza (i-stoloniferous), i-rhizomatous okanye ukudada.
• AmaSpredishithi: Ulungelelwaniso olutshintshanayo, kunye nesingxobo esibandakanya isiqu, i-ligule ekudibaneni phakathi kwe-sheath nencakuba, kunye nencakuba yomgca ngokubanzi enevenation enxuseneyo.
• Inflorescence: Iyunithi esisiseko ebizwa ngokuba ispikelet, ebunjwe ngentyatyambo enye okanye ezingaphezulu okanye iintyatyambo ezihleli kwiaxis ( rhachilla ), ezikhuselwe ziibracts ezibizwa ngokuba zii-glumes. Iispikelets zinokudityaniswa zibe spikes, racemes, okanye panicles.
• Intyatyambo: Incinci kwaye ingabonakali, ngaphandle kweepetali, idla ngokuba yi-hermaphrodite kwaye ngokubanzi ine-stamens e-3 ene-anthers ejingayo kunye ne-anemophilous pollen (ethwalwa ngumoya), eyandisa amandla ayo angaphandle.
• Isiqhamo: La i-caryopsis, isiqhamo esomileyo esingenasiphelo apho imbewu idityaniswe kwi-pericarp (umzekelo: ukhozo lwengqolowa okanye irayisi).

Isiseko sokwakheka kwengca sibandakanya: isiqu (culm), amagqabi amade (i-sheath, ligule, blade), i-spikelet inflorescence kunye ne-caryopsis fruit.

Ubume bengca buguqukele ekubeni bonyuse ukusasazeka kwepollen kunye nokomelela kokusingqongileyo, yiyo loo nto zilawula i-biomes enkulu kwiplanethi yonke.

I-Taxonomy kunye nokuhlelwa kwePoaceae

I-Poaceae, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiGramineae, iyinxalenye yePoales. Balusapho olwamkelwa kuzo zonke iinkqubo zokuhlela ngezityalo, ukusuka eLinnaeus ukuya kwezona hlelo lwangoku lwephylogenetic.

Kwintsapho yengca, kukho emhlabeni 800 genera isasazwe 13 subfamilies eziphambili, phakathi kwazo kume:

• Pooideae: Kubandakanya iisiriyeli zemozulu epholileyo ezifana nengqolowa, irhasi kunye nehabile.
• I-Panicoideae: Iquka umbona, amazimba, imazi, kunye nengca yetropiki.
• Bambusoideae: I-bamboo (imithi kunye ne-herbaceous).
• I-Chloridoideae: Ingca eqhelane nemekobume ebharhileyo, efana negramón (Cynodon).
• Arundinoideae kunye nezinye iintsapho ezincinci ezincinci.

Ke ngoko, ingca ikhona phantse kuzo zonke ii-ikhosistim, iqaqambisa amandla azo amakhulu okuziqhelanisa nobungcaphephe bendalo.

I-Evolution, ukuhanjiswa kunye ne-ecology yengca

I-Poaceae yenye yezona ntsapho ziphumeleleyo kunye nezizwe zonke emhlabeni. Ukwahlukahlukana kwabo kunye nempumelelo yendaleko inxulunyaniswe nohlengahlengiso oluphambili lwe-physiological, morphological and reproductive adaptations, ezifana:

• I-anemophilia: I-pollination yomoya, evumela ukuveliswa kobuninzi be-pollen kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kweendawo ezivulekileyo.
• I-basal meristems ekhuselweyo: Zivumela ukukhula kwakhona emva kokutya, imililo okanye ukusika.
• I-Photosynthesis C3 kunye ne-C4: Ezinye ii-subfamilies zine-C4 physiology, esebenzayo kwimozulu eshushu neyomileyo, ethanda ukwanda kwazo ngamaxesha okutshintsha kwemozulu yehlabathi.

Ingca ilawula amathafa, amathafa, amathafa kunye namathafa engca kuwo onke amazwekazi.. Ngaphaya koko, baye babumba imihlaba kunye nezilwanyana, njengoko ukwanda kwazo kuvumele ukuvela kwezilwanyana ezinkulu ezitya utyani kunye nendaleko yabantu eyalandelayo.

KuSingasiqithi weIberia, kwiZiqithi zeBalearic nakwiMeditera, kukho ingca efumaneka kuyo yonke indawo, ukususela kumanxweme, amagxobhozo neendunduma ukusa kumasimi alinyiweyo, amadlelo, amahlathi agawulweyo kwaneendawo eziphakamileyo zeentaba.

Umjikelo wobomi kunye nokuzala kwengca

Ingca inokuba ngonyaka, iminyaka emibini okanye ingapheli.

• Qho ngonyaka: Ziyantshula, zityatyambe, zithwale iziqhamo kwaye zife kumjikelo omnye wezityalo (umzekelo: ingqolowa, i-oats yasendle).
• IiPerennials: Zihlala iminyaka emininzi, zintshula ixesha lonyaka ngalinye ukusuka kwisiseko okanye kwirhizomes/phantsi komhlaba (umzekelo: fescue, Miscanthus, ingcongolo eqhelekileyo).

Ukuzala ngokuqhelekileyo kungokwesondo, nangona ezinye iintlobo zibonisa i-apomixis (ukuveliswa kwe-asexual ngembewu). Kwi-pollination, uthutho lwe-anemophilous luhamba phambili, olunokubangela i-pollen eyaziwayo yokwaliwa ngexesha leentyantyambo.

Imbewu yengca, ingqolowa okanye i-caryopsis, iqulethe i-embryo kunye nokugcinwa (i-endosperm), eye yavumela ukufuywa kwayo kwaye isetyenziswe njengokutya kwewaka leminyaka.

Ixesha leentyantyambo kunye nokwaliwa yingca

Ixesha lomvumvuzelwano lwengca liyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nommandla wejografi, nangona uvuvuzelo oluphezulu luqhele ukwenzeka entlakohlaza nasekuqaleni kwehlobo. Kwimimandla yeMeditera, ukukhutshwa kwe-pollen ephezulu kwenzeka ngexesha leenyanga ezipholileyo kunye nezifudumeleyo, ezihambelana neentyantyambo zangaxeshanye zeentlobo ezininzi.

I-pollen yengca yeyona nto ibangela ukuba i-rhinitis ye-alergic kunye ne-asthma ye-seasonal kubantu abaninzi, ngakumbi kumazwe anemozulu yeMeditera kunye nemozulu epholileyo. Iimpawu ziquka ukuthimla, ukurhawuzelelwa yimpumlo kunye namehlo, amehlo athe namanzi, ukuxinana kweempumlo, impumlo evuzayo, kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima, i-asthmatic bronchospasm.

Ingca nayo ibangela ukuphambana; oko kukuthi, ukuba awudibani nohlobo olunye, usenokusabela kwezinye ezininzi.

Zeziphi iintlobo ezibangela oyena nobangela wokungalungelani komzimba nezinto ezithile?

• Ingca kaTimoti (Phleum pratense)
• IPoa pratensis (i-spikelet)
• Ingca yeRyegrass (iLolium perenne kunye neLolium rigidum)
• Ingca eqhelekileyo (Cynodon dactylon)
• IFescue (Festuca rubra)

Ukongeza, ukuba awuhambisani ne-pollen yengca, kukho ithuba elincinci lokuphendula ngokutya okunje ngamandongomane (ama-almonds, amandongomane), imelon, i-kiwi, ivatala, okanye i-cherries.

Jonga amanqanaba e-pollen yemihla ngemihla ukuba uneempawu kwaye uphephe ukuba sesichengeni sangaphandle ixesha elide ngexesha lonyaka ophakamileyo we-pollen.

Iintlobo zengca: ukuhlelwa ngokusetyenziswa kunye nomjikelo webhayoloji

Ingca inokuthi ihlelwe ngokwemiqathango eyahlukeneyo: ukusetyenziswa (ukutya kwabantu kunye nezilwanyana), ukusetyenziswa kokuhlobisa, umjikelezo wobomi, ubungakanani okanye ukuxhathisa.

1. Ingca etyiwayo okanye etyiwayo

Ziquka zonke iisiriyeli, izityalo eziziinkozo, kunye nokutya kwemfuyo. Bakha isiseko sokufumaneka kokutya kwehlabathi.

• Ingqolowa (I-Triticum)
• Irayisi (UOryza sativa)
• Umbona (Zea amaxesha)
• Irhasi (IHordeum vulgare)
• Umgubo weoatmeal (Avena sativa)
• Rye (Ingqolowa yesecale)
• Amazimba (Amafutha)
• Unyana
• Umdiza weswekile (Umzi-mveliso weswekile)
• Uqalo olutyiwayo (UPhyllostachys edulis)

Kwi (https://www.jardineriaon.com/ornamental-grasses.html) iquka iintlobo ezininzi ezilinywayo ukuze zisetyenziswe kunye nokuveliswa kokutya.

2. Ingca yefula

Zikhuliselwa idlelo, ifula okanye ifula yefula yezilwanyana ezondlayo okanye iintaka.

• Ifescue ende (UFestuca arundinacea)
• Perennial ryegrass (I-lolium engapheliyo)
• Elephant grass (I-Panicum elephantipes)
• Ingca yobusi (I-Paspalum dilatatum)

Ukhathalelo olufanelekileyo, sicebisa ukuba udibane nezicwangciso zokuthena ingca kwigadi yakho yethu Isikhokelo sokuthena ingca.

3. Ingca yokuhombisa

Zisetyenziselwa ukuhombisa iigadi, iipaki, kunye neendawo eziluhlaza. Zibalasele ngenkangeleko yazo, umbala wamagqabi, kunye ne-inflorescences enomtsalane.

• Ingca (IPoa pratensis, Lolium, fescue, IAgrostis)
• Muhlenbergia capillaris: Icwecwe kunye neentyatyambo ezipinki ezibukhali ekwindla.
• Imperata cylindrica 'Red Baron': Amagqabi abomvu nabengezelayo.
• Miscanthus sinensis zebrinus: Iindidi zeBicolor, amagqabi aluhlaza kunye natyheli anebhanti, iintyatyambo ezimhlophe ehlotyeni.
• Cortaderia selloana (Pampas grass): Iintsiba ezinkulu zexabiso lembonakalo yomhlaba.
• I-stipa tenuissima: Ingca entle enentshukumo engumphunga.
• I-Festuca glauca (i-blue fescue): I-compact, bluish kwaye ihombise kakhulu.
• Pennisetum setaceum (umsila wempungutye): I-Fluffy kunye ne-inflorescences ekhangayo.
• Hakonechloa macra 'Aureola' (iperile yelanga): Ngamagqabi e-variegated kunye nokukhula kwe-arched.

Ukufumana ulwazi oluthe vetshe malunga nendlela yokunyamekela ezi ntlobo, tyelela icandelo lethu ingca yokuhombisa.

4. Ingca ehlaselayo kunye nokhula

Ezinye iintlobo zinamandla amakhulu okuzala kwaye zinokususa izityalo zendalo okanye zithintele izityalo:

• Amazimba eAleppo (Amazimba entlambo)
• Gramon (ICynodon dactylon)
• Ingca yeLenten (I-Digitaria sanguinalis)
• Brachiaria (Brachiaria extensa)

Ngaphambi kokuba ungenise uhlobo kwigadi yakho, fumana malunga neempawu zayo kunye namandla okuhlaselayo kwinqaku lethu elinikezelweyo izixhobo zendalo kunye neendlela zokutshabalalisa ukhula.

Ijenari engundoqo kunye neentlobo zezityalo zengca

Ezinye zezona ntlobo zibalulekileyo, kokubini ekutyeni nasegadini nasekulungiseni umhlaba, zibandakanya:

• I-Triticum: Ingqolowa eqhelekileyo (I-Triticum aestivum), ingqolowa durum (Ixesha leTriticum).
• Oryza: Irayisi eqhelekileyo (UOryza sativa), irayisi yaseAfrika (UOryza glaberrima).
• Zea: Umbona oqhelekileyo (Zea amaxesha).
• ISaccharum: Umdiza weswekile (Umzi-mveliso weswekile).
• Hordeum: Irhasi (IHordeum vulgare).
• Inqanaba: Rye (Ingqolowa yesecale).
• Milium: Sithandwa (I-Milium effusum kunye nabanye).
• I-Panicum: Switchgrass (IPanicum virgatum).
• Phalaris: Imbewu yeentaka (Phalaris arundinacea).
• Poa: Ingca eqhelekileyo (IPoa pratensis).
• I-Lolium: Perennial ryegrass (I-lolium engapheliyo).
• Fescue: I-blue fescue (Ifescue glauca), festuca gautieri.
• Pennisetum: Umsila we Fox (IPennisetum yokuqhelanisa, Iseti yePennisetum).
• Sipa: Esparto (I-stipa tenacissima), Stipa tenuissima.
• Arundo: Ingcongolo eqhelekileyo (arundo donax).
• Cymbopogon: I-Lemongrass.
• Bambusoideae: Fargesia rufa, Phyllostachys viridis, Phyllostachys aurea (i-bamboo eluhlaza, igolide, emnyama okanye encinci).
• Cortaderia: Ingca yePampas.
• I-Deschampsia: Deschampsia cespitosa.
• Eragrostis: Ingca yothando emfusa (Eragrostis spectabilis).

Ngolwazi oluthe kratya, jonga inqaku lethu elinikezelwe ingca, usapho olunamandla lwezityalo.

Kutheni ingca ibaluleke kangaka? Ukusetyenziswa kunye neenzuzo

Ingca ibaluleke kakhulu kwi-ikholoji, uqoqosho, ukutya, imbonakalo-mhlaba kunye nezoshishino:

• Isondlo somntu: Ngaphezulu kwe-50% yeekhalori ezisetyenzisiweyo kwihlabathi jikelele zivela ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo kwingca (isonka, irayisi, i-pasta, i-cereals, i-oyile yemifuno, njl.).
• Ukutya kwezilwanyana: Ifula, ifula kunye nokutya kweenkomo, amahashe, iinkukhu kunye nezinye izilwanyana zasekhaya.
• Ukulima kunye nokulungisa umhlaba: Ingca, imida, iheji, izithinteli-moya, izitiya zangoku kunye nezendalo.
• Icandelo: Ukusetyenziswa ekwenzeni iphepha, ingca ye-esparto, iifayibha, izixhobo zomculo (iingcongolo), i-bioethanol, iziselo ezinxilisayo, njl.
• Ukhukuliseko kunye nokubuyiselwa: Ulawulo lokhukuliseko kunye nokuzinziswa komhlaba kwindawo ezingqongileyo zasedolophini nasezilalini.
• Indawo esingqongileyo: Basebenzisa ikhabhoni kwaye bafake isandla kumjikelo wekhabhoni, benceda ukulawula imozulu yehlabathi.

Ukukhathalelwa nokugcinwa kwengca kwizitiya

Ingca iyaziwa ngokuqina, ukugcinwa okuphantsi, kunye nokuguquguquka kakhulu kuyilo lwembonakalo yomhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, bafuna ukhathalelo olusisiseko ukuze bahlale besempilweni kwaye benomtsalane unyaka wonke:

• Unkcenkceshelo: Iindidi ezininzi ziyakwazi ukumelana nembalela, kodwa ukunkcenkceshela okulingeneyo ngexesha elomileyo kuyawaphucula amandla azo. Kuphephe ukugcwala kwamanzi.
• Ukuprintwa: Ukuthenwa kwaminyaka le ekupheleni kobusika okanye ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ukusika izikhondo ezidala phantse ukuya kumgangatho ophantsi.
• ICandelo: Rhoqo emva kweminyaka embalwa, yahlula-hlula amagaqa engca ehlala ixesha elide ukuvuselela isityalo kunye nokulawula ukusasazeka kwaso.
• Ukuchumisa: Ngokuqhelekileyo, izichumisi ezikhanyayo ze-organic entwasahlobo zanele.
• Abalawuli berhorho: Abafane bahlaselwe, kodwa balumkele uhlaselo lokungunda olunokwenzeka, ngakumbi kwiimeko zokufuma okugqithisileyo.

Ukufumana ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nokubakhathalela, tyelela inqaku lethu.

Ukhathalelo lokusiNgqongileyo: Ingca eHlaziyo kunye neMiqathango

Ezinye iingca ezihonjisiweyo ziye zaba zizityalo ezihlaselayo ngaphandle kwendawo yazo yantlandlolo, zisusa iintyatyambo zendalo kunye nokuguqula inkqubo yendalo. Imizekelo ephawulekayo yile Ingca yePampas (UCortaderia Selloana), ingakumbi ingxaki kwimimandla yonxweme, kunye igramon (ICynodon dactylon).

Phambi kokuba utyale okanye usasaze ingca, fumanisa ukuba idweliswe njengezityalo ezihlaselayo okanye ixhomekeke kwizithintelo zomthetho kwindawo yakho.

Sicebisa ukuba sibonisane nathi ukugcina ulungelelwaniso lokusingqongileyo.

Imizekelo kunye neenkcukacha zengca ethile ephawulekayo

Sibonisa imizekelo yengca ehambelana negadi, ukubukeka komhlaba kunye nezolimo:

1. Miscanthus sinensis: Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2 yeemitha ubude. Iintyatyambo kwii-tufts ezinkulu, amagqabi aluhlaza abomvu okanye amhlophe.
2. Cortaderia selloana (Pampas grass): Izikhonkwane ezinentsiba ezimhlophe okanye ezipinki, ezihonjisiweyo, ezihlaselayo kwezinye iindawo.
3. Muhlenbergia capillaris: I-pink clump ekwindla, ilungele imida.
4. Imperata cylindrica 'Red Baron': Umbala utshintsha ukusuka eluhlaza ukuya kobomvu unyaka wonke, uhombisa kakhulu.
5. Pennisetum setaceum: Pinki, purple okanye emhlophe ibhrashi-ezifana inflorescences.
6. I-stipa tenuissima: Amagqabi amancinci kwaye aguquguqukayo, umphumo we-vaporous.
7. I-Festuca glauca: Isihlahla esiluhlaza esicwebileyo, esifanelekileyo kwiirockeries.
8. I-Panicum virgatum: I-perennial switchgrass, iyaguquguquka kwaye iyamelana nembalela.
9. Arundo donax: Ingcongolo eqhelekileyo, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekubuyiselweni kwendalo kunye nokwakhiwa.
10. I-Phleum pratense: UTimothy ingca, i-forage, enye yeepollens ezininzi ze-allergenic.

Uthelekiso: ingca xa ithelekiswa nezinye izityalo ezinezityalo ezinezityalo ezifanayo

Kwigadi kunye neendawo eziluhlaza, ingca inokudideka kunye neentsapho zaseCyperaceae kunye neJuncaceae, kodwa kukho ukungafani okuphambili:

• Ingca: Iziqu ze-Cylindrical kunye ne-hollow, amaqabunga ane-ligules, i-spikelet inflorescence.
• Cyperaceae: Iziqu ziqhelekile zingunxantathu, ziqinile, azinayo i-ligule okanye i-sheath evulekileyo, i-inflorescence emile okwespike, kodwa inkangeleko eyomeleleyo.
• IJuncaceae: Iziqu eziqinileyo, i-cylindrical, amaqabunga angama-cylindrical, iintyatyambo ezincinci ngaphandle kweebracts zokubonisa.

Ukufumana iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe, jonga icandelo lethu.

Ukuzala, ukusasazwa kunye nokusasazwa

Uninzi lweengca zineentyatyambo ze-hermaphrodite, nangona kukho iintlobo ze-monoecious kunye ne-dioecious. Umoya womvumvuzelo wonyusa umthamo womungu oxhonywe emoyeni. Ukusasazwa kwembewu kunokwenzeka ngomoya, ngamanzi, okanye ngezilwanyana ezithwele iziqhamo ezincanyathiselwe kuboya bazo.

Ukwandisa ulwazi lwakho, jonga inqaku lethu.

Ukwahlukana, imfuzo kunye nokuguquguquka kwengca

Impumelelo yendaleko yePoaceae sisiphumo sokuguquguquka okukhulu kwemfuza, i-phenotypic plasticity kunye nepolyploidy rhoqo. Ubungakanani kunye nomxholo we-genomes yabo iyahluka kakhulu (i-rice genome incinci ngamaxesha angama-11 kunebhali). Uninzi lweentlobo ze-polyploid, eziye zavumela ukuba zivumelane neendawo ezinzima.

Ingca yenze imibutho ehambelanayo kunye nefungi (mycorrhizae kunye ne-endophytes) kunye ne-nitrogen-fixing bacteria, enegalelo ekuphuculeni nasekuzinzeni kwezinto eziphilayo apho zihlala khona.

Ingca kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu: indima yendalo

Iindawo ezinengca ezigqunywe yingca zezinye zezona zitshixo zekhabhoni ezisemhlabeni. Ngephotosynthesis, balungisa izixa ezikhulu zekhabhoni esemoyeni, bazinzise umhlaba, kwaye balawule i-microclimate, ukufuma, kunye nobushushu bemimandla apho zikhula khona, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni intlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Kwimeko yokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukulinywa kwayo kunye nolawulo oluzinzileyo kubalulekile ekomelezeni imixokomelwano yendalo kunye nobonelelo lokutya lwehlabathi.