Isikhokelo esiGqibeleleyo sokuhlwayela kunye nokuvunwa kweLetisi: Amaxesha onyaka, ukhathalelo, kunye neendlela ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu

Ilethasi (ILactuca sativa) yenye yemifuno ebaluleke kakhulu ekutyeni kwehlabathi, ngenxa yencasa yayo, ukuguquguquka, imveliso ekhawulezileyo, kunye nokulula ukuyilima. Nokuba isetyenziswa kwiisaladi, kwisnacks, okanye njengesithako esitsha kwiiresiphi ezingenakubalwa, i-lettuce yinto eyimfuneko kwiigadi zasedolophini nezemveli. Ukufumana izivuno ezininzi, ezikumgangatho ophezulu kuxhomekeke ekwazini indlela yokulima lettuce. xa kulinywa iletisi naxa ivunwa ngokuxhomekeke kwimozulu, iindidi, inkqubo yokulima kunye nenkathalo ethile.

Esi sikhokelo sibanzi sizisa kunye lonke ulwazi olufunekayo ukukhulisa ngempumelelo iletisi phantse unyaka wonke, ilungele zombini iigadi zasekhaya kunye nezitiya zasedolophini okanye zeekhonteyina. Siza kuphonononga nzulu amaxesha afanelekileyo okuhlwayela nokuvuna, iimeko zokusingqongileyo, ukulungiswa komhlaba, iintlobo, iindlela zokulawula, ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo, kunye neendlela ezisebenzayo, eziphucukileyo eziqinisekisa ukuveliswa okuqhubekayo kwamagqabi amatsha kuyo nayiphi na indawo.

Amaxesha okulima iilethisi: Liliphi ixesha elifanelekileyo?

La I lettuce sisityalo somjikelo omfutshane Iqhelana noluhlu olubanzi lwemozulu, nangona uphuhliso lwayo lulungile kwiindawo ezipholileyo, ezipholileyo. Ukukhetha ixesha elifanelekileyo lokutyala ngundoqo ekufumaneni amathupha athambileyo kunye namagqabi akrwada, ukuthintela ukudubula kwangaphambi kwexesha (isihloko) kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wesifo okanye ubukrakra.

• Imimandla epholileyo neshushu: Isenokuhlwayelwa emva kokuba ingozi yeqabaka eqatha idlulile, ukususela entlakohlaza, yaye ukuhlwayelwa ngokulandelelanayo kunokuqhubeka de kube yikwindla. Kwiindawo ezingenabo ubusika obuqhaqhazelis’ amazinyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezindlu zokugcina izityalo okanye ezinye izinto ezikhuselayo, i-lettuce inokukhuliswa phantse unyaka wonke.
• Imimandla ebandayo: Kungcono ukuhlwayela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo nasekupheleni kwehlobo, ukuthintela ixesha leqabaka. Kwezi mozulu, ukuhlwayela kwangethuba kwiibhedi zembewu ezikhuselweyo licebo elilungileyo.
• Ukuhlwayela ngokugxadazela: Ukuhlwayela rhoqo emva kweeveki ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu kuqinisekisa ukuba izityalo zihlala zikumanqanaba ahlukeneyo okukhula, nto leyo evumela isivuno esiqhubekayo.

Ukukhula ngaphakathi okanye phantsi kwekhava (greenhouse, shade net) inikeza inzuzo enkulu yandisa ifestile yokutyala nokuvuna, ukulawula izinto ezifana neqondo lobushushu, ukufuma nokukhanya. Ngale ndlela, unokonwabela i-lettuce entsha unyaka wonke.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Nini kwaye njani ukubopha i-lettuce: isikhokelo esipheleleyo, ubuchule, kunye neengcebiso eziphambili zokukhula ngokugqibeleleyo

Iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokusingqongileyo zokukhulisa i-lettuce

Uphuhliso lwe lettuce olulolona luphenjelelwa zizinto ezininzi zokusingqongileyo. Ukufumana isivuno esinamandla, kubalulekile ukuqaphela oku kulandelayo:

• Ubushushu: Elona qondo lobushushu lifanelekileyo lokuntshula kwe lettuce nophuhliso liphakathi kwe 16°C kunye ne 24°C. Imbewu inokuntshula nakwimihlaba ephakathi kwe 4°C kunye ne 10°C, kodwa ukukhula kuhle kolu luhlu. Ukuba amaqondo obushushu angaphezulu kwama-28°C kunye nama-30°C, ilethisi iyathanda ukuntywila (iintyatyambo phambi kwexesha) kwaye amagqabi ayo anokuba krakra ngakumbi.
• Ukukhanya: Ifuna ubuncinane iiyure ezi-5-6 zokukhanya kwelanga ngqo ngosuku. Ukuba ukhula phakathi kwehlobo okanye kwimozulu efudumeleyo, luluvo olulungileyo ukunika umthunzi ongaphelelanga ngexesha leeyure ezishushu kakhulu ukunqanda uxinzelelo lobushushu.
• Umhlaba: Umhlaba kufuneka ube khaphukhaphu, utyebe kwizinto eziphilayo, kwaye utsalwe kakuhle. I-pH ecetyiswayo iphakathi kwe-6,0 kunye ne-7,0. Umhlaba ongachumiyo okanye oxinene kakhulu unokuthintela ukubunjwa kwamagqabi kunye neentloko.
• Ukufuma: Ukugcina iqondo elingaguqukiyo neliphakathi lokufuma komhlaba kubalulekile. I-lettuce ineengcambu ezingenzulwanga kwaye inochuku kwimbalela kunye nokukhukuliswa kwamanzi.
• Umoya: Indawo enomoya kakuhle ikhusela izifo zefungal kwaye inciphisa ukubonakala kwezinambuzane eziqhelekileyo.

Ukulungiswa komhlaba nokutyala: amanyathelo abalulekileyo

Ukufumana izithole eziphilileyo kunye nesivuno esiyimpumelelo, kubalulekile ukulungisa umhlaba ngokufanelekileyo:

1. Ukucoca kunye nokuhlakula: Susa amatye, iingcambu, nokhula. Lima umhlaba ukuze uhlale ukhululekile kwaye ube nomoya.
2. Ulungiso lwendalo: Xuba malunga ne-2-3 kg/m² yomgquba okanye umgquba obole kakuhle phezu komhlaba ukuze utyebise umhlaba kunye nokuphucula ubume bawo.
3. Umgangatho kunye nokukhupha amanzi: Nciphisa umhlaba ukunqanda amadili kwaye, ukuba amanzi athanda ukufumba, dala iinduli okanye iibhedi eziphakamileyo.
4. I-pH efanelekileyo: Qinisekisa ukuba ipH iphakathi kwe-6,0 kunye ne-7,0, ulungisa ngekalika yezolimo okanye isulfure xa kukho imfuneko.

Ukutyala i-lettuce kunokwenziwa ngeendlela ezimbini:

• Ukuhlwayela ngokuthe ngqo: Ukusasaza imbewu ngokungekho nzulu (0,5-1 cm) kwimisele eqelelene nge 25-30 cm kwiindidi zentloko, okanye nge 10-15 cm ukuqelelana kwi lettuces ezingamagqabi. Gubungela ngomhlaba obhityileyo kunye namanzi kakuhle.
• Ukuhlwayela kumandlalo wembewu: Ilungele iintlobo zomjikelo omde okanye ukuvuna kwangethuba kwiindawo ezibandayo. Hlwayela kwiitreyi okanye ezincinci, ezikhuselweyo zembewu kwaye uhlwayele emhlabeni xa zinamagqabi okwenene ama-4-6 kwaye zimalunga ne-8-10 cm ubude.

Ngalo lonke ixesha gcina i-substrate ifumile (kodwa ingabi namanzi) ngexesha lokuhluma, okuqhelekileyo kwenzeka kwiintsuku ezingama-7-10.

Iindidi zeelethisi kunye namaxesha azo ophuhliso

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi lettuce eziqhelanisa neemeko ezahlukeneyo kunye nemijikelo yophuhliso ekhoyo:

• Ilethasa yamaroma: Hardy, enamagqabi amade. Ngokuqhelekileyo bathatha iintsuku ezingama-60 ukuya kwezingama-70 ukusuka ekuhlwayeleni ukuya ekuvuneni, nangona amagqabi amancinane enokuvunwa kwangethuba. Okungakumbi malunga ne-lettuce yaseRoma.
• I-lettuce ye-iceberg okanye i-lettuce yekhaphetshu: Benza ama-buds amakhulu, ahlangeneyo. Bafuna phakathi kweentsuku ezingama-70 ukuya kwezingama-90 ukuze bavuthwe ngokupheleleyo. Banochuku ngakumbi kubushushu nakwindlebe.
• Ilettuce emagqabini: Ukukhula ngokukhawuleza, amagqabi angavunwa emva kweentsuku ezingama-30-35 kwaye avumele ukuvunwa okuninzi kwisityalo ngasinye.
• Ilettuce yaseBatavia: Iphakathi phakathi kweqabunga laseRoma kunye nelixengaxengayo, elinamagqabi ajiyileyo narhabaxa, kunye nomjikelo weentsuku ezingama-60.
• Iindidi ze-lettuce encinci okanye yomntwana: Zivunwa zincinci kakhulu, zilungele iisaladi ze-gourmet kwaye zilungele kwiintsuku ezingama-25-30.

Kuyacetyiswa khetha iintlobo ezilungele ixesha lonyakaKukho imbewu ekhethiweyo ukuba ibunyamezele ngcono ubushushu okanye imelane nengqele epholileyo. Ngale ndlela, ungatyala ixesha elide.

Ukunyamekela nokuphatha ngexesha lokulinywa kwe-lettuce

Impumelelo yokulima i-lettuce ixhomekeke kakhulu kuluhlu lwamanyathelo okunyamekela rhoqo:

• Unkcenkceshelo: Ukunkcenkceshela kufuneka kube rhoqo kodwa kubephakathi. Qinisekisa ukuba amanzi angena kumhlaba ongaphezulu kwaye angaze adale amadiba. Iinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela ngethontsi okanye idriphu zezona zicetyiswayo. Ungabonisana kwakhona ubuchule bokunkcenkceshela.
• I-mulching okanye i-padding: Ukugquma isiseko sezityalo ngeendiza, iziqwenga zengca eyomileyo, okanye i-organic mulch inceda ukugcina ukufuma, ukunciphisa ukhula, kunye nokupholisa umhlaba ehlotyeni.
• Izondlo: I-lettuce iphendula kakuhle kakhulu kwizichumisi ezine-nitrogen, ngakumbi ngexesha lokuqala. Unokufaka izichumisi ze-granular ezilinganayo (10-10-10) iiveki ezi-3-4 emva kokutshintshwa, ugweme ukudibanisa namagqabi. Izichumisi ezilulwelo zingongezwa kunkcenkceshelo ukuze zifakelwe ngokukhawuleza.
• Isithuba: Gcina isithuba esaneleyo phakathi kwezityalo ukuthintela ukhuphiswano lokukhanya kunye nezondlo kunye nokunciphisa ingozi yezifo. Kwiintlobo ezinkulu, shiya i-30 cm phakathi kwezityalo; kwi-loose-leaf okanye i-lettuce encinci, ingaba yi-15 cm.
• Ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula: Kubalulekile ukususa ukhula rhoqo, njengoko lukhuphisana ngamanzi kunye nezondlo kwaye lunokukhuthaza ukukhula kwezinambuzane. Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe, bona izifo lettuce.

Ulawulo lwezinambuzane kunye nezifo kwi-lettuce

I-lettuce inokuchatshazelwa zizinambuzane kunye nezifo eziqhelekileyo zemifuno enamagqabi:

• Izinambuzane: I-slugs, i-snails, i-aphid, i-whiteflies, i-caterpillars, kunye nemibungu eyahlukeneyo inokubangela umonakalo. Hlala uphaphile kwaye usebenze ngezinto eziphilayo, imigibe, okanye unyango oluvunyiweyo nje ukuba ubhaqe iimpawu.
• Izifo: Ukungunda, ukungunda, ukubola kwentamo, ukubola, umhlwa kunye nezinye izifo zokungunda zihlasela ngakumbi ukuba kukho ukufuma okugqithileyo kunye nokungangeni komoya kakuhle.
• Ukhuseleko lothintelo: Khuthaza ukujikeleziswa kwezityalo, gcina umhlaba ucocekile, kwaye usebenzise imbewu eqinisekisiweyo, exhathisayo xa kunokwenzeka. Gquma izityalo ngomnatha ocolekileyo ukuthintela ukondlaleka kwezinambuzane kunye nokwahlula izityalo kakuhle.

Kuphephe ukunkcenkceshela ngokugqithisileyo kwaye kukhethwa ukuba wenze njalo kwangethuba emini, ukuze amagqabi ome ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngaloo ndlela anciphise umngcipheko wefungus.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Izifo zeLetisi: ukuchongwa, uthintelo, kunye nonyango olupheleleyo lwesityalo esisempilweni

Kukangaphi ngonyaka i-lettuce inokulinywa kwaye ivunwe?

Unokuthi ulime kangaphi i-lettuce unyaka wonke kuxhomekeke kwimozulu yakho kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela onazo:

• Kwiindawo ezipholileyo/ezishushu: Unokuhlwayela amaxesha amaninzi phakathi kwentwasahlobo yokuqala kunye nekwindla kade, kwaye uqhubeke ukuya ebusika ukuba usebenzisa i-greenhouse okanye ukhuseleko.
• Kwiindawo ezibandayo: Nciphisa inani lokuhlwayela, ngakumbi entwasahlobo nasehlotyeni, kodwa ungaqala kwangethuba izithole zangaphakathi ze ugalele ngaphandle xa imozulu ivuma.

Phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, umlimi angafumana phakathi isivuno ezibini ukuya kwezine ngonyaka ngokulima izityalo kunye nokukhetha iintlobo ezifanelekileyo.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Iintlobo ngeentlobo zeeLethisi kunye neSikhokelo esiGqibeleleyo sokuLikhulisa eKhaya nasegadini

I-lettuce ithatha ixesha elingakanani ukukhula kwaye ivunwa nini?

Ixesha ukusuka ekuhlwayeleni ukuya ekuvuneni liyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiindidi, iimeko zokusingqongileyo kunye nenkqubo yokulima:

• Iindidi zamagqabi: Zivumela amagqabi ukuba asikwe emva kweentsuku ezingama-30-40, ethanda ukuvunwa okungaqhelekanga.
• I-lettuce yase-Romaine kunye ne-Batavia: Zivunwa phakathi kweentsuku ezingama-50-70 emva kokuhlwayela.
• Ilethisi ye-Iceberg: Kuthatha ixesha elide, phakathi kweentsuku ezingama 70 kunye ne 90, kwaye kufuneka kuvunwe xa amathupha omelele.

Kuzo zonke iimeko, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uvune ngexesha lasekuseni okanye emva kwemini, xa amagqabi esanda kwaye epholile. Kungcono ukusika ngqo kumgangatho ophantsi, usebenzisa iimela ezicocekileyo, ezibukhali ukuphepha ukonakalisa isityalo sonke ukuba uceba ukuqhubeka nokuvuna amagqabi kamva.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Uvunwa nini iiLeeks: IsiKhokelo esiGqibeleleyo sokuKhula, ukuVuna, kunye noGcino

ULima njani iLettuce unyaka wonke: Ukuhlwayela ngokuqhubekayo kunye neendlela eziphucukileyo

Kwabo bafuna ukonwabela i-lettuce entsha ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa ubuchule be ukuhlwayela ngokulandelelanayo:

• Ukuhlwayela ngokugxadazela: Tyala iibhetshi ezincinci zembewu rhoqo kwiiveki ezi-2-3 ukuze uhlale unezityalo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ophuhliso.
• Ujikelezo olwahlukeneyo: Iindidi ezikhula ngokukhawuleza zamagqabi amatsha kunye neentlobo ezikhula ixesha elide ukuze kuvunwe amagqabi apheleleyo.
• Ukulima okukhuselweyo: Sebenzisa iigreenhouses, iitonela, iminatha yomthunzi, okanye izityalo ze-hydroponic ukulungelelanisa ikhalenda kwiimeko zokusingqongileyo.
• Ukusika kunye nokukhula kwakhona: Kwiintlobo zamagqabi avulekileyo okanye iintsana, nquma amagqabi ushiye umbindi, uvumele amahlumelo amatsha kunye nokuvuna okuninzi kwisityalo ngasinye.

Ngokulandela ezi ndlela, ungafikelela kwisivuno esingaphazanyiswayo nangaliphi na ixesha lonyaka. Lungelelanisa ikhalenda kwimozulu yakho kwaye usebenzise iibhedi zembewu ezikhuselweyo, ukuba kukho imfuneko, ukuze ufumane ixesha phambi kokuba utshintshele ngaphandle.

Iingcebiso ezisebenzayo zokulima ngempumelelo iletisi

Ukwenza ukukhula kube lula kwaye ufumane okuninzi kwisivuno sakho, gcina ezi ngcebiso zongezelelweyo engqondweni:

• Kuphephe ubushushu obugqithisileyo: Ehlotyeni, khetha iintlobo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu kwaye unike umthunzi ngezona yure zishushu kakhulu ukunqanda ukugquma.
• Ukunkcenkceshela rhoqo kunye nokuphakathi: Nkcenkceshela nanini na xa umphezulu womhlaba womile, ukunqanda ukumanzisa okugqithisileyo kwamagqabi.
• Ukuchumisa okulinganayo: I-lettuce idinga i-nitrogen ngaphezu kwayo yonke into kumagqabi aphilileyo, athambileyo, kodwa ungahoyi i-potassium kunye ne-phosphorus. Hlanganisa izichumisi eziphilayo kunye nezichumisi zeminerali ezilinganayo.
• Ulawulo lwendalo: Ukukhuthaza ukungafani kwezityalo nezilwanyana kunye nokuphakamisa ulawulo lwebhayoloji ukuze kugcinwe izitshabalalisi; jikelezisa izityalo kunye ne-mulch ukunciphisa ukhula.
• Ukugcina: Xa sele ivuniwe, i-lettuce yeyona ingcono igcinwe efrijini kwiingxowa ezinemingxuma, yomiswe emva kokuhlanjwa, ukuze yandise ukutsha kwayo.

Ngokucwangcisa ukutyala kwakho kakuhle, ukukhathalela umhlaba wakho kunye nokunkcenkceshela, kunye nokukhetha iintlobo ezifanelekileyo zemozulu kunye nexesha lakho lonyaka, ungonwabela ilethisi entsha, ekrwamkileyo phantse unyaka wonke. Dibanisa ukutyala okugudileyo, sebenzisa iindlela zokukhusela, kwaye ulinge ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokufumanisa ukuba yeyiphi eyona ifanele igadi yakho okanye indawo yasedolophini. Ngale ndlela, itafile yakho iya kuhlala iqhayisa ngemveliso enempilo nemnandi ngqo ukusuka egadini, kunye nencasa kunye nokwaneliseka kwento oyikhulise ngokwakho.