Kubalulekile ukuqonda ubudala bomthi hayi kuphela kubaphandi bamahlathi kunye neengcali, kodwa nakwabo bathanda indalo, abalimi begadi, kunye nabani na onomdla kwindalo esingqongileyo. Imithi ngamangqina aphilayo embali yokusingqongileyo Kwaye, ngobuchule benzululwazi kunye neendlela zokujonga, sinokuqikelela ngeqondo elifanelekileyo lokuchaneka ukuba mingaphi iminyaka umfuziselo oye waphila ngaphandle kokwenza umonakalo.
Ubomi obude bemithi: iintlobo kunye neentsomi
Ubudala bemithi buhlala bungqongwe yimfihlakalo kunye nentsomi. Akuqhelekanga ukufumana amabali malunga nemithi ebizwa ngokuba ngamawaka eminyaka ubudala, kodwa inyaniso kukuba ixesha elide lixhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, ngakumbi iintlobo kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo apho zikhula khona. Eminye imithi idlula ngokulula kwiwaka leminyaka ubudala, ngoxa eminye ikhula ize inciphe kumashumi nje ambalwa eminyaka.
Ezinye iintlobo ziphila ixesha elide. Ngokomzekelo, iisequoia ezinkulu nemipayini emide kuMntla weIkhweyitha ziye zabonisa iminyaka engaphezu kwama-4.000 XNUMX eminyaka ubudala. UPinus longaeva, eyaziwa ngokuba ziiNtaba eziMhlophe zompayina ezihlala ixesha elide kuMntla Merika, iye yahlolisiswa kusetyenziswa ubugcisa be<em>dendrochronological obuqinisekisa ubude bayo, obungaphezu kweminyaka engama-4.000 XNUMX kwezinye iimeko.
Kwi-Peninsula yase-Iberia, iintlobo ezifana ne yew (Taxus baccata) kunye Holm oki (Quercus ilex) Baye basinda ngaphezu kwewaka leminyaka. Iintlobo ezifana ne-Rascafría Yew kunye ne-Holm Oak enemilenze emithathu ineminyaka ephakathi kwe-1.000 kunye ne-1.500 leminyaka ubudala, nangona kwimeko yemithi yomnquma, imithi yedragoni, kunye nejuniper, ubudala obuchanekileyo buyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yendlela yabo yokukhula engaqhelekanga kunye nokungabikho okanye ukungahambi kakuhle kwamakhonkco okukhula.
Kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi, Iintlobo ezifana ne-Alerce (i-Fitzroya cupressoides) eMzantsi Melika kunye nomsipres weMeditera iSarv-e Abarkuh e-Iran zibalasele ngokumangalisayo ngokuphila ixesha elide, elidlula lee iminyaka engama-3.000 ngokwemithombo eyahlukeneyo yesayensi kunye neerekhodi zembali.
Kutheni kubalulekile ukwazi ubudala bomthi?
Ukugqiba ngobudala bomthi asingombandela nje wokufuna ukwazi. Ukwazi iminyaka yakho yebhayoloji ibonelela ngolwazi oluphambili malunga nomjikelo wobomi bakho, impilo kunye neemfuno.Ngokomzekelo, umthi okufutshane nobude bayo bendalo uya kufuna ukunakekelwa okukhethekileyo, ngelixa umthi omncinci uya kuba nzima ngakumbi kunyango kunye noshintsho lwendalo.
Amakhonkco okukhula agcina imbali yokusingqongileyo: Imbalela, imililo, izitshabalalisi, kunye nezinye iziganeko zirekhodwa kumbala kunye nokwahluka kobukhulu bezangqa, okusivumela ukuba sakhe ngokutsha imbali yendalo yommandla kwaye sihlalutye utshintsho lwemozulu oludlulileyo.
Kwakhona, Ubudala obuqikelelwayo bomthi bunceda ekulawuleni nasekulondolozeni ubutyebi behlathi, ukulungelelanisa unyango lwe-phytosanitary, ukucwangcisa ukuthenwa, okanye nokuphepha ukungenelela kwimizekelo emidala enexabiso elikhulu kwizinto eziphilayo nembali.
Iindlela zokubala ubudala bomthi
Isayensi kunye netekhnoloji yenze ukuba ifumaneke kwiingcali kunye nabangabaziyo iindlela ezininzi zokumisela ubudala bomthi, ukusuka kuqikelelo olubonakalayo ukuya kuhlalutyo oluphambili lwesayensi:
1. Ukubalwa kweringi yokukhula okanye i-dendrochronology
Eyona ndlela yaziwayo neyeyona isetyenziswa ngokwembali yile ukubala iringi yokukhula, okubandakanya ukubala iindandatho ezibonakalayo kwi-cross-section of the trunk. Iringi nganye ihambelana ngokubanzi nonyaka omnye wobomi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze le nkqubo ichaneke, kubalulekile ukwenza ukusika kufutshane nomhlaba kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kuba iisentimitha ezimbalwa zokuqala ze-trunk zihambelana neminyaka yokuqala elahlekileyo xa usika phezulu.
I-Dendrochronology yisayensi ekhethekileyo engavumeli nje ukubalwa kweminyaka kodwa kunye nokwakhiwa kwakhona kwemozulu kunye neziganeko zembali zangaphambili. Umzekelo, izangqa ezimxinwa kakhulu zinokubonisa iminyaka yembalela, ngelixa izangqa ezibanzi ngokungaqhelekanga zibonisa amaxesha amaninzi kunye nemithombo yobutyebi.
Obu buchule bukwanceda ekuqondeni enoba lo mthi unamagqabi avuthulukayo okanye uhlala uluhlaza na, ekubeni indlela yokukhula yonyaka isahluka ngokweentlobo. Kwiimozulu ezinexesha eliphawulweyo, iindandatho zicacile kwaye zichazwe ngakumbi., ngoxa kwimimandla ekweleenjiko kusenokuba nzima ukwahlula.
2. Ukusetyenziswa kwePressler drill okanye i-increment auger
Ukuqikelela ubudala bomthi ngaphandle kokuwonakalisa kakhulu, izixhobo ezikhethekileyo ezifana ne Pressler drillEsi sixhobo sivumela i-cylindrical core ukuba ikhutshwe ngaphakathi kwesiqu, apho iindandatho zingabalwa ngaphandle kokugawula umthi wonke. Inkqubo ibandakanya ukugrumba kwi-trunk kumphakamo oqhelekileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo i-1,30-1,40 yeemitha ukusuka emhlabeni, ukukhupha isampuli encinci yomthi ukuya embindini womthi.
Emva kokuba isampuli ifunyenwe, inani lamakhonkco abonakalayo libalwa, elibonelela ngokuqikelelwa kweminyaka echanekileyo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, kwimithi emidala kakhulu, iziko le-trunk ngamanye amaxesha lingenanto okanye lihlanjululwe ngenxa yobudala, okwenza ukubala ngokuchanekileyo kube nzima.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-auger kufuneka kuyekwe kwiingcali zamahlathi ukuphepha umonakalo ongeyomfuneko, usulelo, okanye uxinzelelo kumzekelo.
3. Indlela yemathematika okanye yoqikelelo usebenzisa idiameter
Akusoloko kunokwenzeka ukusebenzisa ubuchule obuthe ngqo, ngakumbi kwiintlobo ezingenzi izangqa ezicacileyo okanye kwimizekelo ekhuselweyo. Kwezi meko, kusetyenziswa indlela yemathematika, equka ukubala ubudala bomthi ngokusekelwe kwidayamitha yesiqu kunye nemeko yokukhula ethe ngqo kuhlobo:
- Qinisekisa iintlobo zomthi: Uhlobo ngalunye lunezinga lokukhula elahlukileyo.
- Ukulinganisa i-diameter kumphakamo webele (DBH, 1,30-1,40 m) usebenzisa iteyiphu yokulinganisa.
- Phindaphinda-phinda-phinda i-diameter ngemeko yokukhula kweentlobo.
Imiba yokukhula edla ngokusetyenziswa:
- Imephu ebomvu: 4,5
- Imephu yeswekile: 5,0
- I-oki emhlophe: 5,0
- Oki ebomvu: 4,0
- Uthuthu oluluhlaza: 4,0
- Ibhitshi emhlophe: 5,0
- I-walnut emnyama: 4,5
Ifomula iyakuba: I-Diameter x Factor yokuKhula = Ubudala obusondeleyo. Umzekelo, i-oki emhlophe enobubanzi obuyi-intshi ezili-10 kunye ne-factor ye-5 ingaba neminyaka engama-50 ubudala. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba le ndlela ibonelela a uqikelelo olurhabaxa, ekubeni izinto ezininzi eziguquguqukayo zidlala njengemozulu, umhlaba, ukhuphiswano lokukhanya kunye nezondlo, kunye nempilo jikelele yomthi.
4. Iindlela zembali, iintsomi kunye namaxwebhu
Xa zingekho iindlela zenzululwazi, amaxwebhu embali, isithethe somlomo kunye neentsomi Imithombo yasekuhlaleni inokunika imikhondo ebalulekileyo malunga neminyaka eqikelelwayo yomthi. Iisampulu ezibekwe kwiindawo ezinemifanekiso, njengeecawe, izikwere, okanye iindlela zembali, zihlala zinerekhodi zakudala, ezikhankanyiweyo kumaxwebhu, okanye izalathiso zenkcubeko ezivumela uqikelelo.
Olu hlobo lolwazi lubaluleke kakhulu kwimithi enemithi engenanto okanye ewohlokileyo, efana ne-oki, i-chestnuts, okanye imithi yedragoni, apho ukulinganisa umsesane kungenakwenzeka.
5. Ukuqwalaselwa okubonwayo kunye nemofoloji
Kubantu abangezongcali, kukho iimpawu ezibonakalayo enokucebisa malunga nobudala bomthi:
- Ubungakanani besiqu kunye nobukhuluOkona etyeba kwaye emde, kokukhona ekhula.
- Imilo yeNdebe: Imithi yokuguga ivame ukuphuhlisa izithsaba ezincinci kunye namasebe ajijekileyo.
- Ubukho bemingxuma, ixolo elijiyileyo kunye neengcambu eziveziweyo: Rhoqo kwimizekelo yekhulu leminyaka.
Ezi ndlela zibonelela kuphela ngesikhokelo esiqhelekileyo kwaye kufuneka zidityaniswe nezinye iinkqubo zokufumana uqikelelo oluthembekileyo.
Imizekelo yemithi ehlala ixesha elide kunye neendlela zabo zokuthandana
Uphononongo lwemithi ekhethekileyo luhlala ludibanisa iindlela ezininzi ukuze kuphunyezwe ukuchaneka okukhulu kunokwenzeka. Ngezantsi eminye yemizekelo ephawulekayo kunye neendlela zokuthandana ezisetyenzisiweyo:
| Umthi | Ubudala (iminyaka) | Uluhlu oluqikelelweyo | Indlela yokufunda |
| Rascafría Yew | 1500 | 1000-1500 | Ubudala obusondeleyo |
| Sabina de María | 1000 | 900-1000 | Ubudala obusondeleyo |
| Iminyaka Eliwaka Olivera | 900 | 800-1000 | Ubudala obuqikelelwayo |
| I-Chestnut El Tiemblo | 900 | 800-1000 | Ubudala obuqikelelwayo |
| Oki enemilenze emithathu | 900 | 800-1000 | Ubudala obusondeleyo |
| La Terrona Holm Oak | 850 | 800-900 | Ubudala obusondeleyo |
| Olivo Lo Parot | 800 | 600-1000 | Ubudala obuqikelelwayo |
| Cantavieja Juniper | 750 | 700-800 | Ubudala obusondeleyo |
| I-Cork oak yase-El Toril | 650 | 600-700 | Ubudala obusondeleyo |
Ezinye izinto kunye nemingeni kwimithi ukuthandana
Kukho iintlobo kunye neemeko ezenza nzima ukubalwa kweminyaka:
- Ukukhula ngokungaqhelekangaIzinto ezifana nemozulu, ukufumaneka kwamanzi kunye nokhuphiswano zinempembelelo kwimilo kunye nenani lezangqa.
- Izangqa eziphindwe kabini okanye ezingekhoyo: Kwiminyaka enzima kakhulu okanye evumayo, ngaphezulu kweringi enye, okanye kungabikho konke konke, kunokuvela, kubangele impazamo ekubaleni.
- Izigodo ezingenanto: Iqhelekileyo kwimithi yembali, inqanda ukusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kwe-dendrochronology.
- Ukudityaniswa kweziqu ezininzi kwisisekoKwimithi yomnquma kunye nemithi yedragoni, ubuninzi beziqu zenza kube nzima ukuthandana kwabantu.
Izenzo ezilungileyo zokugcina imithi ehlala ixesha elide
Ukufundwa kunye nokuthakazelelwa kwemithi yamandulo kufuneka kukhatshwe izenzo ezinoxanduva lokugcinwa kwayo:
- Musa ukulimaza i-trunk okanye iingcambu ngokugrumba ngokungeyomfuneko okanye umsebenzi wokwakha kufutshane.
- Kuphephe ukuthenwa ngokungqongqo kunye nongenelelo olungenasihlahla.
- Cela uncedo kwiingcali zamahlathi kunye ne-dendrochronologists ngaphambi kokwenza naluphi na uphando okanye ungenelelo.
- Hlonipha okusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko lomthetho yemithi ebhalwe njengeyodwa okanye yesikhumbuzo.
Iinyani ezinomdla malunga nexesha elide lomthi kunye nexabiso lawo lendalo
Eminye yemithi emidala kwiplanethi, efana ne-Methuselah Pine, i-Sarv-e Abarkuh kunye ne-Patagonian Larches, ayinconywa nje njengemimangaliso yendalo, kodwa idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwintlalontle yeplanethi. indima ebalulekileyo kwizinto eziphilayo kunye nozinzo lwe-ikhosistimZilikhaya leentlobo ezikhethekileyo, zisebenza njengezinki zekhabhoni, kwaye zikhusela umhlaba kukhukuliseko.
Ulwazi olugcina iiringi lisivumela ukuba siphinde sakhe kwakhona imbali yeklimati kunye nokusingqongileyo yemimandla yonkeNamhlanje, ukufundwa kwamakhonkco kuye kwafaka isandla kwi-archeology kunye nophando kwinguqu yemozulu yexesha elide.
Ukuthabatheka kwemithi ehlala ixesha elide kuyimbonakaliso yokwenyani yentlonipho kunye nokuthakazelelwa indalo evuselelayo eluntwini. Ukwazi indlela yokumisela iminyaka yabo kungekhona nje ukuzivocavoca kwisayensi esetyenzisiweyo, kodwa kunye nendlela yokudibanisa nembali kunye nememori ephilayo yeplanethi yethu. Ukugcina obu butyebi bendalo kuqinisekisa ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo ziya kuqhubeka zifunda, zinandipha yaye zingenelwa kubulumko obunokunikelwa yimithi yamandulo kuphela.