Jikelele uSherman ingaphezulu kakhulu komthi olula: yenye yezona zinto zimangalisayo zendalo kunye nophawu oluphilayo lokuphila ixesha elide, amandla kunye nobungangamsha. Le sequoia enkulu (Sequoiadendron giganteum) ibekwe kwi Ipaki yeSizwe yaseSequoia (iSequoia National Park), eKhalifoniya, eUnited States, yaye ibalasele ngokuba yinxalenye yezityalo inkulu ehlabathini ngokomthamoNyaka ngamnye, sityelelwa ngamawakawaka abantu abamangaliswa bubukhulu baso obumangalisayo nembali yaso esi sityalo siyinyaniso, esikwaziyo ukukhuthaza intlonipho nokuncoma kubo bonke abanqumamayo ukuze bacamngce ngaso.
Unjani umthi weGeneral Sherman?
Jikelele uSherman ngu umthi coniferous yantshula phakathi kwama-2.200 nama-2.700 eminyaka eyadlulayo, ngokutsho kohlalutyo olwahlukeneyo lwe-dendrochronological olwenziwa ziingcali ezivela kwi-US National Park Service kunye neminye imibutho yenzululwazi. Kuqikelelwa ukuba yaqala ukukhula kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ngaphambi kwexesha lethu kwaye, ukususela ngoko, iye yabona ngokuthe cwaka ukuguquguquka kweendawo kunye nokuhamba kwezizukulwana ezininzi zabantu.
Lo mthi ungowodidi Sequoiadendron giganteum, eyaziwa njenge-sequoia enkulu, enye yeentlobo ezintathu ze-sequoia ezikhoyo ehlabathini (kunye ne Sequoia iispervirens, unxweme redwood, kunye ne IMetasequoia glyptostroboides, dawn redwood). Kwintsapho yakhe, uNjengele uSherman ugqamile ngokuba umfuziselo oneyona biomass inkulu eyaziwayo kwiplanethi yethu iphelaNgolwazi oluthe kratya malunga nezi ntlobo zimangalisayo, ungandwendwela Konke malunga nomthi Jikelele weSherman.
- Ubude obuqikelelweyo: malunga 83,8 yeemitha, nto leyo ilingana nesakhiwo malunga 26-27 imigangatho.
- Ububanzi kwisiseko: malunga ne-11 yeemitha.
- Umjikelo wesiqu: Iimitha ezi-31,3.
- Umthamo wesiqu: malunga ne-1.487 cubic metres, owona mlinganiselo usetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumazwe ngamazwe ukuthelekisa ubukhulu bawo kunye nobeminye imithi emikhulu.
- Ubunzima obuqikelelweyo: ngaphezu kwe-2.000 yeetoni.
- Ubude bamasebe aphambili: ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30-40 yeemitha kunye nobubanzi obungaphezulu kweemitha ezi-2.
Le milinganiselo iyamangalisa ngokupheleleyo: umzekelo, isebe elinye eliwileyo lalilikhulu kuneminye imithi epheleleyo ekhula empuma yoMlambo i-Mississippi eMelika. Icanopy yeGeneral Sherman nayo ibanzi kwaye inamagqabi, ifikelela kwi 32 yeemitha, ibonelela ngomphezulu wamagqabi omkhulu wephotosynthesis.
Ubomvu obomvu, i-fibrous bark inokufikelela kubukhulu obufikelela kwi-60 centimeters, uphawu olubonelela ngokhuseleko oluthile kwimililo yamahlathi. Amagqabi amade, ahlala eluhlaza ajikeleza ecaleni kwamahlumela kwaye ahlala eluhlaza unyaka wonke, enceda i-sequoia photosynthesis ngokuqhubekayo ngamaxesha onyaka.
Kwimeko kaGeneral Sherman, izifundo ziqikelela ukuba wongeza ngokwaneleyo ngonyaka ngamnye Ingca ngokwaneleyo ukwenza umthi owongezelelweyo ngaphezu kweemitha ezili-18 ubude, obonisa ukuba, nangona ubudala bawo, buqhubeka bukhula, nangona ngesantya esincinci kunobutsha bawo.
Indawo: Ikhaya likaGeneral Sherman eSequoia National Park
El Jikelele uSherman ukuHlathi elikhulu del Ipaki yeSizwe yaseSequoia, embindini weSierra Nevada, eCalifornia. Le paki yadalwa ngenkulungwane ye-1.780 ngokukodwa ukukhusela ezi zigebenga zezityalo zingaqhelekanga, kwaye ngoku yenye yezona ndawo zinophawu lolondolozo kunye nokhenketho lwendalo eMelika. Ipaki igubungela indawo engaphezulu kwe-XNUMX yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha kwaye, ukongeza kwiGeneral Sherman, ilikhaya kwezinye iisequoias ezinkulu nezaziwayo, njenge Hyperion, uMongameli kunye noLincoln.
Ihlathi elikhulu, apho ikhoyo le colossus, yindawo ekhethekileyo ngenxa yokuxinana kweesequoia ezinkulu ezikhula apho. Kuqikelelwa ukuba kule ngingqi kukho imithi emikhulu ye-sequoia engaphezu kwama-8.000 XNUMX. Imozulu, kunye nobusika obubandayo, ikhephu kunye nehlobo elomileyo, kunye nomhlaba onzulu, owenziwe ngegraniti, kudala iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokuphuhliswa kunye nokuphila ixesha elide kwale mithi yamandulo.
I-General Sherman ikhula kwindawo ephakamileyo phakathi kwe-1.400 kunye ne-2.100 yeemitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, uluhlu apho ukufuma kwanele kwaye ukufikelela kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba kubalulekile ukuze iphile. Ii<em>sequoia ezinkulu zifuna isixa esikhulu samanzi nezondlo, ezizifumana ngokukodwa ngexesha lokunyibilika kwekhephu, xa ikhephu eliqokelelana ezintabeni linyibilika lize londle iingcambu zazo.
Imbali yeGeneral Sherman Tree: Imvelaphi yegama layo kunye nokufunyanwa
UGeneral Sherman akazange asoloko esaziwa ngeli gama. Yathiywa ngoJames Wolverton, isazi sendalo saseMelika kunye nomhloli wamazwe. owayesebenza njengo-lieutenant phantsi koNjengele uWilliam Tecumseh Sherman kwiMfazwe yaseMelika yaseMelika. YayinguWolverton owathi, ekuhambeni uhambo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, wagqiba kwelokuba awuthiye lo mthi ngegama lalowo wayengumphathi wakhe enika ingqwalasela yobugorha nobunkokeli bakhe.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba, kwiminyaka yokuqala emva kokufunyanwa kwabo kwaye de kube nokudalwa ngokusesikweni kweSequoia National Park, ukugawulwa kwemithi kunye nokungabikho kolwazi lwezenzululwazi kubeka imithi emininzi yommandla emngciphekweni. Ngethamsanqa, ukukhula kwenkxalabo yoluntu kunye noxinzelelo loluntu kwakhokelela ekukhuselweni kwabo, ukuvumela imizekelo efana neGeneral Sherman ukuba iphile kuze kube namhlanje.
Kwiminyaka emininzi elandelayo, umthi we-General Sherman wawungumxholo wezifundo ezininzi kunye nokuthelekisa nezinye izigebenga zohlobo olufanayo. Ngenkulungwane yama-20, izazinzulu zafumanisa ngohlalutyo olupheleleyo ukuba yayingowona mthi mkhulu owaziwayo, ukodlula eminye imithi edumileyo njenge. Ukusukela ngoko, uGeneral Sherman uzimise njengowona mthi mkhulu ophilayo kwiplanethi ngokwemiqathango ye-biomass.
Iirekhodi zembali zikwabhala ezinye iziqendu eziphawulekayo kubomi bukaGeneral Sherman, ezifana nokuwa kwesebe lakhe elikhulu, elilinganisa ngaphezu kweemitha ezingama-30 ubude kunye neemitha ezimbini ububanzi. Le nto, ikude nokuba yintlekele, ichazwa zizazinzulu njengeqhinga lokusinda ukuphungula ubunzima besiqu nokukhuthaza ukuzinza kwezo zakhiwo zikhulu.
Ubume kunye neempawu zebhotani ze-sequoia enkulu
La sequoia enkulu (Sequoiadendron giganteum) yenye yezona zinto ziphila ixesha elide kwaye zixhathisa kwiplanethi. Ukukhula kwayo kuqala ngokukhawuleza kumashumi eminyaka yokuqala yobomi, kwaye inokufikelela 15-20 yeemitha kwiminyaka nje 10Emva kwelo xesha lokuqala, isantya sayo siyacotha, kodwa asize siyeke ngokupheleleyo.
- Amagqabi: Ihlala iluhlaza, iluhlaza nzulu ngombala, kunye nemilo egqagqeneyo kunye netsolo, idityaniswe ngokujiyayo ecaleni kwamasebe.
- ICortex: ingqindilili, i-fibrous kunye ne-spongy, phakathi kwe-30 kunye ne-60 yeesentimitha ubukhulu, inceda ukukhusela umthi kwizitshabalalisi, izifo kwaye, ngakumbi, kwimililo yamahlathi.
- Ilifa: Nangona zingekho nzulu kakhulu, zandisa ecaleni kwaye zenze uthungelwano oluxineneyo kufutshane nomphezulu wokubamba amanzi amaninzi kunye nezondlo.
- Iziqhamo nembewu: Ivelisa iicones zemithi okanye ipine cones ezinokufikelela phakathi kwe-4 kunye ne-7 yeesentimitha. Ikhowuni nganye inokuqulatha ukuya kutsho kwiimbewu ezinamaphiko ezingama-230, ezikhutshwa ikakhulu xa ixolo libekwe kubushushu, njengomlilo wendalo.
Enye yezona zinto zithandekayo ze-sequoias ezinkulu bubuchule bazo obumangalisayo bokutya. ukumelana nemililo yehlathiImililo enobunzulu obuphantsi, obuxhaphakileyo kwindawo yayo yendalo, ayidli ngokubanga umonakalo omkhulu nje kuphela, kodwa ikwanceda ukucoca indawo ephantsi kwaye ikhuthaze ukusasazwa kwembewu, iququzelela umjikelo wokuhlaziya inkqubo yendalo.
Ubume bomthi omkhulu we-sequoia buyinto engaqhelekanga: i-fibrous kwaye i-brittle, iyenza ingafaneleki ukwakhiwa, kodwa imelana kakhulu nokubola. Ngoko ke, nangona imithi emininzi ye<em>sequoia yagawulwa ebudeni benkulungwane ye-19 neyama-20, ixabiso lezoqoqosho lomthi walo langqineka lincinane xa lithelekiswa nexabiso layo lemekobume nelokhenketho.
Namhlanje, i-sequoia enkulu ifunyanwa ikhula endle kuphela kwindawo yaseCalifornia yeSierra Nevada, apho ikhula khona kumahlathi axubileyo ecaleni kwefir, pine kunye nemisedare. Konke malunga nomthi Jikelele weSherman Ngumzekelo ongumzekelo wezi mithi, ezikhuselwe ngumthetho wase-US.
UGeneral Sherman phambi kweminye imithi emikhulu yehlabathi
Nangona uGeneral Sherman nguye umthi omkhulu emhlabeni ngomthamo womthi, ayinayo irekhodi yobude obupheleleyo. Eso sihloko sesakhe , i-redwood yeentlobo Sequoia iispervirens, ekwiRedwood National Park, ekwaseCalifornia, malunga neemitha ezili-116 ukuphakama.
Eminye imithi ephawulekayo ehlabathini lonke efanele ukukhankanywa yile:
- Umthi weTule: ndiyathetha (I-taxodium mucronatum) ehlala eOaxaca, eMexico, edume ngokuba ne ubukhulu besiqu esikhulu (ngaphezu kweemitha ezili-14), nangona ukuphakama kwayo kungaphantsi kakhulu kunokaGeneral Sherman.
- USenator: umsipres onempandla (Taxodium distichum) IFlorida, ijongwe kangangeenkulungwane njengenye yemithi emidala eMelika, de yawa ngenxa yomlilo kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo.
- Isibonelelo jikelele: enye i-sequoia enkulu, ekwakhiwe eCalifornia, ephethe isihloko esithi "umthi weKrisimesi waseMelika" kwaye yenye yezona zikhulu kwihlabathi.
Ngaloo ndlela, uGeneral Sherman unjalo umntu ophilayo kunye neyona biomass inkulu yomntu okwangoku, kunye nebenchmark yokwenyani yamazwe ngamazwe malunga nolondolozo lwendalo yehlathi.
Ubude bokuphila kunye nexesha elide le-sequoia enkulu
Ubomi obude be-sequoia enkulu iyamangalisa ngokwenene. Kuqikelelwa ukuba, phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo zokusingqongileyo kwaye zingenazo izoyikiso ezinkulu zangaphandle, Banokuphila ngokulula ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-3.200.Le rekhodi yodlulwa kuphela ngezinye iipines ezihlala ixesha elide zodidi UPinus longaeva (i-bristlecone pines edumileyo), ekwafumaneka kwintshona yeUnited States.
Ubomi obude kunye namandla e-sequoias enkulu ngenxa yezinto ezininzi:
- Ukuxhathisa umlilo: enkosi kwixolo layo elishinyeneyo, elisebenza njengesithinteli sendalo.
- Ukuhlaziya amandla: Bangakwazi ukusinda kwimbalela, ukuwa kwesebe kunye nomonakalo womoya ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngamandla okanye ukuzinza kwesakhiwo.
- Ifotosynthesis eqhubekayo: Ngokuhlala bekhuthele unyaka wonke, ukukhula kwabo akupheli ngokupheleleyo.
- Ukuziqhelanisa nemihlaba engekho mgangathweni: Banamandla okwenza uninzi lwezondlo ezifumanekayo kwaye iingcambu zabo zigubungela iindawo ezinkulu.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, ngaphandle kokuqina kwazo, ii-sequoias ezinkulu azikhuselekanga ngokupheleleyo kwiisongelo. Imililo eqatha, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, imbalela ethathe ixesha elide, kunye nezenzo zabantu zibeke emngciphekweni ubomi bazo nobo bezizukulwana ezizayo zemithi. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, amanyathelo amaninzi okukhusela kunye nokubeka iliso aphunyeziwe kwiminyaka yamuva kumanqanaba asekhaya kunye ne-federal.
Ukuveliswa kunye nokuhlaziywa kwee-sequoias ezinkulu
Umjikelo wokuzala we-sequoia enkulu untsonkothile kwaye unomdla. Le mithi ivelisa izixa ezikhulu ze iikhoni Nyaka ngamnye, ezi cones zinokuthatha ukuya kutsho kumashumi amabini eminyaka ukuvula nokukhulula imbewu yazo ngokwendalo. Ngaphantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, iicones zihlala zivaliwe, zigcina imbewu echumileyo ngaphakathi.
Nangona kunjalo, ukukhutshwa kwembewu enkulu kuhlala kunxulunyaniswa nomlilo ophantsi kakhulu, ukuhlaselwa kwezinambuzane (ezifana nebhungane elineempondo), Phymatodes nitidus) kunye nesenzo seempuku ezifana ne-Douglas squirrel, ezondla kwi-cones kwaye zivumela enye imbewu ukuba iwe phantsi. Ubushushu bemililo busebenza kakhulu ekomiseni iicones kwaye kuzikhuthaze ukuba ziqhekeke, kukhuphe amakhulu amawaka embewu ngexesha apho iimeko zivuma kakhulu ukuntshula: umhlaba ocacileyo, otyebileyo ngothuthu ongenakhuphiswano lwezityalo.
Ngaphandle kwale mililo yamaxesha athile, imbewu iyasokola ukukhula, njengoko ukhuphiswano nezinye iintlobo zezityalo kunye nokuqokelelana kwe-humus kunokutshabalalisa amahlumela amatsha. Ke ngoko, ulawulo lwamahlathi eSequoia National Park lubandakanya ukutsha okulawulwayo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo esekelwe kwisingqisho sendalo sale nkqubo ikhethekileyo yendalo.
Iimpembelelo zoLuntu: uLondolozo, iZigrogriso kunye naManyathelo oKhuseleko
Nangona ukomelela kwendalo kwe-sequoias enkulu, uGeneral Sherman kunye namaqabane akhe baye bajongana nemingeni eyandayo evela kwimisebenzi yabantu kunye neziphumo kutshintsha kwe mozuluUkunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu ehlabathi, ukuhla kweemvula zasebusika, kunye nokwanda rhoqo kunye nobukhulu bomlilo wamahlathi kubeka isoyikiso esinzulu kwezi zikhumbuzo ziphilayo.
- Imililo yamahlathi ngokugqithisileyo: Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imililo ezifana I-KNP Complex Fire baye babeka uGeneral Sherman kunye neminye imithi emininzi ye-sequoia emngciphekweni othe ngqo. Ebudeni bezi ziganeko, amasebe okucima umlilo nabaphathi beepaki baye bavelisa iindlela ezingaqhelekanga, ezinjengokusongela iziqobo zemiqobo kwizinto ezingatshiyo (ifoyile ekhethekileyo yealuminiyam) ukuze zikhuseleke kubushushu obugqithiseleyo.
- Ulawulo olusebenzayo: Iinkqubo ezisemthethweni zibandakanya ukutshiswa okumiselweyo kunye nokubekwa kweliso okuqhubekayo kweemeko zemo engqongileyo, kunye nezifundo zofuzo kunye nokuqokelelwa kwembewu kwizicwangciso ezinokwenzeka zokubuyisela kwixesha elizayo.
- Ukhenketho olunoxanduva: Ngenxa yokuthontelana okukhulu kweendwendwe ezivela kwihlabathi jikelele, iindledlana, iindlela zokuhamba, kunye neenkqubo zezothutho zangaphakathi (ezifana neebhasi ngexesha lonyaka ophakamileyo) ziye zaphunyezwa ukuthintela ukunyathelwa komhlaba kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo kwiingcambu ze-sequoias ezinkulu.
Iinzame zolondolozo ziye zaba ngundoqo ekugcineni iHlathi elikhulu kunye neGeneral Sherman kwimeko ecocekileyo. Imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe neyelizwe, kunye nezazinzulu namavolontiya, basebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuba eli lifa lendalo lihlala lomelele kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi ngakumbi. Imililo, ekude nokuphela, kufuneka ilawulwe ukuze iqhubeke nokuzalisekisa indima yayo kwindalo, kodwa kufuneka ilawulwe ukunqanda umonakalo ongenakulungiseka.
Jikelele uSherman kwinkcubeko, ukhenketho kunye nesayensi
UGeneral Sherman ungaphezulu kakhulu kunento yebhotani. Sele ibe luphawu lwenkcubeko, abakhenkethi, kunye nenzululwazi yehlabathi. Amawakawaka abantu aya eSequoia National Park nyaka ngamnye ukuze acamngce, afote, aze arhangqe isiqu sawo esikhulu, amava ashiya umbono osisigxina aze aguqule imbono kabani ngobomi obude nokomelela kwendalo.
Kwiindlela zabakhenkethi kule paki, uGeneral Sherman ubambe indawo yembeko kwaye usebenza njengendawo yokubhekisa kwiisekethe ezicetyiswayo, ezinje nge Congress Trail, umjikelo oziikhilomitha ezintathu onqumla kwihlathi elishinyeneyo lemithi emikhulu ye<em>sequoia. Eminye imithi ephawulekayo kwezi ndlela ibandakanya uMongameli, uLincoln, kunye nemithi yaseWashington, nganye inamabali kunye neerekhodi zayo.
Utyelelo kuGeneral Sherman luyafumaneka unyaka wonke, nangona amava ahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha lonyaka kunye nobungakanani bekhephu. Ehlotyeni, ipaki inikezela ngeebhasi ezihamba simahla ukuququzelela ukufikelela kunye nokunciphisa iziphumo zokhenketho oluninzi kokusingqongileyo.
Ngokwembono yenzululwazi, uGeneral Sherman sisixhobo esixabiseke kakhulu sokufunda ngebhotani, i-ecology yamahlathi, imfuzo, kunye neklimati. Iirekhodi zayo zeringi zisivumela ukuba sakhe ngokutsha imbali yemozulu yengingqi, amaza omlilo, kunye nokuguquguquka kokusingqongileyo kwimillennia.
Iintsomi, izinto ezinomdla kunye neenyaniso ezimangalisayo malunga noGeneral Sherman
- Ngaba ngokwenene ngowona mthi mdala ehlabathini? Nangona iyenye yezona zindala, ayibambanga rekhodi ipheleleyo. Ezinye iisequoia ezincinci kunye neepines zebristlecone ezikhankanywe ngasentla zinokuphila ukodlula.
- Bangaphi abantu abathathayo ukurhangqa umboko wakho? Kuqikelelwa ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-15 abantu ababambe izandla bayakufuneka ukuze bamkele umzimba kaGeneral Sherman kwisiseko sawo.
- Ngaba inokuqhubeka ikhula? Ewe. Nangona ukukhula kuncipha ebudaleni, i-biomass yayo iyanda minyaka le, yongeza iinkuni ezintsha kwisiqu kunye namasebe aphambili.
- Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba ulahlekelwa lisebe elibalulekileyo? Ngesinye isihlandlo, yaphulukana nesebe layo elikhulu nelinzima, kodwa oku akuzange kuyichaphazele kakubi impilo yayo yonke; eneneni, ukuphalaza amasebe amakhulu yinxalenye yenkqubo yawo yokulungelelanisa.
- Ingaba iinkuni zakho bezivunelwa urhwebo? Umthi omkhulu we-sequoia umelana kakhulu nokubola, kodwa ngenxa yokuba une-fibrous kwaye kunzima ukusebenzisana nawo, ukuxhaphazwa kwezorhwebo kubonakale kungenangeniso kwaye kuyingozi kwi-ecosystem, ngoko ke imizekelo emininzi yasindiswa ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwentlalo kunye nesayensi.
Ikamva likaGeneral Sherman kunye nehlathi elikhulu leSequoia ngomnye weyona mizekelo ibalaseleyo yamandla endalo okuphila ixesha elide kunye nokuziqhelanisa. Nangona kunjalo, ikamva layo lixhomekeke kwizenzo ezidibeneyo zokujongana nemingeni ekhoyo ngoku: ukunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu, ukukhusela iipaki zelizwe, kunye nokukhuthaza ulawulo lwamahlathi olusekelwe kwisayensi kunye nokulinganisela kwendalo.
I-sequoias enkulu, yinyani iifosili eziphilayoBahlala kunye needinosaurs kwaye basinda kwiinguqulelo ezininzi emhlabeni. Namhlanje, ngemfundo yokusingqongileyo, ukhenketho olunenkathalo, nokuzibophelela kwezentlalo, kuyenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo nazo zinokumangaliswa kuGeneral Sherman kwaye ziqonde ukubaluleka kokukhusela elona lifa lethu lingaqhelekanga lendalo.
Ukucingisisa Jikelele uSherman, nokuba kusebusweni okanye ngemifanekiso, kusimema ukuba sicamngce ubungakanani bexesha lendalo, ukomelela kobomi bezityalo, kunye nendima ebalulekileyo yolondolozoUkunyamekela ezi zigebenga akukhona nje ukugcina iintlobo ezizodwa, kodwa kunye nokugcina inkumbulo yoMhlaba kunye nemijikelezo yawo iphila. Ukuba unethuba lokutyelela iSequoia National Park, thatha umzuzwana uhambe ngeendlela zayo kwaye ube namava akufutshane ne-titan ekhuthaza ukuthandwa kwihlabathi liphela.
