Iimpawu kunye neentlobo ze-Algae: Ukuhlelwa, ukusetyenziswa kunye nokwahluka

Yintoni ulwelwe?

Ingca yolwandle Ziliqela ezingaqhelekanga ngokwahlukileyo zezinto eziphila emanzini, ubukhulu becala iphotosynthetic, ezithe zavela ukuze zihlale kuninzi lwendalo yasemanzini yoMhlaba, amanzi acocekileyo kunye nolwandle, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, indalo esemhlabeni efumileyo. Abaqulunqi iqela le-monolithic taxonomic; kunoko, ulwahlulo lwabo lusuka kwi-microscopic, i-organisms eneseli enye, njenge-microalgae kunye ne-cyanobacteria, kwiifom ze-multicellular ezinokufikelela ngaphezu kweemitha ezingama-60 ubude, njengezinye iintlobo ze-kelp.

Ngokwembono yesayensi, i-algae ngokuyintloko iyinxalenye yobukumkani beProtista kunye nePlantae, nangona kukho izinto ezingaqhelekanga, ezinje ngecyanobacteria, ezizizidalwa zeprokaryotic kwisizinda seBacteria. Le heterogeneity inika igama elithi "alga" intsingiselo esebenzayo kunye ne-ecological, endaweni ye-taxonomic engqongqo.

I-algae ibonakala ngokuba yi-autotrophic organisms., oko kukuthi, badibanisa i-organic matter yabo kwi-inorganic compounds ngokusebenzisa i-photosynthesis, besebenzisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zebala. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iintlobo ezinokuxuba okanye i-heterotrophic dietary adaptations, into eyaziwa ngokuba yi-mixotrophy, ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezinokukhanya okulinganiselwe okanye izondlo.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ze-algae

Ulwelwe lubonisa uluhlu lwe iimpawu ze-morphological kunye ne-physiological ezahlula kwezinye izityalo kunye ne-photosynthetic organisms:

• Ukuqulunqwa kweSelula: I-algae ingaba yiprokaryotic (cyanobacteria) okanye i-eukaryotic (amaqela amaninzi). Ezi zamva zinekloroplasts, izakhiwo ezibotshelelwe kwi-membrane apho kwenzeka khona ifotosynthesis, enemvelaphi ye-endosymbiotic.
• Iintlobo ngeentlobo zemorphostructure: Zisuka kwiifom ze-unicellular kunye ne-motile ukuya kwi-colonial, i-filamentous, okanye i-thalli enkulu ye-multicellular. Iifom ze-Macroscopic zinokuthi zingabi namathambo ahlukeneyo (i-thallus elula) okanye ibe ne-rudimentary.
• Ukungabikho kweenkqubo ze-vascular: Ngokungafaniyo nezityalo eziphezulu, i-algae ayinazo izicubu eziqhubayo (i-xylem kunye ne-phloem), nangona zinokubonisa izakhiwo ezikhethekileyo ezifana ne-rhizoids (i-attachment), i-stipes (efana neziqu) kunye neeblades (ezifana namagqabi).
• Ukwahluka kweepigments zephotosynthetic: I-algae iqulethe i-chlorophylls (a, b, c), i-carotenoids kunye ne-pigments ye-accessory efana ne-phycobilins (phycocyanin, phycoerythrin), i-fucoxanthin okanye i-xanthophylls, emisela umbala wabo kunye nokusebenza kwabo ekubambeni ukukhanya kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.
• Ukuveliswa okwahlukeneyo: Zibandakanya iindlela ze-asexual (i-fission, i-sporulation, i-fragmentation) kunye neendlela zesondo (ukutshintshwa kwe-haplont, i-diplont okanye i-haplodiplont generations), kunye nemijikelezo yobomi eyinkimbinkimbi kwiimeko ezininzi.
• Ukuziqhelanisa nendalo: Zifumaneka phantse kuzo zonke iindawo zokuhlala zasemanzini: amanzi acwengileyo, amanzi anetyuwa, amanzi anetyuwa, iindawo ezisingqongileyo ezigqithisileyo ezifana nemithombo eshushu, ematyeni, amaxolo omthi, umkhenkce, ikhephu, nkqu nakwi-symbiosis nezinye izinto eziphilayo.
• Ukubaluleka kwe-ikholoji: Benza isiseko soninzi lwamatsheyini okutya emanzini kwaye banoxanduva lwemveliso ephambili yehlabathi kunye neoksijini yomoya.

Ukuhlelwa kwe-algae

Ngenxa yokwahluka kwazo okukhulu, ulwahlulo lwe-algae luye lwahluka ngokwenkqubela yenzululwazi. Ukuhlelwa kwangoku kusekelwe kwi-chloroplast ultrastructure, ukwakheka kodonga lweeseli, iintlobo ze-pigment, izinto zokugcina, kunye nedatha ye-molecular.

Kwinqanaba eliqhelekileyo, i-algae ihlelwe ngamaqela amakhulu alandelayo asebenzayo:

1. i-microalgae: I-Microscopic unicellular or colonial organisms. Ezi ziquka i-diatoms, i-dinoflagellates, i-euglenophytes, i-chlorophytes encinci, kunye nabanye.
2. Macroalgae: Izinto eziphilayo ezibonakala ngokulula ezininzi. Ngokuyintloko ziquka i-algae eluhlaza, emdaka, kunye nebomvu, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Chlorophyta, i-Phaeophyta, kunye ne-Rhodophyta, ngokulandelanayo.
3. I-Cyanobacteria okanye i-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: Iprokaryotes ye-photosynthetic, ngokuqhelekileyo ebizwa ngokuthi "i-algae" ngenxa yenkangeleko kunye nokusebenza kwayo, nangona namhlanje kuthathwa njengechanekileyo ukubhekisela kubo njenge-cyanobacteria.

Ukuhlelwa kweTaxonomic ye-algae engundoqo

• Buhlaza-Buhlaza (Cyanobacteria): Iiprokaryotes ezikwazi ukwenza i-oxygen photosynthesis. Ziquka igenera ezifana Spirulina y Nostoc.
• Uhlaza (Chlorophyta kunye neCharophyta): Ikakhulu ieukaryotes zamanzi acocekileyo. Zibandakanya izinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo njenge Chlorella, Ulva o Chara.
• UBrown (Phaeophyceae): Ii-eukaryotes zaselwandle kuphela, ezinophuhliso olukhulu lwe-talin kunye nabameli abanje ILaminaria, ISargassum y Macrocystis.
• Ubomvu (Rhodophyta): Ikakhulu elwandle, kunye ne-phycobilins njenge-pigment ye-accessory, enoxanduva lombala wabo. Imizekelo: IPorphyra, ijelidium.
• Diatoms (Bacillariophyta): I-Microalgae eneendonga ze-silica ezihonjisiweyo, isiseko se-phytoplankton yaselwandle kunye namanzi ahlambulukileyo.
• IiDinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata): Ikakhulu elwandle, inezibetho ezibini kwaye inoxanduva lweziganeko ezinje ngamaza abomvu.
• I-Euglenophyceae (Euglenophyta): Unicellular amanzi microalgae, ezinye photosynthetic kunye nezinye heterotrophic.
• I-algae yegolide (i-Chrysophyceae), i-Haptophyta, i-Cryptophyta kunye namanye amaqela amancinci: Zibonisa imibala ethile kunye nemikhwa eyahlukeneyo yendalo.

Iintlobo ze-algae ngokombala wazo kunye nokubaluleka kwezinto eziphilayo

I-algae eluhlaza (iChlorophyta kunye neCharophyta)

I-algae eluhlaza Baliqela elikhulu elibandakanya ngaphezu kwe-8,000 yeentlobo, uninzi lwamanzi acocekileyo, nangona iifom zomhlaba kunye nezaselwandle zikhona. Ziqulethe i-chlorophyll a kunye no-b, ezinika umbala wazo, kwaye zigcina istatshi njengemveliso yokugcina. Udonga lweeseli zabo luhlala luqulunqwe yi-cellulose.

I-algae ezininzi eziluhlaza zinemijikelo yobomi entsonkothileyo, zinokuphila kwi-symbiosis (umzekelo, ukwenza i-lichens kunye nomngundo), kwaye ezinye zibonisa ubume beselula obuphambili, ngakumbi i-Charophyta, ithathwa njengesondele kwizityalo zomhlaba. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo ibandakanya Chlorella, Volvox, Ulva (i-lettuce yolwandle) kunye Chara.

I-algae emdaka (i-Phaeophyta okanye i-Phaeophyceae)

I-algae eBrown Zizodwa kwindawo ezihlala elwandle, ngakumbi iindawo ezipholileyo nezibandayo. I-pigment fucoxanthin ibanika umbala wabo omdaka. Iikloroplasts zazo zineklorofili a kunye no-c, zigcina i-laminarin kunye ne-mannitol, kwaye zenze izihlunu ezintsonkothileyo. Eli qela libandakanya i-macroalgae inkulu eyaziwayo, njenge IMacrocystis pyrifera (intloko enkulu), ISargassum y ILaminaria, anokwenza amahlathi amakhulu angaphantsi kwamanzi ayimfuneko kwizinto eziphilayo zaselwandle.

Zibaluleke kakhulu kwi-ikholoji kunye nezoqoqosho: iintlobo ezininzi zisetyenziselwa ukufumana i-alginates, izichumisi, ukutya, kunye ne-biofuels.

Ulwelwe olubomvu (Rhodophyta)

I-algae ebomvu Ubukhulu becala ziselwandle yaye zifumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezinzulu, ezinye nakwiindawo apho ukukhanya kwelanga kungafikeleli nzima. I-pigments yabo ye-accessory, ngokuyinhloko i-phycoerythrin kunye ne-phycocyanin, i-mask chlorophyll kwaye ivumela ukubanjwa kwamaza obude obungafumaneki kwezinye izinto eziphilayo. Bavelisa i-agar, i-carrageenan, kunye nezinye izinto ze-gelling zexabiso elikhulu kwimizi-mveliso.

Ezinye iintlobo ze-Rhodophyta zinezakhiwo ezibaliweyo, ezinegalelo ekuyilweni kweengqaqa kunye namaqonga ekorale. Imizekelo eyaziwayo ibandakanya IPorphyra (isetyenziselwa i-nori), ijelidium y Corallina.

Diatoms (Bacillariophyta)

Iidatom Ziyi-unicellular microalgae ehlanganiswe kwi-silica frustules ehonjisiweyo, ebanika iimilo ezahlukeneyo kunye neepateni. Zikho kuyo yonke indawo kumanzi amatsha nakumanzi etyuwa, ezenza iqhezu eliphambili le-phytoplankton kwiindawo ezininzi eziphilayo. Ibaluleke kakhulu kwimveliso ye-oksijini kunye nokubamba i-carbon, ii-diatoms zisisiseko sokutya sewebhu ezininzi zokutya zasemanzini.

IiDinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata)

Dinoflagellates Ininzi i-microalgae yaselwandle, ixhotyiswe ngeeplate ezimbini ze-flagella kunye ne-cellulose. Zibonisa iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziphawulekayo kwaye zinokubangela amaza abomvu, ngamanye amaxesha ahambelana nokuveliswa kweetyhefu eziyingozi kwizilwanyana nakubantu. Ngapha koko, ezinye iintlobo ze-bioluminescent zikhanyisa amanzi ebusuku.

I-Cyanobacteria okanye i-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka

Cyanobacteria (eyayibizwa ngokuba yi-blue-green algae) ayibobulwelwe bokwenyani, kodwa ziintsholongwane zephotosynthetic. Zibalulekile ngenxa yokukwazi kwazo ukulungisa initrogen kunye nembali yazo yendaleko, njengoko zibe negalelo elikhulu kwi-oksijini yomoya woMhlaba. Zenzeka njenge-unicellular, filamentous, okanye i-colonial organisms kwaye zinokwenza iintyatyambo ezibanzi kumachibi, imilambo kunye nolwandle.

Amanye amaqela afanelekileyo e-algae

• Euglenophyceae: I-microalgae yamanzi ahlambulukileyo, ezinye zazo zihamba kwaye ziyakwazi ukutshintshisana phakathi kwe-photosynthesis kunye nokutya kwe-heterotrophic.
• I-algae yegolide (Chrysophyceae): I-Microalgae ene-carotenoid pigments kunye nokuguquguquka okukhulu kwendalo.
• IiHaptophytes kunye ne-cryptophytes: Zinesakhiwo esikhethekileyo seselula kunye nee-pigments, ezibalulekileyo kwiindawo zaselwandle kunye namanzi ahlambulukileyo.

Iifom zesakhiwo kunye ne-morphology ye-algae

I-algae ibonisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zesakhiwo ukusuka kweyona ilula ukuya kweyona intsonkothileyo:

• Unicellular: Abazimeleyo, abantu abahambahambayo (iiflegi ezifana ne Euglena) okanye ilungisiwe; zibandakanya i-microalgae kunye ne-cyanobacteria.
• Amakholoni: Amaqela iiseli ngeqondo elula yentsebenziswano, ezifana Volvox.
• I-Filamentous: Imixokelelwane yeeseli ezidityanisiweyo, ezihlala zinebranched (Imimoya yomoya, Cladophora).
• I-Parenchymal okanye i-thalloid: Izakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo, ezinezicubu ezahlukileyo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ithalli enkulu (ILaminaria, Macrocystis).

Kwi-macroalgae, iinxalenye ezilingana nezitho zezityalo eziphakamileyo zibonwa:

• I-Rhizoid okanye i-basal disc: Iqinisa i-algae kwi-substrate. Ayiwafunxi amanzi okanye izondlo njengengcambu yokwenyani.
• Umgca: Ulwakhiwo olufana nesiqu. Inokuba mfutshane okanye iimitha ezininzi ubude. Kwezinye i-algae, ineengqimba ezininzi zeeseli ezikhethekileyo.
• Ishiti okanye umphambili: Inxalenye eyandisiweyo eyenza uninzi lwephotosynthesis.
• Pneumatocysts: I-vesicles egcwele igesi ebonelela nge-buoyancy, ephethe iphepha elisondeleyo kumphezulu.

Ii-Pigments kunye nemibala ye-algae

La iyantlukwano yemibala yealgae Kungenxa yokudityaniswa kunye nenani leebala ezininzi zephotosynthetic:

• I-Chlorophylls a, b, kunye no-c: Uxanduva lombala oluhlaza oqhelekileyo kwii-algae ezininzi.
• Carotenoids kunye xanthophylls: Imibala ephuzi, i-orange kunye ne-brown (lutein, zeaxanthin, fucoxanthin, astaxanthin, phakathi kwabanye).
• IiPhycobilins: Ziquka i-phycoerythrin (obomvu) kunye ne-phycocyanin (eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka), ininzi kwi-Rhodophyta kunye ne-cyanobacteria, imisela umbala wabo weempawu.
• I-Fucoxanthin: Inika umbala omdaka kwi-algae emdaka.

Ubume kunye nobungakanani bezi pigments bumisela ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-photosynthetic kunye nokukwazi kwealgae ukwenza ikholoni yeendawo zokuhlala zasemanzini kubunzulu obahlukeneyo kunye nokuvezwa kokukhanya.

Indlela yokuphila kunye neendawo zokuhlala ze-algae

I-algae ibonisa iplastiki yendalo engaqhelekanga. kwaye zibekwe kwi:

• Iindawo zaselwandle: Iilwandle, iilwandle, amachweba, ukusuka kwindawo ephakathi kwamaza ukuya kubunzulu obukhulu. IiMacroalgae zilawula unxweme olunamatye kwaye zenza amahlathi angaphantsi kwamanzi.
• Amanzi amatsha: Amachibi, imilambo, amadama, imijelo, amachibi.
• Iimekobume zomhlaba ezifumileyo: Kumatye (epilithic), igxolo lomthi (epiphytic), umhlaba, iindonga, ikhephu, iqhwa.
• Iimeko ezingqongileyo ezigqithisileyo: Imithombo eshushu (i-hyperthermophilic algae), iiflethi zetyuwa, indawo ezingqongileyo kunye nemitha ephezulu ye-UV.
• I-Symbiosis: Kwi-lichens (i-fungi kunye ne-algae eluhlaza okanye i-cyanobacteria), kwizicubu zezilwanyana (i-zooxanthellae kwii-corals), kwi-rhizospheres okanye kwizityalo (i-mutualistic okanye i-parasitic associations).

Ubuchule bokuziqhelanisa nePhysiology kunye nemfuzo buvumela i-algae ethile ukuba imelane nokwahluka okugqithisileyo kwetyuwa, ubushushu, i-pH, kunye nemitha.

Ukuveliswa kwakhona kwe-algae

Ukuzala kwi-algae Yahluke kakhulu kwaye ibandakanya iindlela ze-asexual kunye nezesondo:

• Ukuveliswa kwakhona ngokwesini: Nge-bipartition (unicellular), i-fragmentation (filamentous), i-sporulation (ukwakheka kwe-motile okanye i-immotile spores), i-cystogamy, i-vegetative propagation, i-zoospores, kunye nokunye. Ivumela ukwenziwa kwamakholoni ngokukhawuleza kweendawo ezintsha.
• Ukuzaliswa ngokwesondo: Ukudityaniswa kwee-gametes ezahlukileyo (isogamy, anisogamy, oogamy), ukutshintshwa kwezizukulwana ze-haploid kunye ne-diploid. Kwi-macroalgae, imijikelo yobomi entsonkothileyo iyenzeka rhoqo, kunye ne-morphologically eyahlukileyo sporophytes kunye ne-gametophytes.

Ezinye iintlobo, ezifana Ulva, ukutshintshwa kwangoku kwezizukulwana ze-isomorphic, apho zombini izigaba zifana ne-morphologically, kunye nezinye, ezifana ILaminaria, bonisa i-heteromorphism.

Ukubaluleka kwe-ikholoji ye-algae

Ingca yolwandle dlala indima engundoqo kwi-biosphere:

• Abavelisi abaphambili: Zisisiseko sokutya sezinto eziphilayo ezininzi zasemanzini, eziguqula iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo zibe yinto ephilayo kunye neoksijini.
• Ukulawulwa kwekhabhoni ye-atmospheric: IPhytoplankton (ubukhulu becala bubulwelwe obuyimicroscopic) inoxanduva lwesiqingatha sephotosynthesis yehlabathi, inegalelo ekulungiseni ikharbon diokside kwaye incede ekulawuleni imozulu yesi sijikelezi-langa.
• Imijikelo yeBiogeochemical: Bathatha inxaxheba kumjikelezo weoksijini, i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, isulfure kunye nezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo.
• Iindawo zokuhlala: Ulwakhiwo lwee-macroalgae iindawo zokuhlala ezintsonkothileyo (amahlathi e-kelp, amadlelo engca yolwandle) asebenza njengendawo yokusabela, ukutya kunye neendawo zokuzalela zezinto ezininzi eziphila elwandle.
• I-algal blooms: Phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ezinye ii<em>algae zinokwenza iintyatyambo ezinkulu, eziguqula umgangatho wamanzi, zivelise ityhefu, kwaye zichaphazele izilwanyana zasendle.

Ubudlelwane be-Symbiotic kunye ne-parasitic

• Ubulembu: Ubudlelwane obuhambelanayo phakathi komngundo kunye ne-algae eluhlaza okanye i-cyanobacteria, ekwazi ukwenza ikoloniyali kwindawo enobutshaba kunye nokulandela ukulandelana kwezendalo.
• I-Symbiosis nezilwanyana: I-Corals kunye ne-mollusks ibamba i-microalgae (i-zooxanthellae kunye ne-zoochlorellae) kwizicubu zabo, ukufumana izondlo ze-photosynthetic ngokutshintshiselana nokukhusela kunye nezondlo ezingaphili.
• Unxulumano nezityalo: Iiferns zasemanzini ezifana Azolla Bagcina i-cyanobacterial symbionts ekwaziyo ukulungisa i-nitrogen ye-atmospheric.
• IParasitism: Obunye ubulembu obubomvu nohlaza bunokutshabalalisa ezinye i-algae okanye izityalo eziphakamileyo, zibangele umonakalo kwizityalo kunye ne-ecosystem.

Ukusetyenziswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-algae

I-algae inokubaluleka okukhulayo kwezentlalo noqoqosho kumacandelo amaninzi emizi-mveliso, ezolimo, ukutya neteknoloji.

Ukutya kunye neshishini lezondlo

• Ukutya okuthe ngqo: Iintlobo ezininzi zendalo zityiwa eAsia nakweminye imimandla yehlabathi: nori (IPorphyra), wakame (Undaria pinnatifida), inkomo (ILaminaria), ispaghetti yolwandle (Himanthalia elongata), cochayuyo (iAntarctica durvillaea), dulse (IPalmaria palmata), phakathi kwezinye.
• Izongezo kunye nejelling agents: I-Hydrocolloids efana ne-agar, i-carrageenan kunye ne-alginates ifunyenwe, isetyenziswe njenge-thickeners, i-stabilizers kunye ne-gelling agents kwishishini lokutya.
• Izongezo kunye ne-superfoods: Microalgae ezifana Spirulina y Chlorella Zizityebi kwiiprotheni, i-amino acids, iivithamini kunye neeminerali, ezifaka isandla ekutyeni okunokulinganisela.
• Ifayibha yokutya: Babonelela nge-fiber e-soluble kunye ne-insoluble, ukukhuthaza impilo yokugaya kunye ne-intestinal microbiota.

I-seaweed ibonelela ngezondlo ezigxininisiweyo kwaye inokuphucula umgangatho wokutya, ngakumbi kwizidlo zemifuno.

Ishishini lamachiza kunye ne-cosmetic

• I-Bioavailability yeekhompawundi ezisebenzayo: Isicatshulwa se-seaweed sisetyenziselwa ukufumana i-antioxidants, i-anti-inflammatories, kunye ne-molecules ye-bioactive ene-antibacterial, i-immunomodulatory, i-anti-inflammatory, kunye neempawu zokuphulukisa amanxeba.
• Iimveliso zokuthambisa: Zisetyenziselwa iikhrimu, iimaski kunye neegels zokuthambisa, i-antioxidant kunye neempawu zokuvuselela.

Ezolimo kunye negadi

Ukhula lwaselwandle ngokwesiko belusetyenziswa njengesichumisi kwiindawo eziselunxwemeni kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kukhule njenge-biofertilizer kunye ne-biostimulant kwizolimo ezizinzileyo ngenxa yesiqulatho sayo esiphezulu sezinto ezilandelwayo, i-amino acids, iivithamini kunye ne-phytohormones ezikhuthaza ukuhluma, ukukhula kunye nokuxhathisa izityalo kuxinzelelo lwe-abiotic (imbalela, ityuwa, ukubanda). Izichumisi zendalo I-algal derivatives iphucula ubume bomhlaba kunye nokufunxeka kwamanzi kunye nezondlo ngokwenza iialginates kunye ne-polysaccharides emhlabeni.

I-Biotechnology kunye namandla

• Ukuveliswa kwe-Biofuel: I-Microalgae ngabaviwa abaphambili be-bioethanol, i-biobutanol, i-biodiesel, kunye nemveliso ye-biohydrogen ngenxa yokukhula kwabo ngokukhawuleza kunye nokukwazi ukuqokelela i-lipids kunye ne-carbohydrates phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo.
• Bioremediation: Iyakwazi ukufunxa kunye nokuqokelela isinyithi esinzima, ukungcola, kunye nezondlo, i-algae isetyenziselwa unyango lwamanzi amdaka kunye nokubuyiselwa kweendawo ezingcolileyo.

Ezinye izicelo zoshishino

• Ishishini lephepha: Iialginates ezivela kwi-algae emdaka zisetyenziswa ekwenzeni amaphepha akhethekileyo.
• Ishishini lelaphu kunye neekhemikhali: Njengezinzisi, ii-viscosity agents kunye ne-synthetic compounds.

Ukwakhiwa kwesondlo kunye neepropati ezincedo ze-algae

I-algae ibalasele ngokungaqhelekanga ukuxinana kwezondlo kunye nobukho beekhompawundi zokusebenza:

• Iiprotheni: Ziqulethe zonke amino acids ezibalulekileyo, ingakumbi kwiintlobo ezifana Spirulina y Chlorella.
• Iivithamini: Igalelo eliphawulekayo levithamini A, B (kubandakanywa ne-B12 kwezinye iintlobo), i-C, D, E kunye ne-K.
• Amaminerali: Ziyimithombo ekhethekileyo ye-iodine, i-calcium, i-magnesium, isinyithi, i-potassium kunye ne-trace elements.
• Polyunsaturated fatty acids: Umxholo wayo we-omega-3 (EPA kunye ne-DHA), ngakumbi kwi-algae yaselwandle, yodlula ukutya okuninzi okusemhlabeni.
• Ifayibha yokutya: Ngokukodwa i-fiber e-soluble, ekhuthaza ukugaya kunye nokulawula i-glycemic.
• Iikhompawundi zeAntioxidant: Carotenoids, polyphenols, phycocyanins kunye nabanye.

Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iintlobo zinokuthi ziqulathe amanqanaba aphezulu esinyithi esinzima okanye i-arsenic, ngoko ukusetyenziswa kwazo kufuneka kube yimodareyitha kunye nemithombo ethembekileyo. Khulisa iikhabhathi Zisivumela ukuba silawule iimeko kwaye sikuphephe ukosuleleka.

Ukwahluka kwe-morphological kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwe-algae

I-algae iza kwiindidi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. kunye nohlengahlengiso lwe-morphological, olubavumela ukuba benze ikoloniyali kwiindawo zokuhlala ezingafaniyo njengamatye abethelwe ngamaza ukuya kumaqhekeza omkhenkce ezibondeni:

• Izakhiwo zeTubular kunye nefilamentous: Bakhuthaza ukudada kunye nokufikelela ekukhanyeni kumanzi anzulu.
• Ithalli ebaliwe: Zikhoyo kwi-coralline algae, zonyusa ukuxhathisa kwi-herbivory kwaye zinegalelo ekwakhiweni kweingqaqa.
• Pneumatocysts: Banceda ukugcina i-thallus isondele kumphezulu.
• Iileya zeMucilaginous: Zikhusela ngokuchasene ne-desiccation kunye ne-herbivores, kwaye zivumela iikholoni zebhaktheriya kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo ze-symbiotic ukuba zizinze.

Ezinye ii-algae ziye zavela ukuze ziphile emhlabeni, nangona zisafuna iindawo ezifumileyo kakhulu, njengoko kunjalo nge-bryophytes yamandulo.

Imingcipheko, iintyatyambo kunye netyhefu kwi-algae

Phantsi kweemeko ezithile zokusingqongileyo, ezinye i-algae zinokukhula kakhulu kwaye ibangele utshintsho kwi-ikhosistim, ekwachaphazela imisebenzi yabantu:

• Iintyatyambo: Ukunyuka okugqabhukileyo kwe-algal biomass (ngokuqhelekileyo i-microalgae) kunokubangela ukuncipha kweoksijini kokusingqongileyo (i-anoxia), ukubhubha kwezilwanyana ezininzi kunye notshintsho kubulunga bamanzi.
• Amaza abomvu: Ibangelwa yi-dinoflagellates okanye enye i-microalgae evelisa i-toxin, inokuchaphazela iintlanzi, i-mollusks kunye nabantu. Iityhefu zinokuqokelelana kwikhonkco lokutya.
• Ubutyhefu: Ezinye i-algae ziqulethe iikhompawundi eziyityhefu ezenzeka ngokwemvelo kwaye zinokufunxa isinyithi esinzima kunye nongcoliseko olukhoyo kwindawo yazo, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuzisebenzisa kwimithombo elawulwayo neqinisekisiweyo.
• IArsenic: I-algae ethile, ngakumbi i-algae yaselwandle, inokuqulatha izixa ezahlukeneyo ze-arsenic, zombini kwi-inorganic (ityhefu ngakumbi) kunye neefom eziphilayo. Ubuthi babo obunokubakho bufuna uvavanyo kunye nolawulo.

Uphononongo lwe-algae: I-Phycology

La ifikholoji Lisebe lebhayoloji elinikezelwe kuphononongo lwezenzululwazi lwe-algae, imijikelo yobomi babo, i-ecology, ukuhlelwa, iphysiology, kunye nokusetyenziswa. Igama elithi "algology" aliqhelekanga kwaye linokukhokelela ekubhidekeni kunye nesebe lezonyango elizinikele kwiintlungu.

Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo malunga neempawu kunye neentlobo ze-algae

Zingaphi iindidi ze algae ezikhoyo?

Amashumi amawaka eentlobo ziye zachazwa, zadityaniswa ikakhulu zibe luhlaza, omdaka, obomvu, i-diatoms, i-dinoflagellate, i-euglenophytes, i-cyanobacteria kunye namaqela amancinci amancinci.

Kutheni zingathathwa njengezityalo?

I-algae ayinazo izicubu ze-vascular (xylem kunye ne-phloem), iingcambu zokwenyani, iziqu kunye namagqabi, kwaye azinayo i-embryo ekhuselweyo emva kokuchumisa, ngokungafaniyo nezityalo zomhlaba. Iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe kule linki.

Ngaba zonke ziyatyiwa?

Hayi, kuphela iintlobo ezithile ze-algae ezifanelekileyo ukusetyenziswa kwabantu, kwaye kufuneka zivele kwiindawo ezilawulwayo ngenxa yeengozi ezinokuthi zibe netyhefu kunye nokuqokelela okungcolileyo.

Yintoni eyahlula kubo kwi-cyanobacteria?

I-Cyanobacteria ziiprokaryotes (iibhaktheriya) kwaye ayinayo i-nucleus yeseli kunye ne-chloroplasts, ngelixa uninzi lwe-algae eyinyani ziyi-eukaryotes kwaye zinee-organelles ze-membranous.

Kutheni bezinemibala eyahlukahlukeneyo nje?

Ngenxa yeyantlukwano yeepigments zephotosynthetic kunye nomlinganiselo wazo, iqela ngalinye lingathatha amaza obude ohlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kubunzulu kunye nokukhanya komgangatho wendawo.

Yintoni ukubaluleka kwayo kwikhonkco lokutya?

Ziyisiseko sesondlo kwizinto ezininzi eziphilayo zasemanzini kwaye zinoxanduva lweyona mveliso iphambili kwi-ecosystems yasemanzini kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ioksijini esiyiphefumlayo.

I-algae imele iqela elimangalisayo eliguquguqukayo nelisebenzayo kwindalo. Ukubaluleka kwabo kudlula i-ikholoji, njengoko ingumthombo wesondlo, izixhobo zemizi-mveliso, izisombululo ze-biotechnological, kunye nee-arhente eziphambili zokunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu. Ukuqinisa ulwazi lwabo akusincedi nje kuphela ukuba siqonde ngcono i-ecosystems yasemanzini kodwa kukwavula iindlela ezintsha zophuhliso oluzinzileyo kunye nempilo yabantu.