Ulmus: Isikhokelo esipheleleyo seempawu, ukhathalelo, kunye neentlobo ezibonakalisiweyo

Ulmus: Iimpawu, ukuKhathalela kunye neentlobo

Uhlobo lwe-Ulmus, ngokuqhelekileyo eyaziwa ngokuba yi<em>elm, kuquka iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentlobo zemithi ngokuyintloko ezifumaneka kuMntla weIkhweyitha. I-elm idlale indima ebalulekileyo kwindalo nakwintlalo yoluntu, ngenxa yokomelela kwayo, ukwahluka kokusetyenziswa, kunye nexabiso lokuhombisa.

Imithi ye-Elm Zahlulwe ngokwazo ukuthwala okumangalisayo, amagqabi avuthulukayo, nesiqu esomeleleyo. Apha ngezantsi, sichaza iimpawu zayo, iintlobo eziphambili, ukhathalelo, izifo, kunye nokubaluleka kwendalo kunye nenkcubeko.

Inkcazo ngokubanzi yeGenus Ulmus

El uhlobo Ulmus yeyosapho ulmaceae yaye ibunjwe ziindidi ezingama-40 zemithi evuthulukayo. I-Elms ibonakaliswe ngobukhulu bayo obukhulu ngokubanzi, ifikelela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ukusuka kwi-10 ukuya kwi-40 yeemitha, kuxhomekeke kwiintlobo kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo.

• Isiqu kunye nokuzala: I-trunk idla ngokuthe tye kwaye yomelele; kwimizekelo emidala isenokuba mgongxo.
• ICortex: Ngokubanzi umdaka, uqhekekile kwaye urhabaxa, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuchonga.
• AmaSpredishithi: Ilula, iyatshintshana, inemida enqamlezileyo, uburhabaxa oburhabaxa, kunye nokumila okumbhoxo ngokubanzi okunesiseko esingalinganiyo, enye yezona mpawu zibalaseleyo zohlobo.
• Iintyatyambo: Incinci, ingabonakali, ibomvu okanye iluhlaza ngombala, ihlelwe ngamaqoqo. Ngokuqhelekileyo zivela phambi kokuba amagqabi ahlume.
• Iziqhamo: I-Samara, oko kukuthi, imbewu ejikelezwe liphiko le-membranous eliqhuba ukusasazwa kwayo ngumoya.

Inkqubo yeengcambu ze-elm inamandla kakhulu kwaye ihambelana kakuhle neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba, uphawu olufaka isandla ekomeleleni komthi kunye nokuphila ixesha elide.

Iintlobo eziphambili ze-Ulmus

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi kwi-genus Ulmus, nganye ineempawu zayo. Eyona nto iphawulekayo ichazwe ngezantsi, ngokusekelwe ekusasazeni kwabo, ukuqina, kunye neempawu zokuhlobisa.

• I-Ulmus encinci (i-elm eqhelekileyo, ipoplar emnyama okanye ipoplar emnyama): Yeyona ntlobo ibonakalayo kwaye ixhaphake kakhulu eYurophu nakwi-Mediterranean basin. Inokufikelela kwiimitha ezingama-30 ubude, inamagqabi ombhoxo, imida enamazinyo aphindwe kabini, kunye neziseko ezingalinganiyo ngokucacileyo. Ixatyiswe kakhulu njengomthi womthunzi nakwiindawo zasezidolophini.
• I-Ulmus glabra (iNtaba ye-Elm): Iphawuleka ngamagqabi ayo amakhulu, a-oval kunye ne-basal lobe ephuhlisiweyo. Inyamezela imozulu epholileyo, efumileyo kwaye ixhaphakile kumbindi nasemantla Yurophu.
• Ulmus pumila (elm yaseSiberia): Inzalelwane yaseAsia, incinci, ifikelela kwi-15 yeemitha. Imelana neemeko ezinzima kakhulu, kubandakanywa iqabaka kunye nembalela, eye yavumela ukuba ibe luhlobo olusetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekuhlaziyweni kwakhona kwamahlathi nanjengomhombiso, nangona inokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo njenge-invasive kwiindawo ezithile ngenxa yobukhulu bayo bokuphinda bukhule.
• Ulmus Americana (i-American Elm): Inzalelwane yaseMntla Melika, inokukhula ifikelele kwiimitha ezingama-40 ubude, inamagqabi amade, acutheneyo. Ixatyiswe kakhulu kwiigadi kunye neepaki ngenxa yenkangeleko yayo entle.
• Ezinye iintlobo ezifanelekileyo: I-Ulmus procera (i-elm yesiNgesi), i-Ulmus parvifolia (i-elm yesiTshayina), i-Ulmus carpinifolia, phakathi kwabanye.

Ukuthelekisa phakathi kweentlobo eziphambili

Ukuhanjiswa kunye nendawo yokuhlala

Ii-elms zikhula kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokuhlala, nangona zihlala zikhetha umhlaba ochumileyo, omtsha nonzulu, kunye nokuba kufutshane nemijelo yamanzi. Bayakwazi ukufikelela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kwaye baphumelele kwiindawo eziphantsi ukuya kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezingaphezu kweemitha ezili-1600, kuxhomekeke kwiintlobo.

Kuqhelekile ukufumana I-Ulmus kwimbonakalo yomhlaba yasezidolophini kumahlathi axubeneyo, kwiindonga zemilambo, kwiipaki zasezidolophini nakwizikwere. Ngenxa yokuqina kwayo, yatyalwa kakhulu ezidolophini nasezilalini.

Ukuchongwa kunye neMofoloji eneenkcukacha

• Iingcango: Umthi omkhulu onesithsaba esingqukuva kunye namasebe anyukayo okanye ajikelezayo, ahlala eneesuckers ezininzi kwisiseko.
• ICortex: Umdaka omnyama ngombala, uqhekeke kakhulu xa ukhulile. Amasebe amatsha anokuba ngamadlala.
• AmaSpredishithi: Zirhabaxa ekuchukumiseni, zinemithambo echazwe kakuhle, i-margin ephindwe kabini, kunye ne-basal asymmetry ephawulekayo (icala elinye legqabi lidla ngokubonakala "line-apex") encinane. Umbala uyahluka ukusuka kuluhlaza onzulu ukuya kumthubi ekwindla, kunye neentlobo ezibonisa iithowuni ezibomvu okanye ezinamabala.
• Iintyatyambo: Iintyatyambo zivela ngamaqela ekupheleni kobusika okanye ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo; zincinci kwaye azibonakali, zibomvu okanye ziluhlaza ngombala.
• Isiqhamo: Yiyo samara, imbewu ejikelezwe liphiko le-membranous eliqhuba ukusasazwa kwayo ngumoya. Ngentwasahlobo, bagubungela umhlaba phantsi kwemizekelo yabantu abadala.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Elm yesiNtu kunye neMihla

Kangangeenkulungwane, iielms bezisetyenziswa ukwakhiwa, ezolimo, imfuyo kunye namayeza esintu. Usetyenziso lwayo oluphambili lubandakanya:

• Iinkuni: Ixabiseke kakhulu ngamandla ayo kunye nokuguquguquka. Ilungele amavili enqwelo, iinxalenye eziphantsi kokugqoka, iinxalenye zenqanawa, amavili amanzi, imijelo, kunye nezakhiwo eziphantsi kwamanzi ngenxa yokunganyangeki kwamanzi.
• Ukukhulisa iinkomo: Amagqabi kunye namaxolo, ingakumbi amagqabi athambileyo, ayesetyenziswa njengokutya kwemfuyo.
• Amayeza esintu: I-bark yangaphakathi (i-liber) yayisetyenziselwa iimeko zesikhumba, amanxeba kunye nemivumbo, kunye neempawu zayo ezinqabileyo.
• Isihombiso: Umthi othandwayo kwizikwere nakwizitrato ngenxa yomthunzi wawo omhle kunye nokubaluleka kweemvakalelo kwiindawo ezininzi.
• Inkxaso yeediliya: Kumaxesha amandulo, yayisetyenziswa kakhulu njengenkxaso yezidiliya.

I-Elm Care: Izitshixo zokuLima

Ukukhula kunye nokugcina imithi ye-elm kufuna iinkalo ezithile ezibalulekileyo zokuqinisekisa amandla kunye nokuphila ixesha elide. Ezi zezona ngcebiso zibalulekileyo:

• Indawo: Ikhetha iindawo ze ilanga elipheleleyo okanye iindawo ezinomthunzi kunye nemozulu epholileyo. Ezinye iintlobo zinyamezela iqabaka ephakathi.
• Isiseko: Ikhula kakuhle kumhlaba onzulu, onodongwe oluncinane, otyebileyo kwizinto eziphilayo. Ayibunyamezeli ubutyuwa.
• Unkcenkceshelo: Ifuna ukufuma rhoqo, ngakumbi ehlotyeni. Kubalulekile ukuphepha imbalela ehlala ixesha elide, enokuwenza buthathaka umthi kwaye iwubeke kwangaphambili kwizinambuzane kunye nezifo.
• Ukupasa: Kucetyiswa ukuba uchube ngomgquba ekwindla kwaye usebenzise izichumisi zamaminerali rhoqo emva kweenyanga ezimbini entwasahlobo nasehlotyeni kwimithi emincinci.
• Ukuprintwa: Umthi we-elm ngokuqhelekileyo awufuni ukuthenwa. Amasebe afileyo, amadala, okanye awonakeleyo anokususwa ukuze kuthintelwe izifo.
• Ukuphindaphinda: Iintlobo zaseYurophu zinokusasazwa ngembewu entsha (kufuneka ihlwayelwe kungekudala emva kokuvuna) okanye ngokusikwa okunyangwa ngamahomoni e-rooting. Ukuhlonyelwa kwi-Ulmus pumila kuxhaphakile kwiindidi ezithile zorhwebo.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Konke malunga nomthi we-elm kunye nezicelo zawo zokubeka umhlaba

Izifo kunye nezinambuzane: Ingozi ye-Dutch Elm Disease

Enye ye Iingxaki eziphambili ze-Ulmus genus Isifo se-Dutch elm, isifo sokungunda esitshabalalisayo. Iimpawu eziphambili kunye nezinambuzane eziqhelekileyo zichazwe ngezantsi.

Isifo se-Elm saseDatshi

isifo Dutch elm Sisifo esibangelwa ngumngundo wohlobo lwe Ophiostoma (ingakumbi iOphiostoma ulmi kunye ne Ophiostoma novo-ulmi) kwaye isasazwa zi scolytid beetles. Umjikelo wobomi besifo se-elm waseDutch umi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Ugqithiso: Ooqongqothwane abasele bekhulile babezalela emthini ukuze babeke amaqanda, bethwele intsholongwane yokungunda emizimbeni yabo.
• Phuhliso: Imbewu iyantshula, umngundo uhlasela imisele ehambisa incindi, iwavale kwaye ibangele ukubuna nokufa kwamasebe okanye umthi uphela.
• Usulelo lwengcambu: Esi sifo sinokusasazeka nakwiingcambu zemithi ekufutshane.

Iimpawu: I-Wilting kunye ne-yellowing yamagqabi, ukomisa okuqhubekayo kwamasebe, ukubonakala kwemigca emnyama phantsi kwegxolo kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ukufa komthi.

Ukubaluleka kwe-ikholoji yee-Elms

I-Elms yimithi ephambili kwi-ecosystems, iipaki kunye nezixekoBabonelela ngekhusi kunye nokutya kwiintaka ezininzi kunye nezinambuzane, kwaye banegalelo ekuzinziseni komhlaba kunye nokulawulwa kwamanzi. Iindidi ezininzi zixhomekeke kumaplanga, amaxolo namagqabi azo. Ukunyamalala kwee-elms zomthonyama ngenxa yesifo se-Dutch elm kuye kwavelisa ukungalingani okunzulu kwezinto eziphilayo kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo.

Ukukwazi ukwenza ii-copses ecaleni kwe-willows, i-alders, kunye ne-poplar kudala i-ecosystem etyebileyo neyahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yezifo, ezi zakhiwo ziye zehla kakhulu.

IiNkqubo zoLondolozo kunye noBuyiselo

Awona manyathelo olondolozo abalulekileyo aquka:

• Ukukhangela kunye nokutyalwa kweentlobo ezixhathisayo kwisifo saseDutch elm.
• Ukubeka iliso kwiisampulu ezizodwa kunye nokukhuselwa kweyona mithi midala okanye eyona mifuziselo.
• Ulawulo lwePhytosanitary kunye nokupheliswa kweesampulu ezingafumanekiyo zokuthintela ukusasazeka kwefungus.
• Iinkqubo zokusasaza ngembewu kunye nokwenziwa kwemithi ephilileyo.

Iiprojekthi zolondolozo lwe iyantlukwano yemfuza yee-elms zaseYurophu, ngokusebenzisana neeyunivesithi kunye nemibutho yoluntu, esele isebenze amashumi eminyaka ukuchonga kunye nokuphindaphinda ii-clones ezixhathisayo kwaye ziphinde zizibuyisele kwimeko yendalo kunye nedolophu.

Elm kunye neNkcubeko edumileyo

I-elm ineengcambu ezinzulu zenkcubeko kunye nezomfuziselo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Ingumxholo wemizekeliso edumileyo kunye nezaci ezinjengethi "Musa ukubuza i-elm ngamapere"; umfanekiso wayo unxulunyaniswa nobulumko nobomi obude. Ababhali abaninzi kunye neembongi baye babhekisela kwi-elm kwimisebenzi yabo, njengo-Antonio Machado kwimbongo yakhe eyaziwayo ethi "A un olmo seco" (kwi-Dry Elm) kunye nabanye ababhali abanjengoGustavo Adolfo Bécquer, uCervantes, uLope de Vega, uGarcilaso de la Vega, uHesse, uJules Verne, noLeonardo da Vinci.

Umthunzi wee-elms uye wasebenza njengendawo yokuhlanganisana kwizizukulwana, ukunikela ubungqina kwiindibano zokuzonwabisa kunye nemisebenzi yemihla ngemihla. Ngaphaya koko, ukwahlukana kwamagama asekuhlaleni kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemveli komeleza ixabiso lenkcubeko yolu hlobo.

Iintlobo Neentlobo Ezixhathisayo

• Ulmus pumila: Ngenxa yokuxhathisa ngokwemvelo kwisifo se-Dutch elm, ityalwe ngokubanzi kwihlabathi jikelele.
• I-Ulmus parvifolia (i-elm yesiTshayina): Ixabiswa kakhulu kwigadi kunye ne-bonsai, iyamelana nesifo se-Dutch elm kwaye iyahlukaniswa ngamaxolo ayo akhethekileyo kunye namagqabi amancinci.
• Imihlanganisela: Imihlanganiselwa exutyiweyo kunye nemihlanganiselwa ekhethiweyo iye yaphuhliswa, efana ne 'Resista' kunye ne 'Sapporo Autumn Gold', phakathi kwezinye, ezibonisa ukunyamezela okuphezulu kwesi sifo.

Iingcebiso eziPhambili zokuKhula nokugcina

• Uthintelo lwezinambuzane: Ukugcina impilo yemithi ngundoqo. Ukunkcenkceshela rhoqo ngexesha lembalela, ukuchumisa ngonyaka, kunye nokususa inkunkuma yezityalo kuthintela iingxaki ezininzi.
• Ulawulo lwezifo: Hlola amasebe kunye namagqabi entwasahlobo nasehlotyeni, ukuthena iindawo ezichaphazelekayo ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba kubonwe iimpawu zokuqala. Sebenzisa imichiza yokungunda kuphela phantsi kweliso lobungcali.
• Ukuprintwa: Kuphephe ukuthenwa ngokungqongqo. Khetha ukususa amasebe awonakeleyo okanye afileyo. Ukuba isifo se-Dutch elm sifunyenwe, susa isebe elichaphazelekayo. Ukuba umonakalo uchaphazela ngaphantsi kwe-20% ye-canopy, umthi unokugcinwa ngonyango olukhethekileyo; ukuba idlula loo pesenti, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ususe wonke umthi.
• Ukuzaliswa kwakhona: Qokelela imbewu ngqo emthini phambi kokuba iwele emhlabeni. Tyala entwasahlobo, uqinisekise i-substrate echumileyo nefumileyo. Ukusika kufuneka kuphathwe ngamahomoni e-rooting ukuphucula impumelelo.
• Ulungelelwaniso lwedolophu kunye nokwakheka komhlaba: Khetha iintlobo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nemozulu yengingqi, ingakumbi imihlanganiselwa eqinisekisiweyo ngokuchasene nesifo saseDutch elm.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Konke malunga neentyatyambo zomthi weziqhamo entwasahlobo: ukhathalelo, ukuthena, kunye neengcebiso eziphambili

IiCuriosities kunye neeNtetho ezidumileyo malunga ne-Elm

• Iyantlukwano yamaqhalo: Ukongeza kokuthi "Musa ukubuza i-elm ngamapere," kukho ukwahluka kwiilwimi ezahlukeneyo kunye nemimandla, ebonisa ukubaluleka komthi kwingcinga eyaziwayo.
• Umthi weNtlanganiso: Ubukho babo ezitratweni nasezitalatweni bubanike umlinganiswa wentlalo kunye neemvakalelo, baba ngamangqina athuleyo obomi boluntu ukutyhubela iinkulungwane.
• Ubomi obude kunye neesampulu ezizodwa: Kukho iielms ezihlelwa njengemithi yesikhumbuzo, edlula iinkulungwane ezininzi zobomi, kunye namabali azo kwiindawo ezininzi.

I-Ulmus genus kunye neentlobo zayo ezininzi zishiye uphawu olungacimekiyo kwindalo, imimandla yasezidolophini, kunye nenkcubeko yamazwe ahlukeneyo. Nangona isifo se-Dutch elm siye sabachaphazela kakhulu abantu babo, iinzame zokulondoloza, ukutyalwa kweentlobo ezixhasiweyo kunye nemihlanganisela, kunye noxabiso lwentlalo luqinisekisa ukuzingisa kwale mithi kwixesha elizayo. Ukuba ukhangele umthi wexabiso elikhulu lokuhlobisa, umthunzi, kunye nesithethe, i-elm ihlala enye yezona zinto zikhethayo eziphawulekayo, uhlobo olufanele ukubuyiselwa kunye nokukhuselwa kwi-ecosystems kunye neendawo ezingqongileyo.