Isingeniso kwi-Ulmus encinci okanye i-Elm eqhelekileyo: iimpawu ze-morphological kunye nexabiso le-ecological
Ulmus omncinci, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-elm eqhelekileyo, i-elm emnyama okanye i-poplar emnyama, luhlobo lomthi wentsapho ulmaceae Isasazwe ngokubanzi kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kwiMeditera, nakwiindawo eziseNtshona Asia. Kuyo yonke imbali, i-elm eqhelekileyo ibe ngumnye wemithi emele kakhulu kwiipaki, imilambo, kunye neendawo ezinkulu zasezidolophini, kungekhona nje ngobuhle bayo, kodwa kunye nendima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kweendawo zasezidolophini. indima yendalo iyadlala.
El Ulmus omncinci inokufikelela ukuphakama phakathi 30 kunye ne-40 yeemitha, ukwenza isithsaba esishinyeneyo, esingqukuva nesihombe. Imilo eyomeleleyo kunye namagatsha e-arching ancediswa ngamaxolo amnyama, acande kakhulu kwimithi esele ikhulile. Amagqabi ayo i-oval, ene-rough texture kunye nomda onamazinyo aphindwe kabini, umbala oluhlaza kakhulu ojika ube tyheli ekwindla. Ineentyantyambo ezincinci, ezingabonakaliyo, ngokuqhelekileyo zibomvu, zihlanganiswe ngamaqoqo, avela ngaphambi kokuba amaqabunga ahlume. Iziqhamo ze-elm, eyaziwa ngokuba samaras, zinephiko le-membranous eliququzelela ukusasazeka kwazo ngumoya kwaye zinokuhombisa xa zikhulile.
Ngokwendalo, i<em>elm eqhelekileyo ibalulekile kwizilwanyana zasendle: iintyatyambo zayo zivelisa incindi yeenyosi, amagqabi ayo abonelela ngokutya kweentlobo ngeentlobo zokutya, yaye iingcambu zayo zifak’ isandla ekuzinzeni kweendonga zemilambo. Ngokwesiko, iinkuni zayo zazisetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa, inqwelo kunye nokuveliswa koomatshini, kunye namayeza e-homeopathic ukunyanga iintlungu ezidibeneyo.
I-elm eqhelekileyo inenkqubo yeengcambu ezinamandla, inika amandla amakhulu okuhluma kunye nokuxhathisa kumhlaba onzulu, ochumileyo, kunye nofumileyo, nangona ingabunyamezeli ubutyuwa. Lo mthi, umqondiso wobomi obude kunye namandla, uyaqhubeka nokusebenza namhlanje njengento yokuhlobisa umthunzi kunye nendawo yokuhlala kwiindawo zoluntu nezendalo.
Iimfuno zokukhanya, imozulu kunye nendawo efanelekileyo
El Ulmus omncinci ithanda iindawo ilanga eligcweleyo okanye i-semi-shadeNangona inokuziqhelanisa kakuhle neemeko ezahlukeneyo, yayo Ukukhula kunye nokomelela kokona kulungileyo kwiindawo zokutyhileka elangeniKwiindawo ezinomthunzi okanye ukukhanya okuncinci okuthe ngqo, ukukhula kunokucotha kwaye ukuxhathisa kwezifo kunokuncipha, ngoko kusoloko kucetyiswa ukuba ufumane indawo ekhanyiswe kakuhle.
Ikhula ngokuncomekayo kwi Imozulu eziphakathi, ebonisa ukunyamezela okuphakathi kokubini ukubanda (iyakwazi ukumelana neqabaka ekhaphukhaphu kunye namaxesha athile okubanda okukhulu) kunye nobushushu. Nangona kunjalo, iyasokola kwimimandla enobusika obunzima kakhulu kunye nehlobo elide elinembalela, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuyibonelela ngeemeko ezifanelekileyo xa kunokwenzeka.
Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo kunye nokwandiswa kweengcambu, i-ulmo ifanelekile iigadi ezinkulu, iipaki kunye nolungelelwaniso lwedolophuKukho iintlobo ezincinci, ezifanelekileyo kwiigadi eziphakathi, ezivumela ukuba ujabulele lo mthi ngaphandle kokufuna indawo eninzi.
Ukuphakama akusiyo into ethintelayo, njengoko ifunyenwe kwiindawo ezikufutshane nomphakamo wolwandle ukuya kwiindawo eziphakamileyo malunga ne-1.600 yeemitha, ukubonelela ngokufuma okwaneleyo kunye neemeko ze-substrate zigcinwa.
Umhlaba ofanelekileyo we-elm eqhelekileyo
El Elm eqhelekileyo Iyaguquguquka, kodwa iyawuxabisa kakhulu umhlaba bunzulu, buchumile, busandul' ukutsha kwaye bukhutshiwe kakuhle. Ukhetha umhlaba ludongwe oluncinci okanye umhlaba ovunduvundu, otyebileyo kwizinto eziphilayo kunye ne-pH engathathi hlangothi okanye eneasidi kancinane. Nangona besamkela iqondo elithile lekalika, I-limestone egqithisileyo inokubangela i-iron chlorosis, ukuwenza buthathaka umthi.
Ayikunyamezeli imihlaba enetyuwa okanye umhlaba ongenamanzi okanye oxineneyo. Kwiindawo zendalo, ikholisa ukukhula kufuphi nemilambo kunye neendlela zamanzi, apho i-ambient kunye nokufuma komhlaba kuhlala kuphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, egadini, kubalulekile ukunqanda ukugcwala kwamanzi kwaye ubeke iliso emhlabeni ukuqinisekisa ukuba uhlala ufumile kodwa ungahluthi.
Ukutyala umthi we-elm ngokuqhelekileyo kwenziwa ngexesha ekwindla okanye entwasahlobo, soloko ukhetha umhlaba ongenamoya kunye nothambileyo ukukhuthaza ukukhula kweengcambu kwasekuqaleni.
Ukunkcenkceshela: amanzi afuna ngokweminyaka kunye nobukhulu
El Ulmus omncinci idinga unikezelo lwamanzi rhoqo, ngakumbi kwiminyaka yokuqala kunye nangamaxesha okukhula okusebenzayo. I-substrate kufuneka ihlale ifumile kancinci, ukuphepha kokubini imbalela kunye namanzi amaninzi.
Kwimozulu eyomileyo okanye ngexesha lasehlotyeni, ukunkcenkceshela kufuneka kube rhoqo. Iielm ezincinci zifuna malunga neelitha ezingama-70 kumjikelo wokunkcenkceshela, ngelixa izityalo ezikhulileyo zinokudinga phakathi kwe-150 kunye ne-200 yeelitha ukugubungela yonke inkqubo yeengcambu. Kungcono ukunkcenkceshela kancinci kwaye ngobuninzi, kunokuba rhoqo, ukukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kweengcambu ezinzulu kunye nokuthintela ukukhula kwefungi yomhlaba.
Ubuchule obusebenzayo yi ukunkcenkceshela okanye ngokusebenzisa iingxowa zokunkcenkceshela ezikhethekileyo, ezihambisa amanzi ngokulinganayo nangokucotha kwiiyure ezininzi. Ezi ngxowa zikwanceda ekunciphiseni ukuvela komphunga, nto leyo eluncedo ngakumbi ngamaxesha obushushu obugqithiseleyo.
El i-elm eqhelekileyo ayinyamezeli imbalela ixesha elide, nto leyo enokukhokelela ekubeni lo mthi uhle ngokuqhubekayo uze wome. Ngokunjalo, ukunkcenkceshela ngokugqithisileyo kunye nezikhukula zonakalisa iingcambu, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukufumana ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo lwemozulu nodidi lomhlaba ngalunye.
Ukuchumisa: yintoni, nini, kwaye njani ukuchumisa i-Ulmus encinci
El Umbhalisi Ukuchumisa rhoqo kubalulekile ukugcina amandla kunye nempilo ye-elm eqhelekileyo. Ngexesha le ukuwaKuyacetyiswa ukuba kugalelwe umgquba owenziwe ngendalo okanye umgquba obole kakuhle, udibanise ngokuthe ngqo kwisiseko somthi (ungaze udibane ngqo nesiqu ukuphepha iingxaki zokufuma okanye izifo zokungunda).
En izityalo ezincinci okanye imithi ekwisigaba sokukhula esisebenzayo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kugalelwe isichumiso esipheleleyo seminerali, ngokukhethekayo esenzelwe imithi evuthulukayo, rhoqo kwiiveki ezi-6 ukuya kwezisi-8 entwasahlobo nasehlotyeni. Kwimihlaba ehlwempuzekileyo okanye abo banesondlo esincinci, ukusetyenziswa kwezichumisi eziphilayo ezifana ne-compost, i-worm castings, okanye i-horn shavings ingenza ukusilela kwi-substrate.
Omnye Uluhlu lwe-mulch I-mulch ehlala ihlaziywa rhoqo inceda ukugcina ukufuma kwaye iphucula ubume bomhlaba. Kubalulekile ukushiya indawo phakathi kwe-mulch kunye nesiseko se-trunk ukuthintela ukufuma kunye nokukhula kwefungal.
Kuphephe ukuchumisa ngexesha lembalela enkulu okanye xa umthi ubonakalisa iimpawu zoxinzelelo, njengoko oku kunokwenza imeko ibe mandundu. Isichumisi kufuneka sisoloko sisetyenziswa kumhlaba ofumileyo, ungaze wome umhlaba, ukuthintela ukutsha kweengcambu.
Ukuthena i-Ulmus encinci: iimfuno kunye neendlela ezicetyiswayo
Ngokubanzi, I-elm eqhelekileyo ayifuni ukuthenwa kakhuluUbume bayo bendalo bunokulinganisela, kwaye ukubunjwa okuzenzekelayo kwesithsaba ngokuqhelekileyo kwanele. Nangona kunjalo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ususe isithsaba ngamaxesha. amasebe awomileyo, awonakeleyo okanye anesifo, kunye namahlumela avela kwisiseko se-trunk (i-suckers) ukugcina i-aesthetics kunye nempilo yomthi.
Kwimizekelo emincinci okanye ekhulayo, i uqeqesho kunye nokugcinwa kokuthenwa inokunceda ukuchaza isakhiwo esifunwayo okanye ukulawula ukukhula kwiindawo ezincinci. Lo msebenzi kufuneka wenziwe ngexesha ebusika okanye ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ngaphambi kokuba amagqabi aqalise ukuhluma.
La ukuthenwa okukhulu okanye amasebe amakhulu Kufuneka kuphetshwe, njengoko kunokushiya amanxeba athatha ixesha elide ukuphola kwaye abe ngamanqaku okungena kwifungi kunye nezinye izinambuzane. Ukwenza amanxeba acocekileyo kunye nokusebenzisa intlama yokuphilisa kuyacetyiswa ukukhusela usulelo.
Izifo kunye nezinambuzane ze-Ulmus ezincinci: ukuchongwa, ukuthintela, kunye nonyango
El Elm eqhelekileyo Ichaphazeleka kwizifo ezininzi kunye nezinambuzane ezinokuthi zibeke esichengeni ukusinda kwayo ukuba ayibonwa kwaye inyangwe ngexesha:
- Isifo se-Elm saseDatshi: Esi sesona sifo sinzima kwaye sixhaphake kakhulu, esibangelwa yi-fungi ye-genus I-Ophiostoma, isasazwa ikakhulu ngooqongqothwane be-scolytid, njenge I-Scolytus scolytusIbangela ukubuna, ukutyheli, kunye nokoma ngokukhawuleza kwamagqabi kunye namasebe, okukhokelela ekufeni okupheleleyo komthi kwiinyanga ezimbalwa. Uthintelo lusekelwe ekugcineni umthi womelele ngokunkcenkceshelwa rhoqo kunye nokuchumisa, kunye nokufakwa konyango lothintelo lwe-phytosanitary olujolise kwizinambuzane zezinambuzane.
- Umngundo womphunga: I-fungus echaphazela kakhulu amagqabi amancinci kwiindawo ezifudumeleyo, ezifumileyo, ezibangela amabala amhlophe, anomgubo. Unyango lothintelo kunye nemichiza yokungunda ethile inokucothisa ukusasazeka kwayo.
- Imiqhathane, imingxuma kunye namachokoza amagqabiIintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokungunda zinokungena ngamanxeba okanye ukusikwa, okubangela i-necrosis kumasebe kunye neziqu. Ukusikeka okucocekileyo kunye nokukhusela amanxeba nge-paste yokuphilisa ngundoqo ekuthinteleni ukungena kwabo.
- U-Elm Galeruca (UGalerucella luteola): Lo qongqothwane nemibungu yakhe itya amagqabi, ishiya imithambo kuphela. Kusenokubakho izizukulwana eziliqela ngonyaka. Kubalulekile ukunyanga uhlaselo kwangethuba ngamayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi kunye nokususa amagqabi achaphazelekayo.
- Imibungu yeDefoliatorIindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zinokuwaqwenga amagqabi ehlotyeni, ziwenze buthathaka umthi. Unyango lwebhayoloji okanye lwekhemikhali luyacetyiswa ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lohlaselo.
- Amangolwane afana nesigcawu esibomvuYonakalisa amagqabi kwindawo ezomileyo. Abo bachaphazelekayo babonisa amabala atyheli kunye nokuwa kwamagqabi angaphambi kwexesha; ii-acaricides ezithile kunye nokufuma okwandisiweyo kunceda ukulawula ezi zinambuzane.
- Ezinye izinambuzaneI-Mealybugs, i-whiteflies, i-aphid, kunye ne-borers ziyakwazi ukuhlasela imithi ye-elm, ngakumbi ukuba iyancipha ngenxa yembalela okanye ukuchithwa. Ukubeka iliso kunye nonyango olululo lwephytosanitary lubalulekile ukugcina impilo yomthi.
Izindululo zothintelo: Kubalulekile ukwenza uhlolo lwenyanga ukusuka entwasahlobo ukuya ehlotyeni ukuze kubonwe iimpawu zakwangoko, ngakumbi kwisifo se-Dutch elm. Kwimithi yasezidolophini okanye yokuhombisa, unyango olukhethekileyo kunye nanaliti ye-fungicide kwi-trunk, ukuthenwa, kunye nokususwa kwemizekelo echaphazelekayo kakhulu kunokwenza umehluko wokuphila kwabantu abaseleyo.
Ukuveliswa kunye nokuphindaphinda kwe-Ulmus encinci
El Ulmus omncinci Inokuvelisa ngeendlela ezininzi:
- ImbewuIisamara ezivuthiweyo zivunwa kwaye zihlwayelwe ngokukhawuleza, njengoko ukusebenza kulahleka ngokukhawuleza. Ukuntshula kudla ngokuba phantsi (10–25%), kwaye izithole zifuna ukukhathalelwa rhoqo.
- Ukusika: Kuyenzeka ukuba uyiphindaphinde ngokusika kwe-semi-wood okanye ithenda ngexesha lentwasahlobo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe Ukuxhasa iihomoni ukwandisa impumelelo.
- Ubeko lwasemoyeni: Indlela eluncedo yokufumana iisampulu ezintsha kumasebe anamandla.
- Uludwe: Ngenxa yobuzaza besifo se-Dutch elm, ezinye iindidi zimiliselwe kwi-rootstocks ye ulmus pumila, uhlobo olukwaziyo ukumelana nesi sifo.
Ukuzala ngembewu akusoloko kuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kofuzo, ngoko ke ukugcina iimpawu ezithile (ukumelana, ukuzala, uhlobo lwamagqabi) ukusasazwa kwezityalo ngokusikwa okanye ukuxhunyelelwa kusetyenziswa.
Imbali, ukusetyenziswa kwemveli kunye nesimboli se-elm
I-elm ngokwembali ibe ngumthi obaluleke kakhulu kwinkcubeko yaseYurophu kunye neMeditera. Kwintsomi yamaGrike, yayinxulunyaniswa noHermes njengophawu lokhuseleko kunye notshintsho. Kumaxesha amandulo, yayisetyenziselwa ukukhumbula amaqhawe awileyo, kwaye ngokwemveli yaseNgilani, iinkuni zayo zazisetyenziselwa ukwenza iibhokisi ngenxa yamandla ayo angaqhelekanga, nakwiimeko ezifumileyo.
Amaplanga e<em>elm aye axatyiswa ekwakhiweni kweenqanawa, ifanitshala, izixhobo zolimo, kunye nezinto ezivezwe ekugugileni okanye ekunyakameni. Kwiyeza lesintu, ixolo, ngakumbi elo le Ulmus omncinci, yayisetyenziswa njenge-astringent, i-pain reliever kwiintlungu ze-rheumatic kunye neyeza lendalo leemeko zesikhumba.
Njengomthi womthunzi, i-elm ibiyeyona nto iphambili kwizikwere kunye neendawo zoluntu kangangeenkulungwane, zibonelela ngokuphola kunye nekhusi. Amagqabi ayo nawo asetyenzisiwe njengesongezelelo sokutya kwimfuyo yasekhaya kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo.
Ukhathalelo olukhethekileyo lwe-Ulmus encinci kwi-bonsai
El Elm eqhelekileyo Yenye yeentlobo zendalo ezithandwayo ekulinyweni kwebhonsai ngenxa yayo ukukhula ngokukhawuleza, ukuchasana kunye nokulula kwe-branchingUkufumana i-Ulmus minor bonsai esempilweni kwaye inomtsalane, kubalulekile ukulandela izikhokelo ezongezelelweyo malunga nokutshintshwa, ukuthenwa, kunye nokuchumisa:
- UkutshintshwaIzityalo eziselula kufuneka zigawulwe rhoqo emva kweminyaka emi-1 okanye emi-2, kwaye abantu abadala rhoqo emva kweminyaka emi-3 okanye emi-4, kukhethwa ekuqaleni kwentlakohlaza okanye emva kokuvuthululwa kwamagqabantshintshi. Sebenzisa i-aerated substrate-efana nomxube we-akadama, i-volcanic rock, kunye ne-compost-kwaye uphephe umhlaba ophinda usetyenziswe.
- Ukuprintwa kunye nokucofa: Iphendula kakuhle kuzo zombini ezi zixhobo zokuthena kunye nokulungisa. Ukungenelela okungqongqo kufuneka kuphetshwe xa umthi ubuthathaka okanye usanda kutshintshwa. I-pinching rhoqo, ukunciphisa amahlumela kwi-2 okanye i-3 nodes, inceda ukulinganisela amandla kunye nokunciphisa ubukhulu beqabunga.
- Ukunqunyulwa kwamagqabi kunye nokubiyelwaI-elm inyamezela ukuchithwa okupheleleyo ngexesha lexesha lokukhula ukukhuthaza ukuvela kwamagqabi amancinci. I-wiring yenziwa ebusika okanye emva kokuchithwa, ukuphepha ukulimaza i-bark.
- Umbhalisi: Ulwelo kunye nezichumisi eziqinileyo zitshintshwa kwi-dose yesiqingatha, ukwandisa ukuphindaphinda ngexesha lentwasahlobo nasekwindla, kunye nokunciphisa ngexesha lokukhula okuphantsi.
- Abalawuli berhorhoImithi ye Elm bonsai isesichengeni kakhulu kwintwala, mealybugs, whiteflies, spider mites, ngoko ke unyango lothintelo luyacetyiswa rhoqo kwiveki ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3 ngamaxesha ashushu.
Iintlobo ezininzi eziphawulekayo kunye neendlela ezichasene nezifo
Phakathi iintlobo Kwi-Ulmus encinci eyaziwa kakhulu, eyona nto iphawulekayo 'Umbraculifera' (ibhola elm), enesithsaba esingqukuva kunye nophuhliso olusezantsi oluthe nkqo, olulungele iigadi ezinomlinganiselo ophakathi okanye olinganiselweyo.
Ejongene nosongelo lwesifo se-Dutch elm, ezinye iintlobo ze-elm kunye nemihlanganisela ziye zaphuhliswa kunye ukuxhathisa, njenge:
- ulmus pumila (i-Siberian elm): iyamelana nesifo se-Dutch elm, incinci ngobukhulu kunye namagqabi amancinci.
- Ulmus parvifolia (i-elm yaseTshayina): ilinywa ngokubanzi kwibhonsai ngenxa yokumelana nokuhluma kwayo.
- Ulmus 'Sapporo Autumn Gold' y Ulmus «Sapporo Gold 2»: Imihlanganiselwa yodidi oluxutyiweyo enokunyamezelana okuqinisekisiweyo kwisifo saseDutch elm.
Ezi zikhetho ziye zafaka isandla ekugcinweni kwe-genus kwiindawo apho isifo se-Dutch elm siye satshabalalisa i-Ulmus encinci yabantu, ivumela ukugcinwa kokulungelelaniswa kwedolophu kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwesimboli esihambelana ne-elms kwinkcubeko yaseYurophu.
Iingcebiso ezisebenzayo zokulima ngempumelelo i-Ulmus minor
- Ukukhetha indawo: Khetha iindawo eziphangaleleyo nezikhanyiswe kakuhle kude netyuwa okanye umhlaba oxineneyo.
- Ukunkcenkceshela okulinganayoGcina umhlaba ufumile kodwa uphephe ukugcwala kwamanzi. Sebenzisa ukunkcenkceshela okunzulu, okulinganayo.
- Umrhumi onoxanduva: Ukubonelela ngezinto eziphilayo ekwindla kunye nesichumisi esipheleleyo entwasahlobo nasehlotyeni ukukhuthaza ukukhula kweengcambu kunye nokuhluma.
- Inspection rhoqo: Beka iliso kwimbonakalo yezinambuzane kunye neempawu zezifo. Thatha amanyathelo okuthintela kwaye ufune iingcebiso zeengcali ukuba ufumana isifo se-Dutch elm.
- Ukuthena ngononophelo: Yenza i-formative pruning kuphela xa umthi usempilweni kwaye ugweme ukusikeka okukhulu kwisiqu okanye kumasebe aphambili.
- Uhlaziyo lwemfuzo: Ukuba utyala imizekelo emitsha, qwalasela iintlobo ezixubileyo okanye ezixhathisayo ukunciphisa impembelelo yezifo zokungunda.
Phezu kwayo nje isisongelo sezifo, i-Ulmus minor iseyeyona mithi ixatyisiweyo, enexabiso elikhulu kwimbali, ngendalo nangembonakalo-mhlaba kwimimandla emininzi esemantla eikhweyitha. Ngononophelo olufanelekileyo kunye nokuthatha izilumkiso eziyimfuneko ngokuchasene nesifo se-Dutch elm kunye nezinye izinambuzane, ukubonakala kwayo okubonakalayo kunye ne-canopy eluhlaza kunokonwabela amashumi eminyaka, nokuba kukwiigadi ezinkulu, iipaki zasezidolophini, okanye nakwi-bonsai art.