Ukuzala kwezityalo yiseti yeenkqubo apho abantu abatsha beveliswa kunye neentlobo eziqhubekayo. Ukuqonda kwayo iindlela, imizekelo kunye nezinto eziphambili Ivumela ukulinywa okungcono, ulondolozo lweentlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo, kunye nokukhethwa ngokufanelekileyo kweentlobo. Izityalo zidibanisa amaqhinga ngokwesondo y abantu abangatshatanga ngeplastikhi emangalisayo, ngoko ke baziqhelanisa neemeko eziguqukayo okanye bandise ngokukhawuleza apho iimeko zivumayo.
Kwesi sikhokelo sisebenzayo nesibanzi, uya kufumanisa ukuba njani amalungu eentyatyambo, idlala yiphi indima? umungu, indlela ezakhiwe ngayo imbewu kwaye iqulathe ntoni na ukuntshulaUya kufunda kwakhona ukuzazi iindlela eziphambili ze ukwanda kwezityalo (ii-stolons, iirhizomes, iiglowubhu, izigaqa, iziqwenga, iileya kunye nokuxhunyelelwa), kunye nemiba ephambili efana latency, la ukulala kunye ukwahlulahlula yembewu. Konke oku kukhatshwa yimizekelo ethile, iingcebiso zokulima, kunye neendlela zokuthintela ukuxutywa okungafunwayo kwimveliso yembewu.
Zivelisa njani izityalo?
Izityalo zinokuvelisa kwakhona a zesondo o iziqheloIndlela yokwabelana ngesondo idibanisa imathiriyeli yemfuzo yeegametes ezimbini (i-pollen kunye ne-ovule) kwaye ivelise inzala kunye ukuguquguquka kwemfuzoIndlela ye-asexual yenza abantu ngabanye i-clonal ukusuka kwisityalo esingumama omnye, ukugcina iimpawu zaso zilungile. Lo mbini uvumela ukuba badibanise ixesha elide ukuziqhelanisa nge ukwanda ngokukhawuleza xa okusingqongileyo kuzinzile.
Kwizityalo zeentyantyambo (angiosperms), ukuzala ngokwesondo kwenzeka kwi intyatyambo, ngelixa kwii-gymnosperms (iipayini, iifirs kunye nezinye) iigametes ziyilwa ngaphakathi iikhoniKwizityalo ezingenambewu (i-bryophytes kunye ne-pteridophytes), imijikelezo ibandakanya izigaba ze iimbewu ezivumela ukusasazwa kwazo kunye nokusekwa, nto leyo emele enye imodeli engundoqo yokuzala kubukumkani bezityalo.
Abantu nabo bafezekise iindlela ezininzi zoku ukwanda kwezityalo ukuphinda-phinda ngokuthembekileyo izityalo ezinomdla kwi-agronomic okanye zokuhombisa, ukusuka kwi ukusika y iingqiniba de inkcubeko yethishu kunye micropropagation, ezibalulekileyo xa ukhangela izityalo ezifanayo, ezingenazo iintsholongwane.
Ukuzala ngokwesondo kwezityalo
Ukuzala ngesondo kubandakanya ukudibanisa kwegamete indoda (equlethwe kwi-pollen) kunye nebhinqa (equlethwe kwii-ovules). Le nkqubo, uphawu lwe-angiosperms kunye ne-gymnosperms, ixhomekeke kumatshini okhethekileyo weentyatyambo oququzelela ukuhanjiswa kwe-pollen kunye nokukhwelana ngempumelelo. ukuchumisa. Ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga nomjikelo opheleleyo wezityalo, ungajongana nenqaku lethu elinikezelweyo umjikelo wobomi bezityalo.
Iintyatyambo njengezitho zokuzala
Iintyatyambo zizitho zokuzala kwii-angiosperms. Kuzo, i androecium (istamens with anthers) ivelisa umungu, kunye ne gynoecium (ibala, isimbo kunye nesiyilelo-maqanda) zigcina ii-ovules. Kuxhomekeke kwimophology yazo, kukho iintyatyambo ogqibeleleyo okanye hermaphroditic (ngezini zombini) kunye neentyatyambo ngokwesini esinye (indoda okanye ibhinqa). Izityalo ezineentyatyambo ezingaqhelekanga zinokuba monoecious (zombini izini kumntu omnye) okanye eyobe (iisini kubantu abahlukeneyo). Ukuqonda ngcono imisebenzi kunye neentlobo ze imisebenzi yezityalo, sincoma ukuba uhlolisise izitho zabo zokuzala.
Izityalo ze-Monoecious kunye ne-dioecious ngokuqinisekileyo i-alogamous (i-cross-pollination), ngelixa phakathi kweentyatyambo ze-hermaphrodite sifumana iintlobo i-autogamous (ukuzichumisa) kunye nezinye i-allogamous. Ukongeza, ezinye iintlobo ze-hermaphroditic zineendlela zoku kuphephe ukuzichumisa kunye nokukhuthaza ukutshintshiselana ngofuzo, njengomahluko wexeshana ekuvuthweni kwee-anthers kunye ne-stigmas okanye izakhiwo zeentyatyambo ezithintela ukudibana kwe-pollen ngokwayo kunye ne-stigma.
I-pollination: ii-arhente kunye nezicwangciso
La umungu Kukukhutshelwa kwe-pollen ukusuka kwi-anthers ukuya kwi-stigma. Inokwenziwa ngu viento (izityalo ezine-anemophilous), amanzi (hydrophilic) okanye ngo lwanyana (i-entomophilous xa izinambuzane zibandakanyeka; ikwaqhutywa ziintaka, amalulwane kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezinomqolo). Zininzi izityalo eziphuhlileyo Uhlengahlengiso ukutsala i-pollinators: imibala eqaqambileyo, ivumba elimnandi, incindi, iifom ezikhethekileyo kunye nokuba xelisaUkuze ufunde ngezona zicwangciso zisebenzayo ze-pollination, ungandwendwela inqaku lethu iintlobo zomvumvuzelwano kwizityalo.
Kubantu abagcina imbewu, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba ngaba uhlobo lwe-autogamous okanye i-allogamous. Uhlobo i-autogamous bonisa umngcipheko ophantsi wokuwela okungafunwayo, ngelixa i-alogamous kufuna ukubekwa wedwa isithuba o okwethutyana ngokubhekisele kwezinye iindidi ezihambelanayo ukugcina ubunyulu be-varietal. Kwiintsapho ezineentlobo "ezisondeleyo", oku kunokwenzeka imixube ukuba ziyangqinelana ekudubuleni.
Ukuchumisa kunye nokwenziwa kwembewu
Nje ukuba umungu uhlala kwibala, ukhupha a ityhubhu yomungu eyehla ngesimbo ukuya kwisiyilelo-maqanda, apho i ukuchumisaKwii-angiosperms umnxeba uyenzeka ukuchumisa kabini: i-sperm nucleus iqhamisa iqanda (yenza izygote) kunye nezinye iifuses ezinepolar nuclei ukwenza i-endosperm, gcina izicubu ezondla imbumba. Ukuphanda nzulu kwinkqubo ye ukwenziwa kwembewu kunye nokusasazwa, khangela umxholo wethu ohambelanayo.
Imbewu yenziwe nge umbungu, Las ukubhuka (endosperm okanye cotyledons) kunye Iidesika ekhuselayo. Umsebenzi wabo kukuqinisekisa Ukusasazeka kunye ukuntshula kwindawo efanelekileyo kunye nexesha, rhoqo ngoncedo lwezilwanyana ezinqabileyo, umoya okanye amanzi.
Imizekelo yezityalo ezivelisa ezinye ngokwesondo
Iintlobo ezininzi ezilinywayo ziyimizekelo yakudala yokuzala ngokwesondo. ngqolowa (iZea mays) i- monoecious kwaye ixhomekeke emoyeni ukuze isasazeke; itumato (I-Solanum lycopersicum) inokuzisasaza ngokwayo nangona ukudluliselwa kwepoleni kwezinambuzane kuyaphucuka ukubeka kunye nesivunoPhakathi kwezityalo zokuhombisa ezine-hermaphrodite okanye iintyatyambo ze-monoecious / dioecious, ezi zilandelayo zivelele: roses, magnolias, jasmines, hydrangeas, dahlias, daisies kunye neviolets, zonke zinezicwangciso ezisebenzayo kakhulu zeentyatyambo.
Ukuzaliswa ngokwesini kwizityalo
Ukuveliswa kwe-Asexual akufuni ukuxutywa kwe-gamete kunye nokuvelisa clones iyafana nesityalo esingumama. Le ndlela yophindaphindo ixhomekeke kulwakhiwo okanye amalungu avelisa abantu abatsha ngokuphezulu ngempumelelo, ukukhawulezisa ubukoloniyali xa imeko-bume ivuma. Ukufunda ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusasaza izityalo, unokujongana nenqaku lethu.
Ukusasazwa kwemifuno: iindlela zendalo
Ezinye izityalo zivelisa "iikopi" ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo zokukhula:
- IiStolons: izikhondo ezirhubuluzayo ezimilisela iingcambu kwiindawo eziqhumayo zize zivelise izityalo ezitsha (umz.: amaqunube).
- IiRhizomes: izikhondo ezithe tyaba zangaphantsi komhlaba ezinamathupha akwazi ukuvelisa amagqabi neengcambu (umz.: i ginger, bamboo).
- Iibhulethi: izikhondo ezijiyileyo eziphantsi komhlaba ezinamagqabi anenyama agcina oovimba; baphinda-phinda mncinci okanye ulwahlulo (umz.: i-tulips).
- Ukutyhubela: amalungu agcinelwe anokuthi avelise ngokutsha izityalo ezitsha kwezawo izikhupha (umz.: amazambane).
- Ukuqhekeka: iinxalenye zesityalo sikamama ezikwaziyo hlaziya umntu opheleleyo kwiintlobo ezinesakhono esiphezulu semeristematic.
Usasazo lwezityalo ezenziweyo
Iindlela zokuphindaphinda kwe-asexual yabantu zenza umgangatho kwaye zikhawulezise imveliso:
- Ukusika: Ukwahlulahlula izikhondo, amagqabi okanye iingcambu ukuze kukhuthazwe ukubanda kwaye wenze isityalo esitsha.
- Ukumaleka: ukunqunyulwa kwesebe ngaphandle kokwahlula ukusuka kumama ide ivelise iingcambu; emva koko izimele.
- Imisebenzi yobugcisa: umanyano a isiqu (uluhlu olunqwenelekayo) kwi isiphunzi (inkqubo yeengcambu elungelelanisiweyo), ukudibanisa iinzuzo zombini.
- Inkcubeko yezicubu: micropropagation phantsi kweemeko i-aseptic ukufumana ii-clones ezifanayo kunye nezisempilweni.
Ukubaluleka kweyantlukwano yokuzala
Ukuzala ngokwesondo kuyabonelela ukuguquguquka kwemfuzo, isitshixo sokumelana nezinambuzane, izifo nokutshintsha kwemekobume. Ukuveliswa kwe-asexual, kwelinye icala, kuyaqinisekisa ukufana, isantya kunye nokuthembeka kwiimpawu ezinqwenelekayo. Ngokwendalo, zombini izicwangciso umphelelisi: enye iqinisekisa ukulungelelaniswa kwexesha elide, enye iququzelela ukwandiswa kwexesha elifutshane.
Kwi-horticulture, ukhetho phakathi kweendlela zesondo okanye ze-asexual kuxhomekeke kwinjongo: ingaba injongo kukuba ukuphuculwa kofuzo okanye ukomelela, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kukhuthazwe ukuzala ngokwesondo; ukuba kuyafuneka ukuvuna ukufana okanye uphinda-phinda umhlanganiselwa, ukwandiswa kwezityalo kuyakhethwa.
Ukuhlelwa kweentyatyambo kunye nokudluliselwa kwepoleni
Izityalo zinokuhlelwa ngokombutho wazo ngokwesondo kunye nemvelaphi yeegametes ezithatha inxaxheba ekuchumiseni:
- iihermaphrodites: Intyatyambo enye inezini zombini.
- Monoecious: Isityalo sineentyatyambo eziziinkunzi nemazi ezahlukeneyo.
- Dioecious: umntu ngamnye uyindoda okanye ibhinqa.
Kubemi bendalo, indibaniselwano ezifana gynoic, Android, abantu abanesithembu kunye nokwahluka okuphakathi. Ngenxa yemvelaphi yeegametes, sithetha ngazo i-autogamy (iigametes zomntu omnye) kunye I-allogamy (iigametes ezivela kubantu abahlukeneyo), kunye neentlobo ezincinci ezifana geitonogamy (phakathi kweentyatyambo zomntu omnye okanye iiclones) kunye umfazi wasemzini (phakathi kwabantu abahlukeneyo ngokwemfuza).
Imbewu: ubume, ukumila kunye nokuntshula
Imbewu iqulathe umbungu, yakho iindawo zokugcina izondlo (endosperm okanye cotyledons) kunye Iidesika ekhuselayo. Emva kokuchumisa nokukhula kweziqhamo, imbewu iqalisa inqanaba ukukhula enokuphela ngokusasazeka. Xa ifumana iimeko ezifanelekileyo, inkqubo ye ukuntshulaUkuze ufunde kabanzi malunga nezinto ezikhuthaza ukuhluma, tyelela icandelo lethu.
Ngexesha lokuntshula, amanqanaba achazwe kakuhle ahlukaniswa:
- Imbibition: ukungena kwamanzi nge-osmosis eyenza i-metabolism kunye ne-synthesis ye mzantsiweb.
- Ukwetyisa oovimba: ukukhululwa kwee-enzymes eziguqula isitashi kunye ne-lipids kwiimolekyuli ezikhoyo.
- Ubude beseli kunye nophindaphindo: ukukhula kwe-embryo de Radicle iqhekeza isiciko.
- Ukuvela kwezithole: imbonakalo yokuqhambuka kunye nokusekwa kokuqala, kusaxhomekeke koovimba.
I-Latency kunye ne-dormancy: indlela yokuzoyisa
La latency Kukungakwazi ukuntshula ngenxa yeemeko ezingafanelekanga zokusingqongileyo, nangona imbewu ikwazi ukuphila. ukulala kukungakwazi ukuntshula kunye neemeko ezifanelekileyo, ngenxa yezinto zangaphakathi (ii-testes ezingenakunyakaziswa, ukungavuthwa kwe-embryo, ubukho be inhibitors njenge-abscisic acid, ukungabikho kwabakhuthazi abafana ne-gibberellins). Ukoyisa le miqobo, sincoma iindlela zokubonisana.
Phakathi kwezona ndlela zisebenzayo zezi: scarification oomatshini, la ukwahlulahlula kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe GA3.
Ukuveliswa ngokutsha ngokusikwa (asexual)
El ukusika Yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu ye-asexual ngenxa yesantya kunye nempumelelo ephezulu. Ibandakanya ukuncothula iqhekeza le isiqu, amagqabi o ingcambu ide ibe ngumntu ozimeleyo. Ukwandisa izinga le-rooting, isityalo sikamama silungiswa kunye initrogen ephantsi kwaye phezulu phosphorus kunye potassium kwiiveki ezikhokelela kwinkqubo, ephucula ukuhamba kwe-photoassimilates kwizicubu ze-meristematic. Ubuchule bubandakanya ukulandela amanyathelo afanelekileyo, njengoko kuchazwe kwinqaku lethu elizinikeleyo.
Ukuhlaziya iincindi zamadlala
Ukwahlulahlula kwezicubu kuxhomekeke kubudlelwane auxin/cytokininKwi-rooting, ugxininiso luyathandwa iphakanyisiwe ze auxins. Iimveliso zorhwebo zihlala ziqulathe ANA (1-naphthaleneacetic acid), I-AIB (indolebutyric acid) kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, abalawuli abongezelelweyo. Kubalulekile ukulandela i ithamo kucetyiswa: ugqithiso lungabangela i-phytotoxicUkuqonda ngcono, jonga inqaku lethu kwi.
Iintlobo zokusika
- Ukusikwa kweSoftwood: enezikhondo ezithambileyo, ezikhula ngokukhawuleza. Baneengcambu ngokulula, kodwa bafuna umswakama phezulu ekuqaleni kunye nokukhusela ekuphelelweni kwamanzi.
- Ukusikwa kweGreenwood: ukusuka kwii-non-ligified stems ngaphambi kokuqhakaza kweentyantyambo, kunye nolawulo olufanayo nolo lwangaphambili.
- Iinqunqa ezinemiqobo: ukusuka kwizikhondo zonyaka ezinenxalenye yokukhanya; bayayidinga indawo engqongileyo ekhuselweyo ukutyhubela amaxesha onyaka amabi.
- Izinto ezisikiweyo zomthi: ezineziqu ezikhanyayo; bakholisa ukumilisela iingcambu ngakumbi kancinci kwaye kulula ukwenza encinci amanxeba ukuveza i-cambium kunye nokukhuthaza iingcambu ze-adventitious.
- Ukusikwa kwamagqabi amagqabi: izahlulo ezisele zivuthiwe nge amaphepha asebenzayo ezixhasa ukususwa kweengcambu ngephotosynthesis. Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi, jonga inqaku lethu elikhethekileyo kwi.
Kuzo zonke iimeko, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uqhube ngaphambili i-substrate ukuphepha tsala i-hormone powder okanye i-gel xa uzisa ukusika, kwaye ugcine irejimeni ye ukunkcenkceshela okulungileyo.
Ukuveliswa kwakhona ngokubeka (asexual)
El Uluhlu Ikhuthaza ukukhula kweengcambu kwisebe ngelixa lisancanyathiselwe kwisityalo esingumzali. Nje ukuba iingcambu, yohlulwe kwaye itshintshwe. Inqaku lethu lichaza ngokweenkcukacha indlela yokwenza ezi nkqubo ukuphumeza iziphumo ezisebenzayo.
- Uluhlu olulula: icandelo lesiqu esiguquguqukayo lingcwatywa kwaye ligcinwe Kufumile. Inokuphinda iphindwe kwiindawo ezininzi Iipunto ukusuka kwisebe elinye (ukwaleka okuninzi).
- Ubeko lwasemoyeni: uyenziwa inxeba annular, isongelwe nge i-sphagnum moss imanzi kwaye igqunywe ngeplastiki ekhanyayo. Xa iingcambu zivela, Ukumisa kwaye ume.
- Iingcebiso zomaleko: isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi Irubus (amaqunube, amaqunube). Incam yesiqu ingcwatywa ukuze ithathe iingcambu.
- Ukufakela umaleko: Amahlumelo amatsha agqunywe ngomhlaba ukukhuthaza ukukhula ukubanda.
Impumelelo yokubeka iyanda xa isityalo siqhakaza ngokupheleleyo. Umsebenzi, kwaye okulungileyo kuqinisekisiwe ulawulo lokufuma.
Iirhizomes, iibhubhu kunye neebhalbhu (asexual)
IiRhizomes
Los rhizomes Ziziqu ezithe tyaba phantsi komhlaba izikhupha ekwazi ukuvelisa amahlumela kunye neengcambu. Zahlulwe zibe ngamacandelo ubuncinane enye ihlumela kwaye ifuduselwe, ukunciphisa i indawo yegqabi ukulinganisa inkqubo yeengcambu eqala ukwenza. Ukufumana iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu, jonga inqaku lethu.
Ukutyhubela
Los izilimo eziyizigaxa Zizitho zogcino ezijiyileyo (njengetapile). Ziveliswa kwakhona ngokuzisika zibe ngamacandelo kunye nokuba linye owu okanye uqhambuko olufihlakeleyo. Unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nezi ndlela kwinqaku lethu.
Iibhulethi
Los iibhalbhu Bajolisa oovimba kumagqabi alungisiweyo. Baphindaphindeka nge mncinci okanye usikiwe kwiintlobo ezifanelekileyo. Ngobuchule obungakumbi, bona.