Ukuba uye wahamba kwiipaki, emahlathini, okanye ngasemlanjeni eYurophu okanye kuMntla Afrika, mhlawumbi uye wanqumama phantsi komthunzi onamagqabi omthi we-elm. Le mithi mikhulu iye yahamba noluntu ukutyhubela imbali. kwaye ziziingceba ezisisiseko se-ikhosistim abahlala kuyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwendalo, inkcubeko kunye nokuhlobisa, bambalwa abantu abazi ngokweenkcukacha imiba yebhotani enomdla njenge. isiqhamo esithwalwa ngumthi wom-elm okanye isicwangciso sayo esikhethekileyo sokuzala. Kweli nqaku, uya kufumanisa ngokunzulu ukuba yintoni kanye umthi we-elm, iimpawu zayo ezibaluleke kakhulu, indawo yokuhlala kunye nokusabalalisa, ukusetyenziswa kwemveli kunye nokukhoyo ngoku, izisongelo kunye neenyaniso ezinomdla, kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, yintoni isiqhamo esiveliswa ngumthi we-elm.
Yintoni i-elm?
Ixesha Elm ibhekisa kudidi lwemithi yosapho ulmaceae, ogama lakhe lezenzululwazi UlmusLe yimithi emikhulu, eyomeleleyo evuthulukileyo, neyaziwa ngeziqu zayo ezishinyeneyo kunye neecanopi ezishinyeneyo, ezingqukuva nezinika umthunzi opholileyo. Banokufikelela kwiimitha ezingama-40 ubude ebonisa i-silhouette engabonakaliyo kwimbonakalo yomhlaba.
Phakathi kweentlobo eziqhelekileyo yi Ulmus omncinci, kwaziwa njenge eqhelekileyo okanye emnyama elmLo mthi unesiqu esishinyeneyo, esihlala sijijekile kwaye maxa wambi sinomngxuma kwimizekelo emidala kakhulu, ngakumbi xa sithenwa rhoqo. Ixolo lalo lingwevu-mdaka okanye mnyama, liqhekekile, kwaye lirhabaxa xa ulibamba. I-canopy ebanzi, engqukuva yenye yezona zinto zinomtsalane, njengoko inika umthunzi obalaseleyo xa ilanga lomelele.
Las amasebe elm Zibhityile kwaye azinaboya, zinexolo eligudileyo nelimdaka ngebala. Amagqabi awo, atshintshanayo kwaye anemida enqamlezileyo, anemilo e-oval okanye emide kancinane enophawu. i-basal asymmetry: Ukufakwa kweqabunga leqabunga kwisiqu akunakuze kufane kumacala omabini, oko kunceda ukuhlula kwezinye iintlobo ezifanayo. Xa kufika ukwindla, amagqabi ayawa kwaye umthi uya kulala kude kube yintwasahlobo elandelayo.
Las iintyatyambo elm Ngokuqhelekileyo aziqatshelwa ngenxa yokuba zincinci, ziluhlaza okanye zibomvu ngombala, kwaye azinayo iipetali zokubonisa. Nangona kunjalo, aziqhelekanga kuba zi-precocious: zivela kumaqela adibeneyo (i-inflorescences) ngasekupheleni kwebusika, nangaphambi kokuba amaqabunga avele. Inflorescence nganye inokuqulatha ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30 yeentyantyambo ze-hermaphrodite, okuthetha ukuba intyatyambo nganye iqulethe amalungu angamadoda nabasetyhini, kwaye i-pollination i-cross-pollinated ngumoya (i-anemophily).
Enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo ze-elm kukuba Iziqhamo ziyavuthwa kwaye zisasazeke phambi kokuba amagqabi agqibe ukukhula, ukwenzela ukuba phezulu kuhlanganiswe uhlobo "lwekhephu eliluhlaza" lamantongomane amancinci phakathi kwentwasahlobo, xa nje eminye imithi iqala ukuhluma amaqabunga awo.
Ukusasazwa kunye nendawo yokuhlala ye-elm
I-elm ivela kwi-hemisphere esemantla kwaye ngoku isasazwa eNtshona Asia, kuninzi lwaseYurophu nakuMntla AfrikaAbantu baye bahlakulela yaye basasaza ii<em>elms ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, ngobuchule bandisa ubukho bazo ngaphaya komlinganiselo wabo wendalo, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuchaza imida yazo yantlandlolo. NakwiZiqithi zaseBalearic ezifana neMallorca, Menorca, kunye ne-Ibiza, iielms zenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye zityalwe ngabom. KuSingasiqithi weIberia, zixhaphake ngokukhethekileyo kwimimandla enemozulu yeMeditera yaye zixhaphakile ngaselunxwemeni lomlambo, kwimisinga nakwimigxobhozo.
El indawo yokuhlala efanelekileyo ye-elm Ikhula kakuhle kumhlaba onzulu, omtsha, nochumileyo, ingakumbi kufutshane nemijelo yamanzi esisigxina. Alunyanzelisi ngokugqithisileyo kudidi lomhlaba, nangona lubonisa ukukhetha okuthile kwimihlaba enecalcareous. Idla ngokuba yinxalenye yoluntu lwezityalo zase-riparian, kunye neentlobo ezifana iipopu, iialders, imithi yomlotha y iisosiIyakwazi ukuhlala ukusuka kwinqanaba lolwandle ukuya kwi-altitudes malunga ne-1.600 yeemitha, nangona inqabile ukufunyanwa ngaphezu kwe-1.000 yeemitha ngaphandle kweendawo ezipholileyo ezinomswakama owaneleyo.
Ngokuphathelele ixesha lokukhula elm, iintyatyambo zenzeka phakathi kukaFebruwari noMatshi, ngelixa iziqhamo kunye ukusasazwa kweziqhamo Kwenzeka ngo-Epreli okanye ngoMeyi, xa umoya uthanda ukusasazwa kweesamara kwimigama emide, ngaloo ndlela uvumela ukwakhiwa kweendawo ezintsha.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba iintlobo ezintathu ze-elm zizalelwa kwiPeninsula yase-Iberia: Ulmus omncinci (elm eqhelekileyo okanye emnyama), ulmus glabra (intaba elm) kunye ulmus laevis (I-elm emhlophe yaseYurophu). Bonke babelana ngeempawu ezifanayo, nangona bahluke kancinane ngobukhulu, ukumila kweqabunga, kunye nokunyamezela kokusingqongileyo. Umzekelo, ulmus glabra Ngokuqhelekileyo ifumaneka kumahlathi axubileyo kwaye ayifane ifake i-elm groves ebanzi, ngelixa ulmus laevis Isesichengeni kakhulu kwisifo se-Dutch elm kodwa ichaphazeleka kancinci ngamabhungane athwala esi sifo. Ukuze ufunde ngakumbi ngezi ntlobo, unokutyelela ulmus glabra y Ulmus Laevis.
Namhlanje, abantu abaninzi be-elm bakhona iyancipha kakhulu Ngenxa yesenzo esidibeneyo sezifo (i-Dutch Dutch Elm Disease), utshintsho kusetyenziso lomhlaba, kunye nokuguqulwa kwamahlathi aselunxwemeni abe ngamadlelo, amasimi ezolimo, imimandla yasezidolophini, okanye iziseko. Uxinzelelo lwamanzi olubangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu lukwamele umngeni owongezelelekileyo, njengoko ezi ntlobo zezityalo zinovelwano ngakumbi kwixesha elide lembalela.
Iimpawu zeentyatyambo kunye nokuveliswa kwe-elm
Iintyatyambo ze-elm zi iihermaphrodites, nto leyo ethetha ukuba banamalungu omabini eenkunzi (stamens) nemazi (pistils) kwintyatyambo enye. Zibonakala ziqokelelwe ngokwe glomeruli okanye ngamaqela phambi kokuba amagqabi antshule, nto leyo eququzelela ukusasazwa kwepoleni ngumoya, nto leyo ibalulekile kwimveliso yembewu ekwaziyo ukusebenza.
I-pollination ye-elm yi ianemophilousOko kukuthi, umoya unoxanduva lokuthutha umungu ukusuka kwenye intyatyambo ukuya kwenye. Oku kusebenza ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezivulekileyo, apho i-pollen inokusasaza kwimigama emide kwaye iqinisekise ukuxubana kofuzo.
Emva kokuchumisa, intyatyambo nganye inokuvelisa isiqhamo. Nangona kunjalo, Uphando lwakutsha nje luveze isicwangciso esingaqhelekanga sokuzivelela kwe-elm: Ivelisa inani elikhulu leziqhamo ezingenambewu (parthenocarpic) ecaleni kwezo zinembewu esebenzayo. Ezi ziqhamo zingenanto zihlala emthini ixesha elide kwaye zisebenza ukubhidanisa izilwanyana ezidla inyama, njengeentaka kunye neempuku, ezithi, ngokuchitha ixesha elininzi zikhangela imbewu epheleleyo, zinciphise ukusebenza kwazo kwaye zifake isandla kumlinganiselo omkhulu wembewu esebenzayo ebaleka ukusetyenziswa kwaye ikwazi ukuntshula.
Iindleko zamandla okuvelisa iisamara ezingenazimbewu ziphantsi kakhulu kunezo zokuvelisa iziqhamo ezipheleleyo: kuqikelelwa ukuba zifuna i-54% ngaphantsi kwe-biomass eyomileyo kwaye ukuya kuthi ga kwi-128% izondlo ezibalulekileyo ezifana ne-nitrogen. Oku kucacisa ukuba kutheni esi sicwangciso sokuthintela sibonakalise ukuba luncedo, sivumela i-elm ukuba isasaze inzala yayo ngempumelelo.
Sisiphi isiqhamo esithwala ielm?
Umbuzo onika isihloko kweli nqaku unempendulo ethi, nangona ilula, iyamangalisa abo bazi kuphela iziqhamo zenyama eziqhelekileyo zemithi yeziqhamo ezininzi. Isiqhamo esinikwa ngumthi we-elm yi samaraSisiqhamo esomileyo, esicaba, esikhaphukhaphu kakhulu esinephiko elisazinge okanye elimbhoxo elingqukuva elijikeleze imbewu esembindini. I-samaras ilinganisa ngokubanzi phakathi kweemilimitha ezisixhenxe kunye nesithoba ubude, nangona zinokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nomntu.
Ii-Elm samaras zihlala zivela zihlanganiswe ngobuninzi, ukugubungela amasebe ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Ekuqaleni, ziluhlaza okhanyayo kunye nemibala ebomvu kwiindawo ezikufutshane nembewu, kwaye njengoko zikhula, zifumana umbala ophuzi obomvu. Olu yilo lwe-aerodynamic luququzelela ukusasazwa komoya (i-anemochory), ivumela imbewu ukuba ihambe imigama emide ukusuka kumthi ongumzali, nto leyo ekhuthaza ukwenziwa kwamathanga kwiindawo ezintsha. Ukujonga nzulu ngakumbi kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokusasazwa kwembewu, yabona ulwazi malunga nama-samaras.
Kuzo zombini i-elm kunye nezinye iintlobo ze-riparian, ezifana nomlotha kunye ne-ailanthus, imbewu ifumaneka kumbindi wephiko le-membranous. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kweminye imithi, njengee<em>maple, iphiko liye linabela kwelinye icala lesiqhamo. Le yantlukwano ye-morphological sisiphumo sokuziqhelanisa ezahlukeneyo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuqinisekisa ukusinda kunye nokusasazeka kweentlobo.
Inyani eyothusayo Kweminye imimandla, iziqhamo eziluhlaza ze-elm ziye zasetyenziselwa isaladi ngencasa yazo emnandi. Nangona kunjalo, azithathwa njengezinto ezidliwayo okanye ezinomsoco xa zithelekiswa nezo ziveliswa zezinye iintlobo zemithi, kwaye umsebenzi wabo oyintloko ngokungathandabuzekiyo kukuzala kunye nokusasazwa kweentlobo.
Ibinzana elidumileyo "Awukwazi ukubuza umthi we-elm ngamapere" Isekelwe ngokuchanekileyo kwinto yokuba lo mthi, kude nokuvelisa iziqhamo ezityebileyo okanye ezinencasa, uvelisa kuphela iisamara ezomileyo nezilula, ezingenakuthelekiswa nepere okanye esinye isiqhamo esityiwayo nesinejusi.
Iimfuno malunga nokuveliswa kunye nokusabalalisa i-elm
Eyona nto inomtsalane yebhayoloji yileyo Umthi we<em>elm uvelisa ngabom isiqhamo esingenambewu njengenxalenye yecebo lokuziphendukela kwemvelo "lokukhohlisa" abatya imbewu, ngokuyintloko iintaka ezidla inyama njengegolide, iifinches, kunye neegrosbeaks, kunye nezinye iintlobo zeempuku. Ezi zilwanyana kufuneka zityale ixesha elingakumbi ukuze zifumane iziqhamo ezichume ngokwenene, nto leyo enciphisa ukuxhaphaka kwembewu enokubakho kwaye ikhulisa amathuba omthi okuphumelela ekuveliseni.
Oku kungalindelekanga kumlinganiselo weziqhamo ezingenanto kunye nezipheleleyo zihluka ngonyaka, umthi, kunye namasebe ngamanye. Ngaphaya koko, iziqhamo ezingenanto zihlala zincanyathiselwe kumasebe ixesha elide, ziqinisa inkohliso kwaye zenza umsebenzi wamarhamncwa ubenzima ngakumbi.
Isethi yezi zicwangciso isebenze kangangokuba abaphandi bachaza indlela ye-elm njenge imvelaphi emangalisayo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ukukhusela inzala yabo kunye nokulondoloza uhlobo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwemveli kunye nokukhoyo ngoku kwe-elm
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu kunye ne-elm budala kwaye buninzi. Ngenxa yeempawu zayo zomzimba kunye nezamayeza, I-elm ibe ngumthi oxabiseke kakhulu kwiinkcubeko ezininzi ukutyhubela iinkulungwane.
- Umthi owomeleleyo kunye nezinto ezininzi: Umthi we-elm ubonakala ngokuqina kwawo, ukuguquguquka, kunye nokuqina, ngakumbi xa untywiliselwa emanzini. Ngoko ke, ukususela kumaxesha amaRoma ibisetyenziswa ukwenza iiasi zamavili, iidyokhwe, iinxalenye zeenqwelo zokulwa, imibhobho yamanzi, amavili amanzi, izixhaso zediliya, nasekwakhiweni kweenqanawa, ukwenza iinxalenye zenqanawa neziseko kumhlaba omanzi okanye ongumgxobhozo. Nanamhla oku, iyaqhubeka nokuxabiswa kwikhabhinethi kunye nesixhobo solwakhiwo.
- Amaxolo amayeza: I-bark yangaphakathi, okanye i-liber, isetyenziswe ukususela kumaxesha amandulo kumayeza esintu ukunyanga izifo ezinzulu zebhaktheriya kunye neengxaki ze-dermatological ezifana namanxeba, ukutshisa, imivumbo, kunye nokuvutha, ngenxa ye-astringent, antiseptic, kunye ne-emollient properties.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwezolimo kunye nemfuyo: Mandulo, amagqabi eelm ayesetyenziswa njengokutya kwemfuyo, ngakumbi ngamaxesha okunqongophala. Amagqabi athe tye ahluma kwisiseko sesiqu ayesetyenziselwa ukwenza iintonga zokuhamba, izixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenziswa imihla ngemihla.
- Ixabiso lokuhombisa kunye nentlalo: Ngenxa yenkangeleko yazo ebalaseleyo nokuphola komthunzi wazo, ii<em>elm ngokuqhelekileyo beziyimifuziselo edolophini nasezixekweni zedolophu, ezitratweni nakwimiyezo. Kwiindawo ezininzi, ii-elms zeenkulungwane ziye zaba ziisimboli zasekhaya ezinexabiso elikhulu kunye nentlalontle.
Izifo ze-Elm kunye nokugcinwa
Kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, ukusinda kohlobo Ulmus uye wagrogriswa kakhulu yi Igraphiosis, isifo esitshabalalisayo esibangelwa yi-fungi ye-genus I-Ophiostoma, ngokukodwa Ophiostoma ulmi y Ophiostoma novo-ulmiEzi fungi zithwalwa ukusuka komnye umthi ukuya komnye ngooqongqothwane bosapho lwe-Scolytidae, abathi babeke amaqanda abo enkuni kwaye bashiye i-spores ebotshelelwe ukuze intshule kwaye ivale imisele yencindi yomthi osulelekileyo.
Isifo se-Dutch elm sibe nempembelelo ebulalayo, sitshabalalisa ukuya kwi-99% yemithi emikhulu ye-elm kwiindawo ezithile kwaye ibangele ukuncipha kwe-80% ukuya kwi-90% yabantu abaqhelekileyo be-elm. Iielm ezincinci, nangona zikwazi ukuhluma ukusuka kwisiseko emva kokufa kwesiqu esikhulu, zihlala zinikezela kwisifo kwakhona njengoko zifikelela kubukhulu obudala. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi malunga neentlobo ezichaphazelekayo, bona.
Ukusabela kwesi sisongelo sinzima, amanyathelo aqhutywe amashumi eminyaka ulondolozo kunye neenkqubo zokhetho lwemfuza ngokuwela iisampulu ezixhathisayo kunye nokuphuhlisa iiclones ezinyamezelayo kwisifo saseDutch elmLa manyathelo okuqala, akhuthazwa nguMphathiswa weNguqulelo yeNdalo kunye neYunivesithi yasePolytechnic yaseMadrid, afuna ukubuyisela ii-elm zomthonyama kwiindawo zendalo kunye nasezidolophini. Izityalo ezinezityalo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nezityalo sele zikhona, kwaye kukho inkqubela eyenziwayo malunga nokubuyiselwa kwezi ntlobo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zelizwe.
Ukuqatshelwa kwe-elm xa kuthelekiswa neentlobo ezifanayo
I-elm ihlala ibhideka kunye ne-hackberry (ICeltis australis) ngenxa yokufana kwi-asymmetry yesiseko samagqabi. Nangona kunjalo, i I-asymmetry iphawulwe ngakumbi kwi-elm Kwaye, ngaphezu koko, isiqhamo se-hackberry yinyama eluhlaza okanye iqunube elimnyama, ngelixa i-elm ngokungathandabuzekiyo i-samara eyomileyo, enamaphiko. Ukuba ungathanda ukufunda ngakumbi ngalo mahluko, ungandwendwela izityalo zehlathi elipholileyo.
Ukubaluleka kwendalo kunye nemeko yangoku
Indima ye-ikholoji ye-elm kwi-ecosystems ye-riparian ibalulekile. Iyabonelela umthunzi kunye nokufuma, indawo yokuhlala kunye nokutya kweentlobo ezininzi iintaka, izinambuzane, nezilwanyana ezanyisayo. Ikwanegalelo ekuzinziseni komhlaba kwiindawo ezisemlanjeni kwaye inceda ukulawula i-microclimate yendawo. Ngaphandle kwemeko ekuyo ngoku esemngciphekweni, eminye imithi yembali kunye neyenkulungwane yakudala isafumaneka kwiipaki, izikwere, kunye neendawo zokulondoloza indalo, ezenza amatye ezikhumbuzo okwenene. Ukuqonda ngcono ukubaluleka kwemithi kwi-ecosystem, ndwendwela iintlobo zehlathi.
Owona mngcipheko uphambili wokusinda kwee-elms, ngaphandle kwesifo saseDutch elm kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu, inguqu ethe ngqo yokusingqongileyoUkufudukela kwabantu ezidolophini, ukulima ngamandla, ukuxhaphaka kweendawo ezidityanisiweyo, kunye nokulawulwa kwemilambo kuye kwanciphisa kakhulu iindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo kwezi ntlobo zezityalo, nto leyo ethintela ukuveliswa kwazo ngokwendalo. Ukuze ufunde malunga nemithi elungelelaniswe kakuhle kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, khangela indlela yokukhetha imithi yegadi.
Ukuzinikela ngokubambisana kwi ukugcinwa kweelms Ibandakanya ukulondolozwa kwemizekelo ekhethekileyo, ukutyalwa kwee-clones ezixhathisayo kunye nokukhuselwa okusebenzayo kwee-elm groves kunye namahlathi aselunxwemeni.
