Los saprophytes Zizinto eziphilayo ezisisiseko kuyo nayiphi na i-ikhosistim ngenxa yomsebenzi wazo kwi ukubola yezinto eziphilayo ezifileyo; eqinisekisa ukurisayikilishwa kwe izondlo kunye nokulinganisela kwendalo. Nangona ngokubanzi zinxulunyaniswa ngokuyintloko ne amakhowa, zikho kwakhona ibhaktheriya kunye nabanye protozoa IiSaprophytes. Olu phawu luye lwabavumela ukuba baziqhelanise neentlobo ngeentlobo zendalo, ukusuka kumhlaba otyebileyo we-humus ukuya kwiindawo ezihlala emanzini kunye nemizimba yethu.
Inkcazo kunye nemvelaphi yegama elithi saprophyte
Ixesha i-saprophyte livela kwiingcambu zesiGrike: "sapros" oku kuthetha ibolile kunye ne “phyton” okuthetha ukuthi isityaloNangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuye kwandiswa ukuba kubandakanye nayiphi na into ephilayo efumana izondlo zayo ekuboleni kwezinto eziphilayo kwaye, ngokongezelela, izidalwa eziphilayo ze-heterotrophic ezingaxhomeki ngokuthe ngqo kwizinto eziphilayo kwisondlo sabo, njengoko kunjalo nge-parasites.
IiSaprophytes Zibonakaliswa ngenxa yokuba ukubola izinto eziphilayo ukusuka kwiintsalela zezityalo, izilwanyana ezifileyo, ilindle, okanye enye inkunkuma yebhayoloji. Oku kubola kuqhutyelwa ngemfihlo yee-enzymes eziguqula iimolekyuli ezinkulu, eziyinkimbinkimbi zibe zincinci, zixutywe ngokulula kwaye zisebenzise iikhompawundi.
- Umngundo weSaprophytic: I-Oyster mushroom (i-Pleurotus ostreatus), i-mushroom yobusi (i-Armillaria mellea), i-mushroom yaseSt George (i-Marasmius oreades).
- Iibhaktheriya zeSaprophytic: Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeBacillus kunye nePseudomonas.
- Umngundo kunye oomycetes: Babandakanya amalungu e-genera Aspergillus kunye nePenicillium.
Iimpawu ezibalulekileyo ze-saprophytes
- heterotrophs: Azikwazi ukuvelisa ukutya kwazo, zifuna imithombo yangaphandle yezinto eziphilayo.
- IiOsmotrophs: Bafunxa izondlo nge-osmosis, inkqubo eququzelelwa yi-secretion ye-hydrolytic enzymes.
- Udonga oluqinileyo lweseli: Iindonga zabo zivumela ukuba zimelane nokuhluka kwe-osmotic.
- Ngokukhethekileyo inwebu yeplasma evuzayo: Ilawula ukuhamba kweeathom kunye neeyoni.
- ukulungelelaniswa kwe-pHEzinye iintlobo ziyakwazi ukuguqula i-pH yokusingqongileyo, njengefungi eluhlaza ye-genus Penicillium.
Bakwabonisa ulungelelwaniso oluthile ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwe-substrate abahlala kuyo, oluye lwavumela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ukuba zikhethe kwizinto ezibolayo ezifana neenkuni, amagqabi, ilindle, kunye nezakhiwo zezilwanyana.
Iintlobo ze-saprophytes ngokwendawo yazo yokuhlala kunye ne-substrate
IiSaprophyte zinokuhlelwa ngokohlobo lwezinto eziphilayo ezikhula kuzo:
- Humícolas: Zihlala kumhlaba otyebileyo, zitya iintsalela zezityalo ezibolayo.
- I-Lignicoles: Basebenza ngokhuni olubolayo.
- Umhlaba: Zifumaneka kwimihlaba ehlwempuzekileyo kwizityalo nangaphandle kwe-humus.
- Foliícolas: Zikhula kumagqabi awileyo nabolileyo.
- IiPyrophiles: Bakhula kumhlaba otshisiweyo.
- Corticolae: Zibolisa amaxolo emithi afileyo.
- I-Fimicolae okanye i-coprophiles: Zihlala kwilindle kunye neendawo ezivundisiweyo.
- Praticulaceae: Bahlala engceni.
Le yantlukwano yeendawo zokuhlala ibalulekile ukugcina ulungelelwano kunye ukuchuma komhlaba, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe izondlo kunye nokuphepha ukufumba ngokugqithisileyo kwenkunkuma ephilayo.
Isondlo se-saprophytes: inkqubo ecacileyo
La isondlo saprophytic Ibalulekile kumjikelo wenkqunto, kuba iguqula iikhompawundi zendalo ezintsonkothileyo zibe ziifom ezilula ezinokuthi ziphinde zisetyenziswe zizityalo kunye nezinye izidalwa ezizihambelayo.
- ukwetyisa extracellular: Bakhupha i-enzymes ngaphandle kweeseli zabo ukuze baphule iimolekyuli ezinkulu (i-polysaccharides, i-lipids, iiprotheni, i-cellulose, i-lignin) ibe yincinci.
- Ukungena: Ezi molekyuli zilula ziwela udonga lweseli kunye ne-membrane nge-osmosis kunye nokusabalalisa.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwe-intracellular: Ngaphakathi emzimbeni, zisetyenziswa njengomthombo wamandla kunye nokudibanisa izinto zeselula.
Iifungi ezininzi ezikhoyo hyphae, izakhiwo ze-tubular apho ukukhutshwa kwe-enzyme kwenzeka. Ezi hyphae zenza i-mycelium, iququzelele ukungena kwi-substrate kunye nokufunxa okufanelekileyo kwezondlo.
I-Saprophytes ingaba:
- Unyanzelekile: Bafumana izondlo kwizinto eziphilayo ezifileyo kuphela.
- Oogqirha: Badibanisa ukubola kunye nezinye iindlela zokufumana izondlo (kwizigaba ezithile zobomi babo okanye phantsi kweemeko ezithile).
Umsebenzi we-Ecological kunye nokufaneleka kwi-biogeochemical cycles
Izinto eziphilayo zeSaprophytic zidlala a indima eyimfuneko ekugcineni ulungelelwaniso lwendaloBangabona banoxanduva oluphambili lwe izimbiwa kunye nokurisayikilishwa kwe izondlo kwi-ikhosistim yasemhlabeni neyamanzi.
- Ukukhutshwa kwezondloNgokubola kwezinto eziphilayo ezifileyo, zizalisa izondlo ezibalulekileyo ezifana nenitrogen, iphosphorus, ipotassium, imagnesium, necalcium emhlabeni, zenza ubomi bezityalo kwaye, ngoko ke, lonke ikhonkco lokutya libe nokwenzeka.
- Ukwanda kokuchuma komhlaba: Zenza i-humus, iqhekeza le-organic eliphucula umgangatho womhlaba kunye namandla awo okugcina amanzi kunye nezondlo.
- Ukuthintela ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma: Zithintela ukuqokelelana kwenkunkuma yezityalo kunye nezilwanyana, ezinokutsala izitshabalalisi okanye ukukhuthaza ukubonakala kweentsholongwane.
Ngaphandle kwesenzo se-saprophytes, imijikelezo yezondlo iya kuphazamiseka kakhulu, ichaphazela imveliso ye-ecosystem.
Uhlengahlengiso kunye neendlela zokubola
Ukwahluka kwe-Enzymatic Ngenye yeempawu eziphawulekayo ze-saprophytes, ngakumbi i-fungi. Bavelisa i-enzymes ezifana ne-cellulases, i-ligninases, i-proteases, kunye ne-lipases, evumela ukuba i-colonize kwaye idibanise iindidi ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo, ukusuka kumagqabi ukuya kwimithi kunye nezicubu zezilwanyana.
- Ii-enzymes ezikhethekileyo ukudiliza i-cellulose kunye ne-lignin, iipolymers ezimbini ezinzima kakhulu ukuthotywa, okwenza i-saprophytes i-recyclers eziphambili zenkunkuma yezityalo.
- Uhlengahlengiso lweMorphological ezifana nophuhliso lwe-hyphae, i-mycelium, kunye ne-spores, eququzelela i-colonization esebenzayo ye-substrates kunye nokusinda kwiindawo ezinobutshaba.
- Ukukwazi ukuguqula imeko-bumeEzinye iifungi ziguqula i-pH ye-substrate, ikhuthaza ukubola kunye nokukhuphisana nezinye ii-microorganisms.
Iintlobo ze-saprophytes ngokweqela le-biological
- Amakhowa: Zezona saprophytes ezifundwe kakhulu. Badlala indima ephambili ekuboleni, ngenxa yobuninzi babo kunye nokusebenza kwe-hyphae kunye ne-enzymes. Imizekelo: Pleurotus ostreatus, Armillaria mellea, Marasmius oreades, Agaricus campestris.
- Intsholongwane: Iiprotagonists ekubolisweni kwezinto ezilula okanye eziguquguqukayo ngokulula. Imizekelo: Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Escherichia coli.
- Umngundo kunye oomycetes: Ziquka izinto eziphilayo ezifana neSaprolegniales kunye nePythium, ezihlala emanzini kunye nomhlaba omanzi.
- IProtozoa: Ukungaqhubi rhoqo, kodwa bathatha inxaxheba ekonakaleni kwenkunkuma ephilayo kwiindawo ezifumileyo kakhulu.
Ezinye izilwanyana, ezifana namabhungane athile kunye neentshulube, zisebenza njengesaprophyte zethutyana okanye zethutyana, zikhawulezisa ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo.
Imizekelo eneenkcukacha zezinto eziphilayo ze-saprophytic
- I-Saprophytic fungi emgqubeni: Coprinus, Stropharia, Anellaria, Cheilymenia, Pilobolus.
- Enkuni: Fomitopsis pinicola, Ganoderma pfeifferi, Oudemansiella mucida, Pleurotus (oysters), Polyporus arcularius.
- Emadlelweni: Agaricus campestris, Hygrocybe coccinea, Marasmius oreades, Amanita vittadinii.
- Iibhaktheriya ze-saprophytic ezifanelekileyo: I-Zygomonas (i-alcoholic fermentation), i-Acetobacter (imveliso ye-acetic acid), i-Clostridium aceto-butylicum (iguqula i-carbohydrates ibe yi-butyl alcohol), i-Lactobacillus (iguqula iswekile ibe yi-lactic acid).
- Mold: IAspergillus niger, iPenicillium (ukubola ekutyeni nakwindawo ezifumileyo).
Ukubaluleka kwezinto eziphilayo ze-saprophytes
Indima ye-saprophytes ibalulekile kwi I-ecosystem dynamics:
- Bagcina ukuchuma komhlaba kunye nokufumaneka kwezondlo zezityalo kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezizihambelayo.
- Banegalelo kulawulo lwebhayoloji yeentsholongwaneNgokuqhekeza izinto ezifileyo nezigulayo, zinceda ukunciphisa ukusasazeka kwezifo.
- Bakhuthaza uzinzo yezolimo, amahlathi kunye neenkqubo zendalo ngokugcina umjikelo wezinto.
- Baququzelela ukubunjwa kwe-humus, inxalenye ebalulekileyo kumhlaba ochumileyo.
I-Saprophytes kunye nempilo yabantu: i-saprophytic flora
Los saprophytes Kananjalo banendima efanelekileyo kwi umzimba womntu, ukudibanisa umnxeba iintyatyambo zesaprophyticOku kubandakanya ibhaktheriya, i-archaea, i-fungi, i-protists, kunye neentsholongwane ezihlala ngokulinganayo kunye nomzimba womntu eluswini, i-mucous membranes, kunye namaphecana angaphakathi. Imisebenzi yabo ephambili ibandakanya:
- Inceda ekutyeni kunye nokuveliswa kweevithamini kunye ne-amino acids: Ziguqula iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo zibe zizinto ezinokufanelana kwaye zivelise izondlo ezibalulekileyo.
- Ukukhuselwa kwi-pathogens: Zikhuphisana neentsholongwane eziyingozi yaye zivelisa izinto ezenza kube nzima ukuba zande.
- Inkxaso yenkqubo yamajoni omzimba: Bakhuthaza ukuveliswa kokuchasana nosulelo kwaye bomeleze impendulo yomzimba.
I-Saprophytic flora inokuguqulwa ngezinto ezifana nokusetyenziswa kwe-antibiotics, isondlo esibi, izifo zokugaya okanye i-metabolic, kunye namanye amayeza, achaphazela kakubi impilo.
Urhwebo, ushishino kunye ne-biotechnology izicelo
Los saprophytes Zinempembelelo engaphaya kwe-ecosystem yendalo, njengesiseko soshishino lwebhayoloji kunye nokusetyenziswa:
- Imveliso yokutyaUninzi lwe-saprophytic fungi kunye neebhaktheriya zisetyenziswa kwimveliso yesonka, itshizi, iziselo ezivundisiweyo kunye neemveliso ezifana neviniga.
- Ii-enzymes zamashishiniI-Enzymes eveliswa yi-saprophytes isetyenziselwa i-detergents, i-textiles, ukulungiswa kwamanzi amdaka kunye nokwenza iphepha.
- Ukuveliswa kwee-antibiotics kunye namayezaIintlobo ezininzi zefungi ye-saprophytic, njengePenicillium, ibe ngumthombo weekhompawundi ezibalulekileyo kumayeza.
- Ulawulo lwenkunkuma kunye nonyango: Zisetyenziselwa ukonakaliswa kwenkunkuma yasezidolophini, kwimizi-mveliso nezolimo.
- I-Biomarkers kunye ne-archeology:Ii-saprophyte ezithile zishiya umkhondo weminerali ebonakalayo, eluncedo ekwakhiweni kwakhona kweendawo zakudala.
Iindawo zokuhlala kunye nokusingqongileyo kwee-saprophytes
IiSaprophyte zenza ikoloniyali yeendawo zokuhlala ezisemhlabeni kunye nezasemanzini, zikhetha iindawo ezifumileyo ezityebileyo kwizinto eziphilayo kunye ne-pH engathathi hlangothi okanye ene-acidic kancinane. Iimeko ezingundoqo:
- Madera: Umngundo obola iinkuni.
- Amagqabi awileyo: Iingcali zokubola kwe-cellulose kunye ne-lignin.
- Umgquba: Ukulawulwa ngokukhawuleza ziindidi ezilungelelaniswe nobuninzi bezondlo.
- Amanzi amatsha kunye netyuwa: Ukubola kwefungi kunye ne-pseudofungi.
- Imizimba yabantu neyezilwanyana: Iibhaktheriya zeCommensal kunye nomngundo.
Esi sikhundla singundoqo ekugcineni i-ikhosistim kunye nempilo jikelele yesijikelezi-langa.
Ukulondolozwa, imingeni kunye nekamva le-saprophytes
La ukugcinwa kwe-saprophytes Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa indima yabo kwindalo, ezoqoqosho, kunye nempilo. Izisongelo ezinjengokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukuwohloka kwendawo ehlala kuyo, ukungcoliswa komhlaba, ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo kobuncwane, nokutshintsha kwemozulu kubachaphazela kakubi abemi bazo.
- Ukhuseleko lwendawo yokuhlala: Ingakumbi amahlathi kunye nomhlaba apho iintlobo ezibalulekileyo zemijikelo yendalo zisanda.
- Ukukhuthaza izenzo ezizinzileyo ekulinyweni, ekuqokeleleni nasekuthengiseni i-saprophytic fungi.
- Ukuphakamisa ulwazi malunga nokubaluleka kwee-saprophytes ulungelelwaniso lwendalo kunye nempilo.
- Uphando lwezenzululwaziInkqubela phambili kwi-biotechnology ibangela ukuba kufunyanwe iindlela ezintsha zokusebenza kunye neentlobo, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kokusetyenziswa kwazo kwezolimo, ulawulo lwenkunkuma, amayeza kunye neshishini.
I-Saprophytes, ngakumbi i-fungi kunye neebhaktheriya, ziye zavumela ukuqhubela phambili okubonakalayo kulawulo lwebhayoloji, ukuveliswa kwee-antibiotics, kunye ne-bioremediation yomhlaba kunye namanzi angcolileyo.
Ukuntsokotha kunye nokuguquguquka kwezi zinto ziphilayo kubenze baqondwa njenge eyona nto ingundoqo ekusebenzeni kobomi kunye nozinzo lwe-ikhosistimUfundo nokhuseleko lwabo lubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ikamva elizinzileyo nelinempilo kuzo zonke iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.
