Ngexesha lokuhluma, imbewu idlula kwelinye lawona manqanaba abuthathaka kakhulu kumjikelo wezolimo: ifuna amanzi angaguqukiyo, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, kufuneka ilwe amayeza okubulala ukhula kunye nezinye iikhemikhali ezikhoyo kwindalo esingqongileyoKule meko, ukungaphumeleli kwiintsuku zokuqala zobomi besityalo kukhokelela ekutshalweni ngokutsha, iindleko ezongezelelweyo, kunye nokulahlekelwa yimveliso; yiyo loo nto iluncedo. funda indlela yokukhusela imbewu esandul' ukuhluma.
Ukujongana nalo mceli mngeni, amaziko aliqela ngaphakathi kwinethiwekhi yeFraunhofer aphuhlise, njengenxalenye yeprojekthi yeSeedPlus, Ukwambathisa imbewu okunemisebenzi emininzi nokubola kwayo Ayisebenzi nje kuphela njengesithintelo sokukhusela, kodwa ikwahamba nesityalo kwisigaba saso sokuqala, inika amanzi kwaye inciphisa impembelelo yemithi yokubulala ukhula ngaphandle kokushiya intsalela yeplastiki emhlabeni.
Yintoni iSeedPlus ebolayo kwaye yintoni eyenza yahluke?
Le ngcamango, ekhuthazwe yiFraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology (ICT), kunye ne-Institutes of Microengineering and Microsystems (IMM) kunye neMolecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), isekelwe kwi ugqubuthelo lwembewu oluneeleya ezininzi, olubola ngokupheleleyo, eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuhluma okuzinzileyo naphantsi kweemeko ezimbi zendalo, ezifana nembalela ngamanye amaxesha okanye ukubakho kwemithi yokubulala ukhula emhlabeni.
Uphawu olukhethekileyo lwale teknoloji kukuba idibanisa imisebenzi emibini ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo enye: inkxaso yamanzi kunye nokhuselo olukhethiweyo kwimithi yokubulala ukhulaNgamanye amazwi, imbewu igqunywe kwi-matrix enokugcina amanzi amaninzi ize iwakhulule kancinci kancinci, ngelixa i-membrane ekhethekileyo inciphisa impembelelo yeemveliso zokukhusela izityalo ngaphandle kokuthintela ukuhluma.
Ngokutsho kweqela lophando, olu phawu lwenziwe iileya ezininzi zobukhulu obuhlengahlengiswayo ezilungelelanisa uhlobo kunye nobukhulu bembewu. Oku kuvumela ukwenziwa ngokwezifiso kobume kunye nokwakheka kwayo kuxhomekeke kwisityalo, into ebaluleke kakhulu kwezolimo zaseYurophu, apho yonke into ukusuka kwizityalo ezinkulu ezifana neebhithi zeswekile ukuya kwiintlobo ezibuthathaka zihlala khona; ukwazi iintlobo zembewu Kuyanceda ukulungisa olo hlobo lokwenza ngokwezifiso.
Indlela yeSeedPlus ikwasebenzisa izixhobo eziluncedo. Ngokusebenza ngokuthe ngqo kwimbewu nganye, Amanzi kunye nokhuseleko kusetyenziswa kuphela apho kufuneka khonaOku kuvula ithuba lokunciphisa inani lilonke lezibulali-zinambuzane kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezifakwayo emasimini.
Indlela esebenza ngayo: inkxaso yamanzi kunye nesikhuselo se-herbicide
Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zeSeedPlus biobolible coating kukuba umsebenzi wokugcina amanzi kunye nolawuloI-polymer matrix ejikeleze imbewu iyakwazi ukugcina amanzi amaninzi ngaphezu kobunzima bayo ize iwakhulule kancinci kancinci aye kwisityalo, into eluncedo kakhulu ngamaxesha emvula engaqhelekanga okanye kumhlaba ongenamandla okugcina amanzi.
Le ndlela yokuziphatha inomdla ngakumbi kwiimeko ezifana neyaseYurophu, apho Iinyanga zentwasahlobo ziya ziba manzi ngakumbi.Umzekelo, eJamani, uMatshi no-Aprili bezinemvula encinci kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, nto leyo ebangela ukuba izithole zibune ngaphambi kokuba zibe neengcambu ezizinzileyo. I-mulch ekhupha amanzi ngendlela ejoliswe kuyo inokwenza umahluko phakathi kokutyala okuphumelelayo kunye nexesha lonyaka elinelahleko enkulu.
Ngaxeshanye, le nkqubo ibandakanya I-membrane ekhethiweyo yokukhusela kwi-herbicidesOlu maleko luqulathe izinto ezifunxayo izityalo, ezifana ne-activated carbon, ezisebenza njengesihluzi: zinciphisa ukuvezwa kwesithole kwimithi yokubulala ukhula ekhoyo kwindalo ngaphandle kokuthintela ngokupheleleyo imveliso okanye ukuphazamisa ukuhluma kwayo.
Isiphumo kukuba imbewu egqunywe ngemigquba iyamelana ngakumbi nempembelelo yonyango lwe-herbicide olusetyenziselwa ukulawula ukhula, into ebalulekileyo kwi ulimo oluqinileyo kunye nezityalo ezinobuthathakaNgale ndlela, ukusebenza kakuhle kolawulo lokhula kunokugcinwa ngelixa kunciphisa umonakalo obalulekileyo kwizityalo eziselula.
Olu didi lokuxhaswa ngamanzi kunye nokukhuselwa ngamakhemikhali aluphuculi nje kuphela ukusinda kwezityalo ekuqaleni, kodwa lukwavumela Cinga ngokutsha ngedosi kunye nokuphindaphindwa kokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzaneOku kuhambelana ngokugqibeleleyo namaqhinga aseYurophu okunciphisa umthwalo weekhemikhali kwezolimo, kuquka neendlela zokunciphisa ukulima ngaphandle kweekhemikhali.
Izinto ezibolayo kunye nokungabikho ngokupheleleyo kweeplastiki ezincinci
Enye yezona zinto zinomdla kakhulu kule ngubo kukukhetha izinto. Ngokungafaniyo nezisombululo zemveli ezixhomekeke kwiipolymers zokwenziwa kunye nezinye izinto ezithi ekugqibeleni zibe... iiplastiki ezincinci ezihlala zihleli emhlabeniIndlela yeSeedPlus ixhomekeke kuphela kwiifomyula zemvelaphi yendalo.
Abaphandi batshintshe iipolymers zokwenziwa nge imixube yeepolysaccharides, iiproteni, irabha zendalo kunye nezinto ezingaphiliyo ezinemingxumaEzi ziquka i-activated carbon. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zezi zithako ziye zavavanywa ukuze kufunyanwe ezinye iindlela ezibonelela ngokulinganisela phakathi komthamo wokugcina amanzi, ukhuseleko lwe-herbicide, kunye nokuhluma okuhle.
Ekubeni izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo zibola, ukugquma ibola ngendlela elawulwayo emhlabeni emva kokuphumeza umsebenzi wayo, ngaphandle kokushiya inkunkuma eyingxaki okanye ukufaka isandla ekuqokeleleni kweplastiki kwiindawo zezolimo, nto leyo ekwanceda phucula umhlaba wegadi ngokwendalo.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuba ezi zinto zintsha azidali iingozi ezifihlakeleyo, iFraunhofer IME Institute iqalise iqonga lokuhlola ubuthi bendaloNgaphambi kokuba imbewu igqunywe, izinto ezigqunywe zivavanywa ngokwahlukeneyo kwizinto eziphilayo ezikwiimodeli ezivela kwiindawo eziphilayo zasemanzini nezasemhlabeni, kunye novavanyo oluthile lokubola kwexesha elide.
Ngale ndlela, kuqinisekiswa ukuba ezi zinto azibangeli miphumo mibi kwizilwanyana zomhlaba okanye emanzini angaphezulu komhlaba, into engakhange ithathelwe ingqalelo kwiingubo ezininzi zemveli ngaphaya kwemilinganiselo yokusebenza kwezolimo.
Iinkqubo zoshishino zokufaka ii-capsules kunye nokuziqhelanisa nezityalo ezahlukeneyo
Itekhnoloji ephuhliswe kwiSeedPlus ayipheleli kwindlela enye yokugquma. Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nobukhulu bembewu, kusetyenziswa iindlela ezahlukeneyo. iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokufakelwa kwe-industrial ezivumela ukulungisa ubukhulu beeleya kunye nokwandisa imveliso.
Okokuqala, i inkqubo yebhedi emanzi Isetyenziselwa imbewu ebuthathaka kakhulu. Kule nkqubo, imbewu igcinwa ixhonywe ngumjelo wegesi ngelixa izinto zokugquma zitshizwa kuzo. Oku kuvumela ulawulo oluchanekileyo lobukhulu bomaleko, nto leyo ibalulekileyo xa ufuna ulungelelwaniso olunobunono phakathi kokhuseleko kunye namandla okuhluma.
Kwizityalo ezininzi nezifuna imbewu eninzi enyangiweyo, oku kulandelayo kusetyenziswa: ugqubuthelo lwedramaKule nkqubo, imbewu iyashukunyiswa kwidrama ejikelezayo ngelixa iifomyula zokugquma zongezwa ngokuthe ngcembe. Isiphumo kukuba igquma elifanayo elifanelekileyo lokuveliswa ngobuninzi, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukudityaniswa kobuchwepheshe kwiindlela zokubonelela ngembewu zorhwebo.
Xa besebenza ngembewu encinci kakhulu, abaphandi bakhetha indlela yokucoca umphezulu weekhemikhali ezimanziImbewu ifakwa kwisakhiwo solwelo olugqunywe ngamanzi, emva kwexesha elithile, ivunyelwe ukuba ikhuphe amanzi ize yome de kube ngumaleko okhuselayo. Le ndlela ivumela ukugoqwa ngempumelelo kwembewu, ngenxa yobukhulu bayo, kunzima ukuyinyanga ngezinye iindlela kwaye incediswa ziindlela ezisetyenziswayo kwi iibhedi zembewu ezikhuselweyo.
Ukuguquguquka kwezi nkqubo kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukulungelelanisa ulwelo izityalo ezinomdla kwiqhinga eYurophu, njenge-sugar beet, kunye neentlobo ezinokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutshintsheleni kwizinto eziluhlaza ezivuselelekayo, njenge-dandelion yaseRashiya, esetyenziswa kuphando olunxulumene nokuveliswa kwerabha yendalo.
Iziphumo zendlu yokugcina izityalo kunye nentsimi: ukuhluma okungaphezulu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-58%
Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwengubo ebolayo, amaqela eFraunhofer enze uvavanyo kwiindawo zokugcina izityalo naphantsi kweemeko zangaphandleImbewu yedandelion yaseRashiya kunye nembewu yebhithi yeswekile zisetyenzisiwe njengeemodeli, zithelekisa iibhetshi ezigqunywe ngemibhobho nembewu enganyangwanga.
Idatha efunyenweyo ibonisa ukuba, ngeefomyula ezikhethiweyo, Izinga lokuhluma linokunyuka liye kuthi ga kwi-58% xa kuthelekiswa nembewu yesiqhelo.Oku kwanda kuthetha ukuba, ngokwesiqhelo, akukho mfuneko yokuphinda kutyalwe imbewu, ukuhluma okufanayo, kunye nokulingana kwezityalo—izinto ezibalulekileyo ekucwangcisweni kokunkcenkceshela, ukuchumisa, kunye neendlela zokulawula ukhula; kukwanceda ekunciphiseni iingxaki zokufumana imbewu yakho ukuba intshule.
Ukongeza ekukhuleni, abaphandi bahlalutye iinkalo zezothutho ezifana ubungakanani bokugcina imbewu egqunyiweyo kunye nokuhambelana kwazo noomatshini bezolimo abaqhelekileyo. Ngamanye amazwi, kuqinisekisiwe ukuba ezi mbewu zinokuphathwa, zifakwe idosi, kwaye zityalwe ngezixhobo ezikhoyo, ngaphandle kokufuna utshintsho olukhulu kwizityalo okanye kwiindlela zokusebenza zabalimi.
Kwangaxeshanye, iqonga lovavanyo lwe-ecotoxicological elikhankanyiweyo ngaphambili lenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuchonga iindlela zokugquma ezidibanisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwezolimo kunye ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo oluqinisekisiweyongaphandle kwezo, nangona zisebenza kakuhle ekukhuleni, kodwa zibeke umngcipheko othile kwizinto eziphilayo zomhlaba okanye emanzini.
Le ndlela yonke, ukusuka kuyilo lwezinto ezibonakalayo ukuya kuvavanyo lokwenyani, ikhomba kubuchwepheshe obuyilelwe ukwenza inyathelo ukusuka kwilebhu ukuya kwintsimi, into engenzeki rhoqo ngezinto ezintsha ezisetyenziswa ekugqumeni imbewu.
Impembelelo enokubakho kwezolimo zaseYurophu nakwindalo esingqongileyo
Ukusetyenziswa kwengubo ebolayo nesebenza ngeendlela ezininzi efana neSeedPlus kunemiphumo engaphaya kwesityalo ngasinye. Kwinqanaba lenkqubo yefama, inokunceda ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane, kuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamanzi nokunciphisa imithombo engathethiyo yongcoliseko, njengeeplastiki ezincinci ezivela kwimithombo yezolimo.
Ngokukhusela imbewu kwindawo ethile kunye nokubonelela ngamanzi kanye apho ifuneka khona, imfuneko yonyango olubanzi lwasemasimini iyancitshiswa, nto leyo ephumela ekubeni ukuncipha komthwalo weekhemikhali osasazeke kwindawo esingqongileyoOku kuhambelana neenjongo ezibekwe yiManyano yaseYurophu malunga nokunciphisa iimveliso zokukhusela izityalo kunye nokutshintshela kwiinkqubo zemveliso ezizinzileyo, ezifana iigadi zezinto eziphilayo.
Kwangaxeshanye, ulawulo lwamanzi oluphuculweyo olunikezelwa yingubo lunokunceda izityalo ukuba zikwazi ukumelana neemeko ngcono. iziqendu zembalela emfutshane okanye imvula engaqhelekangaLe yinto eqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zaseSpain nakwezinye iindawo zaseYurophu. Ukuzinza okukhulu kokuhluma ngexesha lokukhula okuneengxaki yinto enokuthi ichaphazele ngqo ukhuseleko lwemveliso.
Ukususwa ngokupheleleyo kweepolymers zokwenziwa ukuze kusetyenziswe izinto ezinokubola kwakhona kujongana nengxaki, nangona ingabonakali kangako, eqala ukuba negalelo elikhulu kwi-ajenda yokusingqongileyo: ukuqokelelwa kwamasuntswana eplastiki kumhlaba wezolimoNgokungavelisi iiplastiki ezincinci, olu hlobo lokwambathisa luthintela ukongeza uxinzelelo kwiindawo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu.
Okokugqibela, ukuba imbewu ihluma ngcono kwaye izityalo ziyakwazi ukumelana neemeko ezinzima, isidingo sokwandisa umhlaba wezolimo ukuze kugcinwe amanqanaba emveliso siyancitshiswa. Oku kuthetha ukuba uxinzelelo oluncinci kwiinkqubo zendalo kunye neendawo ezinexabiso eliphezulu lokusingqongileyoOku kubaluleke kakhulu kwimimandla yaseYurophu apho umhlaba olimekayo kunye neendawo ezikhuselweyo zihlala khona kufutshane.
Ngokubanzi, olu gqubuthelo lwembewu olubolayo luvela njengesixhobo esikwaziyo ukuphucula amanqanaba okuqala okulima, ukuqinisa uzinzo lwezityalo, kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo enxulumene nokutyala, kunye nokudibanisa kwisisombululo esinye ulawulo lwamanzi, ukukhuselwa kwimithi yokubulala ukhula kunye nokususwa kweeplastiki ezincinciEzi ziinkalo eziphambili kwingxoxo ngekamva lezolimo eYurophu.
