Ukufakwa kweScion: iimfuno, iintlobo, kunye nobuchule obuchwephesha obuchazwe ngokweenkcukacha kwimithi yeziqhamo

Ukuba unemithi yeziqhamo okanye imithi kwaye ujonge indlela esebenzayo yokuphindaphinda, ukuvuselela okanye ukuhlaziya iindidi, yazi. ukufakwa kwe-scion Kubalulekile. Le ndlela yobugcisa, esetyenziswa ngabalimi begadi abafunda iziqhamo kunye nabalimi beziqhamo, ikuvumela ukuba udibanise ezona mpawu zibalaseleyo zezityalo ezahlukeneyo, ukwandisa uphuhliso kunye nemveliso yazo. Kweli nqaku, uya kufunda ngakumbi. Yintoni i-scion grafting?, leliphi elona xesha lifanelekileyo lokuyisebenzisa, i iimfuno ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka uyifezekise ukuqinisekisa impumelelo, kwaye a ingcaciso ebanzi yazo zonke iintlobo ye-scion grafts eyenziwayo ngoku, kunye neengcebiso kunye namanyathelo aneenkcukacha nganye. Sikwakhapha ingcaciso ngemifanekiso eqingqiweyo ukuququzelela ukuqonda inkqubo.

Yintoni i-scion grafting?

El Ukufakelwa kwebarb Bubuchule bokusasaza izityalo obuqulathe ukudibanisa inxalenye yesebe, ebizwa ngokuba yi scion, equlathe amathupha amaninzi aleleyo, kumthi owamkelayo okanye ityholo elibizwa isiphunzi okanye ipateniInjongo kukuba omabini la malungu adibanise izicubu zawo kwaye akhule kunye njengesityalo esinye. Ngokufakela i-scion, kunokwenzeka ukuba:

• Hlaziya imizekelo yabantu abadala yemithi yeziqhamo okanye imithi yokuhombisa.
• Guqula iindidi kwimithi esele imisiwe ngokufaka izikhonkwane zolunye uhlobo oluvelisayo okanye oluxhathisayo.
• Phinda-phinda izityalo ezikhethiweyo ukugcina iimpawu zofuzo zomnikeli.
• Ukulungisa umonakalo esiqwini okanye emasebeni kusetyenziswa iigrafti ezikhethekileyo ezifana nokuxhunyelelwa kwebhulorho.

Ukuze inkqubo ibe yimpumelelo, kubalulekile ukuba izicubu zokuvelisa (cambium) ze-scion kunye ne-rootstock zidibene ngokuthe ngqoUkuwelda kwawo omabini la malungu kwenzeka ngenxa yokwenziwa kwezicubu ze-callus eziphela ngokuzinza ngokudibanisa omabini la malungu.

Kufuneka kwenziwe nini ukufakwa kwe-scion?

La elona xesha lifanelekileyo lokwenza i-scion grafting Kuxhomekeke ikakhulu kumjikelo wezityalo zomthi kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo:

• Eyona festile ilungileyo ikhona ekupheleni kobusika okanye ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, engqamana nokuqala kokuqukuqela kwencindi kunye nokuvuka kwesityalo emva kokungalali kwaso kwasebusika. Ngeli xesha, izicubu ziyakwazi ukuphilisa.
• Kwimimandla enobusika obupholileyo, abanye abaqeqeshi bandisa umkhuba ukususela ekupheleni kwekwindla ukuya ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ukulungelelanisa ishedyuli ngokweentlobo kunye nemozulu yendawo.
• Ukuba umthi uyavuthuluka, ukuxhunyelelwa kufuneka kwenziwe ngexa isityalo sisalele okanye phambi kokuba kuqhume ihlumelo. Ukuba isoloko iluhlaza, elona xesha lifanelekileyo lisuka ekupheleni kobusika ukuya kutsho entlakohlaza, okoko nje kungekho mngcipheko weqabaka kwaye incindi iqalile ukuqukuqela.

Impumelelo ye-graft ixhomekeke ekubeni i-scion kunye ne-rootstock ikwazi ukuncothula kwaye iphilise ngokukhawuleza. Ixesha elomileyo, elibandayo, okanye elishushu liwanciphisa kakhulu amathuba okufakelwa.

Iimfuno kunye nemathiriyeli efunekayo kwi-scion grafting

• UmphathiswaUmthi okanye ihlahla eliza kumiliselwa kufuneka libe namandla, libe nempilo kwaye lingabinazifo. Kucetyiswa ukuba ibe ngunyaka omnye ubuncinane ukuze kuphuhliswe ngokupheleleyo.
• I-Scion (isebe lomnikeli): Ikhethwa kumasebe anonyaka ubudala, ngakumbi kwimizekelo ebonise intyatyambo entle kunye nemveliso, kwaye inamathupha aphakathi kwe-2 kunye ne-3 aleleyo (angenantyatyambo) ukuqinisekisa ukuhluma.
• Izixhobo ezicocekileyo kunye nezibulala iintsholongwane: imela yokuxhunyelelwa, izikere zokuthena, isarha (ukuba isiphunzi sijiyile). Ucoceko lubalulekile ekuthinteleni ukosuleleka kweentsholongwane zezityalo.
• Izinto zokubopha: i-raffia, i-tape yokufakela, imicu ye-polyethylene. Baququzelela ukudibanisa kunye nokuthintela ukomisa.
• Intlama yokutywina, i-mastic okanye i-wax yokufakela: Isetyenziselwa ukukhusela amanxeba kunye nokukhuthaza ukuphilisa, kunye nokuthintela ukungena kwefungi okanye ibhaktheriya.
• Iplastikhi ebonakalayo (kucetyiswa ngeentlobo ezihlala ziluhlaza okanye kwindawo ezomileyo): ivumela ukufuma ukuba kugcinwe de kuthathelwe uxhulumaniso.

Ngaphambi kokuba uqale inkqubo, qiniseka ukuba zonke izixhobo zakho zilungile kwaye zisesandleni. Ukusikwa kufuneka kwenziwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokuchanekileyo ukuphepha ukomisa izicubu.

Khetha kunye neempawu zePateni: Ukukhetha kunye nokuhambelana

• El iphethini kufuneka ibe sisityalo iyahambelana kunye, ngokukhethekileyo uhlobo olufanayo okanye uhlobo. Elona nqanaba liphezulu lempumelelo lifumaneka xa i-rootstock kunye ne-scion babelana ngokuhambelana okuphezulu kwebhotani (umzekelo, umthi wama-apile kumthi we-apula, umthi wom-almond kumthi we-almond). Unokubonisana nolwazi olongezelelweyo malunga neentlobo ze-grafts kunye nokuhambelana kwazo.
• Kuyacetyiswa ukuba ukhethe iinketho amahlumela onyaka anempilo, engenasifo, izinambuzane okanye umonakalo emzimbeni.
• Kuphephe ukusebenzisa iintyatyambo ze scion grafting, njengoko zikhawuleza ziphelise isebe kwaye zingaphunza phambi kokuba igrafti ithathe.
• Ubude obufanelekileyo bokukhetha buhlala phakathi Iisentimitha ezingama-7 nama-12, kunye ne-2 okanye i-3 ye-vegetative buds.

Kwiimeko apho ipateni kunye ne-pick ayinayo i-diameter efanayo, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba uqhagamshelwano ngqo phakathi cambiums ubuncinane kwicala elinye.

Amanyathelo ococeko kunye nempumelelo kwi-scion grafting

Kwi-scion grafts, i isixhobo sokubulala iintsholongwane Kubalulekile. Ngaphambi kokuba usike ipiki okanye wenze iziko kwi-rootstock:

• Coca iincakuba kunye neesarha ngotywala okanye isisombululo sokubulala iintsholongwane.
• Izandla kufuneka zicoceke kwaye zingabi nankunkuma yezityalo.
• Kuphephe ukushiya iindawo ezisikiweyo zivuleleke emoyeni ixesha elide.

Ukonyusa izinga le-latch, qiniseka ukuba:

• Gcina indawo yegrafti ifumile (sebenzisa iplastiki okanye iingxowa ezicacileyo ukuthintela ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni kwindawo eyomileyo).
• Bopha ngokuqinileyo kodwa ungaqini kakhulu ukuze uthintele ukuhamba kwencindi.
• Faka isicelo se-paste okanye i-wax kuzo zonke iinqumlo, ngakumbi kwincam yepiki kunye nakwi-junction phakathi kwepateni kunye nokukhetha.

Isetyenziselwa ntoni i-scion grafting? Izinto eziluncedo kunye nezicelo

I-Scion grafting yenye yezona ndlela zindala kwaye zixatyiswa kakhulu kwezolimo ngenxa yayo eziluncedo ezininzi:

• Ivumela ukuvuselela imithi emidala eziphulukene namandla emveliso.
• Iququzelela utshintsho olukhawulezayo lweendidi kumasimi asele emisiwe ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuncothula imizekelo.
• Phindaphinda ukhethe izityalo ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwemfuza komnikeli.
• Uncedo ukuphucula ukunyamezela kwizifo, izinambuzane okanye iimeko ezimbi ngokudibanisa amandla engcambu kunye nomgangatho wodidi olufunekayo.
• Ivumela i ukulungiswa komonakalo wesakhiwo ngokusebenzisa ubuchule obufana nokufakelwa kwebhulorho.
• Lungiselela ukusetyenziswa kwendawo, njengakwimeko yemithi emininzi.

Iintlobo zokuxhunyelelwa kwe-scion: iimfuno, amanyathelo, kunye nexesha lokuzisebenzisa

Zininzi iintlobo zokuxhunyelelwa kwe-scion, zilungelelaniswe kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo, iidayamitha kunye neenjongo. Ezona ndlela zobuchwephesha zichazwe ngezantsi:

1. Igrafti yokucanda (inye kwaye iphindwe kabini)

Iimpawu kunye neemfuno

• Isetyenziselwa hlaziya imithi okanye utshintshe iindidi xa isiphunzi sinobubanzi obuphakathi kwe-1,5 kunye ne-10 cm.
• Ukuqhekeka okulula: iphethini kunye ne-spike yobubanzi obufanayo (ukuya kwi-4 cm).
• Ukuqhawula kabini: Ipateni inkulu (ukuya kwi-10 cm), kwaye i-spikes ezimbini zifakwe endaweni enye.

Amanyathelo okufakwa ngokucandeka

1. Khetha isebe eliphilileyo kwaye wenze i-perpendicular ecocekileyo, i-perpendicular cut.
2. Ukusebenzisa imela yokuxhunyelelwa, yenza i-6 ukuya kwi-10 cm ye-slit ethe nkqo embindini wokusikwa.
3. Lungiselela i-double-beveled wedge pick kunye ne-2-3 buds, efana nobude bokwahlula. Ukuba wenza ulwahlulo kabini, phinda inkqubo ngokukhetha ezimbini.
4. Faka i-pick okanye ukhethe kwi-gap, ulungelelanisa ngokugqibeleleyo i-cambium yazo zombini iziqwenga.
5. Lungisa kwaye ubophe nge-tape ye-graft, ukutywina amanxeba nge-mastic okanye i-wax.
6. Musa ukukhulula de amahlumela afikelele kwi-5-10 cm ubude.

Ixesha elicetyiswayo: ukusuka phakathi ukuya ekupheleni kobusika kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo.

2. Isithsaba okanye ukugxunyekwa kwamaxolo

• Isetyenziselwa tshintsha iindidi zemithi yabantu abadala kunye neepateni ezinkulu zobubanzi (3 ukuya kwi-30 cm).
• Ikwaluncedo nakwiintlobo ezihlala ziluhlaza.
• Ikuvumela ukuba ufake ukhetho oluninzi malunga nomjikelezo wepateni.

1. Yenza ukusika okucocekileyo, okuthe tye kwi-trunk okanye kwisebe.
2. Yenza ukusikwa ngokuthe nkqo kwixolo, malunga ne-5 cm ububanzi, kangangobuninzi benani lezikhonkwane oza kuzifaka.
3. Lungiselela i-spikes kunye ne-2-3 buds kunye ne-bevel enye yecala kwisiseko. Ukuba ufuna ukuba zime kakuhle, yenza u-"L" usike.
4. Beka i-pike nganye phakathi kwe-bark kunye ne-rootstock wood, kunye ne-bevel edibanisa neenkuni.
5. Qinisekisa nge-tape kwaye ugubungele iinqumlo nge-putty.
6. Kwimithi ehlala iluhlaza okanye indawo eyomileyo, gubungela indawo ngeplastiki ecacileyo malunga neentsuku ezingama-15-20 ukugcina umswakama.
7. Susa inyanda xa amahlumela edlula i-10 cm.

Ixesha elicetyiswayo: Xa incindi iqala ukuhamba, ngokuqhelekileyo entwasahlobo.

3. IsiNgesi okanye ulwimi lokufakelwa

• Ilungele i izikhondo ezincinci okanye amasebe amancinci (0,5 ukuya kwi-2 cm ububanzi), apho ipateni kunye ne-spike zifana nobukhulu.
• Inika indawo enkulu yoqhagamshelwano kunye nokuchasana kakuhle koomatshini.

1. Yenza i-bevel cut (ubude obu-4 cm) kwipatheni kwaye ukhethe.
2. Yenza i-longitudinal incision kwisithathu esiphezulu se-bevels zombini (2-3 cm), ukwenza ithebhu okanye "iplagi".
3. Hlanganisa zombini iithebhu uqinisekise ulungelelwaniso lwecala elinye ubuncinane.
4. Khusela nge-tape kwaye ukhusele nge-mastic.

Ixesha elililo: Ekupheleni kobusika, xa izinto zisalele.

4. Isiphunzi okanye i-subcortical graft

• Isetyenziswa kumasebe ashinyeneyo ukusuka kwi-3 ukuya kwi-5 cm.
• I-transverse, i-slanted cut yenziwe kwi-bark kwaye i-pick ifakwe ukuze iqine kwindawo.
• Ikhuselwe ngeteyiphu yokuxhunyelelwa, ishiya i-scion ithambekele ukuqinisekisa uqhagamshelwano lwecambial.

Ixesha lonyaka: ukusuka ngoJanuwari ukuya kuMatshi.

5. Uxhulumaniso olusecaleni okanye lwecala

• Isetyenziswa kumasebe apho i-canopy yonke ayinqweneleki ukuba isuswe.
• Iquka “T” yokusikwa okumile kwixolo lesiphunzi.
• I-pick, elungiselelwe kwi-bevel, ifakwe kule ngqungquthela kwaye ikhuselekile nge-tape kunye ne-mastic.
• Ingasetyenziselwa ukuhlaziya amasebe okanye ukwazisa iintlobo ezintsha kwiindawo ezithile emthini.

Ixesha lonyaka: ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, xa i-bark ihlukana ngokulula kwaye i-sap ihamba kakhulu.

6. Uqikelelo lofakelo

• Iquka ukuwelda izityalo ezimbini ezipheleleyo ezityalwe kufutshane enye kwenye.
• Amasebe omabini ancitshiswa kwi-cambium kwaye ahlanganiswe ne-tape kunye ne-mastic.
• Le ndlela isetyenziswe xa impumelelo yamanye ama-grafts iphantsi okanye kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo (izityalo ezinzima).

Xa umanyano lwenzeka, esinye sezityalo sinqunyulwa ngaphezu kwendawo yomanyano ukuze sibe negalelo kuphela kwiingcambu.

7. Ukuhlonyelwa kwebhulorho

• Uqeshelwe ukulungisa umonakalo kwixolo somboko (umzekelo, ukuhlaselwa kweempuku).
• Iiprongs eziphindwe kabini zilungiselelwe kuzo zombini iziphelo kwaye zifakwe phantsi kwegxolo eliphilileyo ngasentla nangaphantsi kwesilonda, zenza "ibhuloho" edibanisa kwakhona izicubu eziphazamisekile.
• Ikhuselekile kwaye itywinwe nge-mastic. Iyakwazi ukubethelwa phantsi ngezikhonkwane ezincinci ukukhusela ukudibanisa.

Yenziwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, xa i-sap iqala ukuhamba.

Ukhathalelo kunye neengcebiso emva kokufakwa kwe-scion

Ukwandisa impumelelo ye-scion grafting, kubalulekile ukuba:

• Gwema ukunyakaza okanye impembelelo kwi-graft kwiiveki ezimbalwa zokuqala.
• Ukulawula ukufuma, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezomileyo apho ukugubungela i-graft ngeplastiki ecacileyo kunokunceda.
• Qwalasela inyanda ukuthintela ukukrwitshwa. Yisuse nje ukuba amagqabi amiliselweyo omelele kwaye akhule nge-5 ukuya kwi-10 cm, okanye i-10 ukuya kwi-15 cm yokufakelwa isithsaba.
• Susa amahlumelo kwisiseko okanye ngaphantsi kwe-graft ukuze angakhuphisani ne-grafted scion.
• Kwi-grafts ephindwe kabini, khetha i-bud eyomeleleyo kwaye ususe enye emva kokuphiliswa kokuqala ukuba kufunwa ihlumela elinye eliphambili.

Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo kunye nendlela yokuphepha kwi-scion grafting

• Musa ukubulala iintsholongwane izixhobo ngokuchanekileyo, ukuququzelela ukungena kwe-pathogens.
• Ukunqongophala koqhagamshelwano lotshintshiselwano phakathi kwe-scion kunye ne-rootstock: ukuba i-cambiums ayihambelani ngokugqibeleleyo, umanyano aluyi kuphumelela. Ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga nendlela yokwenza i-a ihlumelo loxhulumaniso, jonga isikhokelo sethu.
• Sebenzisa iipeki ezineentyantyambo zentyatyambo, okukhawuleza ukuphelisa amandla kwaye kaninzi kusilela. Ngalo lonke ixesha khetha i-vegetative buds.
• Iboshwe kakhulu okanye zikhululekile kakhulu: zithintela ukuhamba kwe-sap okanye zingagcini uqhagamshelwano oluzinzileyo, ngokulandelanayo.
• Ukungagqumeki amanxeba ngokufanelekileyo, ebangela ukomisa kunye nokungena kwezifo.

Ukuphepha ezi mpazamo kwandisa kakhulu impumelelo ye-graft kunye nokusinda.

Imibuzo edla ngokubuzwa malunga nokufakwa kwe-scion

• Zeziphi iindidi zeziqhamo ezinokumiliselwa?
  Uninzi lwemithi yeziqhamo yamatye kunye neepome (i-apile, ipere, iplam, ialmond, ipesika, icherry, iquince, njl.njl.), kunye newalnut, umnquma, iicitrus, kunye nezihlahla kunye nezihombiso.
• Ndingamilisela umthi wama-apile kumthi wamapere?
  Kwezinye iimeko, kunokwenzeka, kodwa ukuhambelana akuphelelanga. Ukuqinisekisa impumelelo, hlala uhlomela ngaphakathi kohlobo olufanayo okanye uhlobo olufanayo xa kunokwenzeka.
• Ndizigcina njani izikhonkwane phambi kokufakwa?
  Izikrweqe eziqokelelwa ebusika zingagcinwa zibanda (2 ukuya ku-4ºC), zisongelwe ngephepha elifumileyo nangaphakathi kwingxowa yeplastiki de zixhunyelelwe.
• Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuhluma?
  Phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, i-scion buds inokuntshula phakathi kweveki ezi-2 kunye ne-6 emva kokuxhunyelelwa, ngokuxhomekeke kwiindidi kunye namaqondo obushushu.

Ukusasaza ngokuxhunyelelwa ngokuchasene nezinye iindlela zokusasaza

Ukuxhunyelelwa kweScion kukhethwa kunezinye iindlela zokusasaza (ezifana nokusikwa okanye ukwaluka) kuba:

• Isiqinisekiso se i-homogeneity yemfuza kunye nokunyaniseka kweentlobo ngeentlobo.
• vumela i ukuziqhelanisa ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwiintlobo ezintsha ukuya kwiipateni ezixhathisayo.
• Hlaziya imizekelo ngaphandle kokuphinda utyale.
• Ukwandisa ixesha lemveliso xa kuthelekiswa nolimo olusekelwe kwimbewu.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Ukuxhunyelelwa kweMithi yeSiqhamo: Isikhokelo esiGqibeleleyo sokuSasaza, uPhuculo kunye nokuKhathalela

Uluhlu lweencwadi ezicetyiswayo kunye nezixhobo zokufunda ngokuqhubekayo

Ukulawula ukufakwa kwe-scion iya kuvula umnyango wokuphucula igadi yakho yeziqhamo, iphinda-phinda ezona ndidi zibalaseleyo kwaye iqinisekise ubomi obude bemithi yakho. Ngokusebenzisa ixesha elichanekileyo, ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo iimfuno zobugcisa kunye nococekoNgokukhetha olona hlobo lufanelekileyo lwendlela yokuxhunyelelwa, unokuguqula kakhulu imveliso kunye nempilo yegadi yakho okanye igadi yeziqhamo. Ukuziqhelanisa kunye nokujonga rhoqo kuya kukwenza ube yingcali kobu buchule bakudala bezolimo.