Isikhokelo esipheleleyo se-oki: iimpawu, ukhathalelo, iintlobo kunye namanqaku anomdla

Um-oki Ngomnye wemithi ebekekileyo nexabisekileyo kumahlathi ethu, umdlali ophambili kwinkcubeko, i-ecology, kunye noqoqosho lwemimandla emikhulu ye-hemisphere esemantla. Udumo lwayo luvela kakhulu kumandla kunye nokuphila ixesha elide njengoko kumgangatho ongaqhelekanga womthi wayo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwizinto eziphilayo. Igama elithi "oki" libandakanya iintlobo ezininzi ze-genus. UQuercus, imithi evuthulukayo nehlala iluhlaza eqhelaniswe nemozulu epholileyo, eshiye uphawu olungacimekiyo kwimbali, imbonakalo yomhlaba kunye nesithethe samazwe amaninzi.

Imvelaphi, ukuhanjiswa kunye neempawu eziqhelekileyo

Isini UQuercus, kuquka nentsapho fagaceae, amaqela kunye amakhulu eentlobo zemithi namatyholo, ezisasazwe ngokubanzi ukusuka eYurophu naseAsia ukuya kuMntla Merika. Eyona mifuziselo, i UQuercus robur okanye i-oki eqhelekileyo, inabela kulo lonke elaseYurophu nakwintshona yeAsia, ehlala amathafa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2000 yeemitha ukuphakama. Emantla Melika, iintlobo ezifana ne Iquercus rubraZonke zineziqhelaniso ezimangalisayo kwiimozulu ezahlukeneyo kunye nemihlaba.

Iimpawu eziphambili ze-oki:

• Ukuthwala okukhulu: Imithi emikhulu ethi, phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, ifikelele kwiimitha ezingama-40 ubude kwaye ingaphila iminyaka eyiwaka.
• Amagqabi aLobed: Ukutshintshela, kunye ne-lobes ezahlukileyo kunye nomda ongqukuva kwiindidi ezimhlophe; eluhlaza entlakohlaza nasehlotyeni, ibe tyheli, ibe mdaka, okanye bubomvu ekwindla.
• Isiqu somthi: Eminyene, enexolo elingwevu kwimithi emincinci kwaye iqhekezeke ngokunzulu kubantu abadala, iyaxhathisa ngenxa yomxholo wayo ophezulu we-tannin.
• Isiqhamo, iacorn: I-oval, igutyungelwe ngokuyinxenye yidome (ikhoba); ivuthwa ekupheleni kwehlobo okanye ekwindla kwaye iyimfuneko kwizilwanyana zasendle nemfuyo.
• Ubomi obude obukhethekileyo: Kukho imizekelo engaphezulu kwewaka leminyaka ubudala, isimboli samandla kunye nesigxina.

Amahlathi om-oki, aziwa ngokuba yimithi yom-oki, ayindawo ebalulekileyo yendalo nendawo yokuzimela intaphane yeentlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana, uninzi lwazo oluxhomekeke kule ndawo ikhethekileyo yokuhlala. I-Oak ikwahlala inxulunyaniswa namahlathi e-beech kunye ne-birch, ukwenza imihlanganiselwa kunye nokuphucula i-biodiversity yamahlathi.

Iintlobo eziphambili kunye neentlobo ze-oki

• UQuercus robur: Pedunculate oki. Isasazwe ngokubanzi kulo lonke elase-Eurasia, inamagqabi amakhulu anee-petioles ezimfutshane kunye ne-lobes engqukuva, kunye ne-acorns kwiindiza ezinde.
• UQuercus petraea: I-Sessile okanye i-oki yeentaba. Ngokufana neyokuqala, kodwa kunye ne-petiole yeqabunga elide kunye nokunyamezela okungaphantsi kwamanzi.
• I-Quercus faginea: I-Oak, eqhelekileyo kwintshona yeMeditera, incinci ngobungakanani kwaye iguquguquka kakhulu kumhlaba wekalika.
• I-Quercus pyrenaica: I-Melojo okanye i-rebollo, ifumaneka kwi-Peninsula yase-Iberia, eMntla Afrika naseFransi, enamagqabi anzulu kunye noboya.
• Iquercus rubra: I-oki ebomvu yaseMelika, eyaziwa ngokukhula kwayo ngokukhawuleza kunye nombala omangalisayo wasekwindla, osetyenziswa kakhulu kwiigadi kunye neepaki.
• UQuercus humilis: I-Downy oak, eyomeleleyo kwaye ikwazi ukuziqhelanisa nemihlaba engekho mgangathweni, esongelwa yilahleko yendawo yokuhlala kwimimandla yeMeditera.

Kukho i-subspecies yendalo kunye ne-hybrids, kunye neentlobo ezininzi zokuhombisa ezikhethiweyo ngenkangeleko yazo, umbala wamagqabi kunye nokuxhathisa.

Inkcazo yezityalo kunye ne-morphology ye-oki

Umthi wom-oki unomqolo obanzi, onamagqabi, aphantse abengqukuva awenza umthunzi oxineneyo nokhuselayo. Isiqu sayo esithe tye, esomeleleyo sinokudlula iimitha ezimbini ububanzi kwisampulu ye-centenarian. Amasebe ashinyeneyo, ajijeneyo ahlala amagqabi alula aneemida ezilobed kunye nobume obungenaboya kwiintlobo ezininzi.

• ICortex: Ekuqaleni igudile, iyaqhekeka kwaye iqina ngenxa yobudala, kwaye iyamelana nezinambuzane enkosi ngenxa yoxinzelelo olukhulu lweetannins.
• AmaSpredishithi: Enye, i-5 ukuya kwi-18 cm, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye ne-reverse lighter, kunye ne-venation evelele.
• Iintyatyambo: Unisexual; iinkunzi ezijingayo, iikati eziluhlaza okanye ezityheli, kunye neemazi zodwa okanye ngokwamaqela amancinci.
• I-acorn: Isiqhamo se Ovoid, simdaka xa sivuthiwe, sikhuselwe yi scaly dome, eveliswa ngonyaka ngamanani amaninzi.
• Inkqubo yeengcambu ezinzulu: Ingcambu engundoqo, enamasebe abanzi asecaleni, aququzelela uzinzo kunye nokufikelela kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba.

Amagqabi e-oki anee-acorns ezincinci kunye nee-lobes ezingalinganiyo, ezingqukuva. Ekwindla, umboniso wechromatic wamagqabi awo awunakuthelekiswa nanto, ngakumbi phakathi kweentlobo zaseMelika naseMpuma.

Iimfuno zokukhula: indawo, imozulu kunye nomhlaba

• Imozulu: Ikhetha iindawo ezipholileyo ezinobusika obubandayo kunye nehlobo elipholileyo; iiqabaka ziphawula umjikelo wobomi bayo kwaye ifuna utshintsho olucacileyo lwamaxesha onyaka. Kweminye imithi kunye nezityalo eziqhelaniswe nemozulu eyahlukileyo, kukwaluncedo ukwazi iimfuno zazo..
• Imvula: Ikhula kakuhle nge 600 ukuya kwi 1000 mm yemvula yonyaka kunye nokufuma okungqongileyo, nangona iintlobo ezithile zinyamezela imbalela ephakathi ehlotyeni.
• Indawo kunye nendawo: Idinga iindawo ezivulekileyo, ubuncinci be-10-12 yeemitha ukusuka kwezinye iintlobo kunye nezakhiwo, ngenxa yobuhle obukhulu be-canopy kunye nenkqubo yeengcambu.
• Ukukhanya kwelanga: Ngokufanelekileyo, ilanga eligcweleyo; iyawunyamezela umthunzi othile xa iselula, kodwa ukukhula kwayo kunye neentyatyambo ziyaphucuka ngokutyhileka ngokuthe ngqo.
• Umgangatho: Inzulu, ipholile, ichumile, kwaye ichithwe kakuhle. Ikhetha i-acidic okanye i-pH engathathi hlangothi; abanye banyamezela ialkalinity ethile kunye namaxesha okuntywila kwamanzi okwethutyana.

Kwiindawo zokuhlala zendalo, i-oki ihlala ihlala kwimihlaba etyebileyo kwizinto eziphilayo, ngaphandle kobukho bekalika, nangona iqhelana neemeko ezahlukeneyo ngenxa yeplastiki yayo yendalo.

Ukulinywa kwe-oki kunye nokutyala: iingcebiso ezibalulekileyo

• Ukulungiswa komhlaba: Kubalulekile ukukhulula umhlaba kwaye ususe ukhula kunye nobutyobo beengcambu. Kwiindawo ezinamahlathi, ukulima okulula kwanele.
• Ixesha lokutyala: Eyona nto ityalwe phakathi kokwindla kade kunye nentlakohlaza, kusetyenziswa ithuba lokungalali. Sebenzisa izithole ezinengcambu ezineminyaka eyi-1-2 ubudala okanye kwizikhongozeli ukuba unkcenkceshelo kunye nomthunzi wokuqala ukhona.
• Ukuxinana kokutyala kunye nesakhelo: Emahlathini: izityalo eziyi-1.250 ngehektare nganye (4x2m isakhelo); kwiigadi, ubuncinane 8-12 yeemitha phakathi kwezityalo.
• Ukufakelwa kwakhona: Ayikunyamezeli uqhaqho-fakelo njengomntu omdala; ngokufanelekileyo, ntshulisa i-acorn kwindawo yayo yokugqibela okanye utshintshe abantu abancinci kuphela, ugcine i-taproot injalo.

Xa utyala umthi we-oki ekhayeni lakho okanye epakini, kubalulekile ukuba uqwalasele ubungakanani bawo obuvuthiweyo kunye namandla enkqubo yawo yeengcambu ukunqanda umonakalo kwiziseko ezingundoqo.

Ukunkcenkceshela kunye nokulawula amanzi oki

• Iimfuno eziphakathi: Kubalulekile ukunqanda imbalela kwiminyaka emibini yokuqala ngokunkcenkceshela rhoqo, ngaphandle kokugcwalisa i-substrate.
• Iingcambu ezinzulu: Imi-oki esele ikhulile ifikelela kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba kwaye ayifane ifune ukunkcenkceshela okongeziweyo ngaphandle kwamaxesha oxinzelelo olukhulu lwamanzi.
• Ukufuma okulawulwayo: Jonga ukufuma komhlaba phambi kokunkcenkceshela; Amanzi emvula okanye amanzi aphantsi kwemineralization akhethwa ukuphepha i-chlorosis.

Ukuchumisa kunye nokuchumisa i-oki

• Entsimini nasegadini: Ukufakwa komgquba ngonyaka, umgquba onyangisiweyo, okanye i-guano ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo nasehlotyeni kwanele ukugcina amandla kunye nokutyebisa ubume bomhlaba.
• Embizeni: Sebenzisa isichumiso solwelo kwizityalo ezithanda iasidi kwidosi ephakathi, ukuthintela initrogen egqithisileyo ukuthintela ukukhula okubuthathaka.

Ukuthena kunye noqeqesho

• Uqeqesho lokuthena: Yenza i-trunk ethe tye kunye ne-branched kakuhle kwiminyaka yokuqala, iyimfuneko ekusimeni kwamahlathi okanye iinjongo zokuhombisa.
• Ukuthenwa kwesondlo: Nciphisa ukususwa kwamasebe awomileyo, awonakeleyo, okanye anqamlezileyo. Kuphephe ukusika okukhulu, okugqithisileyo kwimithi yabantu abadala.
• Ukunciphisa ihlathi: Umsebenzi obalulekileyo oqala kwiminyaka eyi-15-20 ukunciphisa ukhuphiswano kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wokhuni.

Ukuvelisa kunye nokuphindaphinda

Ukusasazwa kwe-oki kuqhutywa ngokuyintloko kwiimbewu (ii-acorns), ekufuneka zihlwayelwe ngokutsha ukuze kwandiswe izinga lempumelelo. Inkqubo ecetyiswayo yile ilandelayo:

1. Qokelela ii-acorns ezivuthiweyo ekwindla; ukuba awutyalanga kwangoko, yingqele iwahluze kangangeenyanga ezi-1 ukuya kwezi-3.
2. Hlwayela kwiimbiza ezinzulu kunye ne-aerated substrate etyebileyo kwizinto eziphilayo, ezigquma i-acorn ngeesentimitha ezimbalwa.
3. Gcina ukufuma ngaphandle kokugcwala kwamanzi kwaye ukhusele imbewu kwiimpuku kunye neentaka.
4. Xa izithole zifikelela kumagqabi okwenene angama-2-4, tshintshelwa kwindawo yokugqibela ngokukhawuleza.

Ezinye iindlela, ezifana nokusikwa okanye ukubeka, azisebenzi kakhulu ngenxa yokucotha, ubunzima bokukhula kwe-oki.

Ukhathalelo oluphambili lwe-oki kubo bonke ubomi bawo

• Ulawulo lwezityalo: Kubalulekile kwiminyaka yokuqala ukuphepha ukhuphiswano lokhula kunye nokuqinisekisa uphuhliso olunamandla.
• Ukukhuselwa kwizinambuzane kunye nezifo: Nangona iqinile, inokuhlaselwa ziintwala, abasebenzi basemgodini wamagqabi, ukungunda, nemibungu ejikelezayo kwimimandla ethile.
• Imelana nemozulu egqithisileyo: Inyamezela iqabaka eqatha kunye nengqele ehlala ixesha elide, kodwa ayifanelekanga kwiindawo eziselunxwemeni ezinetyuwa.
• Kulumkele uqhaqho-fakelo kubantu abadala: Enkosi kwi-taproot yabo ephambili, abaqhelani kakuhle notshintsho kwindawo xa sele bemisiwe.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemveli, inkcubeko kunye neempawu ze-oki

• Isihombiso: Ihlobisa iigadi ezinkulu, iipaki kunye nezikwere zasezidolophini ngobukhulu bayo, umthunzi kunye nombala okhangayo wekwindla yeentlobo ezifana ne-oki ebomvu.
• Bonsai: Iintlobo ezininzi zinokukhuliswa njenge-bonsai, zifuna ukhathalelo oluthile ebusika kunye nokuthenwa rhoqo ukuze kugcinwe imilo yazo.
• Iinkuni: Ixabiseke kakhulu ekwenzeni ikhabhathi, ulwakhiwo, intsebenziswano, kunye nokwenza ifanitshala. Ukuxhathisa kwayo ukufuma kwayenza yabaluleka ekwakhiweni kweenqanawa nokwakhiwa kukaloliwe.
• Ukutya kwezilwanyana: I-acorn ityisa iihagu, amaxhama, iihagu zasendle, iintaka, neenkomo; I-montanera isaqhutywa phantsi kwamahlathi e-oki e-Peninsula.
• Iimpawu zonyango: Ixolo, amagqabi, i-galls, kunye ne-acorns ine-tannins kunye ne-flavonoids, ene-astringent, anti-inflammatory, kunye ne-antiseptic properties. Ngokwesiko, ziye zasetyenziswa kwi-infusions, iibhafu, kunye nokucinezela ulusu kunye neemeko ze-membrane ye-mucous kunye neengxaki zesisu.

Ukufunda ngakumbi malunga nokunyamekelwa kwezi zakhiwo, unokutyelela kwakhona inqaku lethu konke malunga ne-oki.

Iingxaki eziqhelekileyo kunye nezifo

• Ukungunda: Umngundo otshisa amagqabi amatsha, ulawuleka ngezisombululo zendalo ezifana nesoda yokubhaka okanye ioyile yendalo.
• Izinambuzane ezikruqulayo: IZeuzera kunye nezinye izinambuzane zihlasela amagqabi amatsha; ukuthena amasebe achaphazelekayo kunye nonyango oluthile lunceda ukulawula uhlaselo.
• I-inki ye-Oki: Isifo somngundo esichaphazela iingcambu, sixhaphake kakhulu kwimihlaba emanzi nengakhutshelwanga kakuhle.
• Iron chlorosis: Ukuba tyheli kwamagqabi okubangelwa kukunqongophala kwentsimbi, ngakumbi kwimihlaba ene<em>calcareous; ilungiswa nge-chelates kunye nokuphucula amanzi.
• Umbungu oqhutywayo: Iyingozi kwizilwanyana zasekhaya nakubantu, ukulawula kwayo kubalulekile kwiigadi kunye neepaki.

Ukuthintela ngcono, kuyacetyiswa ukuba udibane neengcebiso zethu konke malunga ne-oki.

Izinto ezinomdla, izinto eziphilayo nendalo kunye nenkcubeko

• Isimboli yesizwe kunye nengcwele: I-oki ngumthi wesizwe kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu kwaye imele amandla, ubomi obude kunye nobulumko. E-Bizkaia, umthi waseGernika ufanekisela inkululeko yaseBasque. Mandulo, imithetho yayifungiswa phantsi kwemithi yom-oki yaye okusesikweni kwakusenziwa.
• I-Mycorrization: Ihlala kwi-symbiosis kunye nomngundo ezingcanjini zayo, nto leyo ephucula ukufunxa izondlo kwaye iyinike ukuxhathisa okukhulu kwimbalela kunye nezinambuzane. Ngolwazi oluthe kratya, ungaphinda uqhagamshelane konke malunga ne-oki.
• Izinto eziphilayo: Amahlathi e-Oak ziindawo ezityebileyo ezixhasa iintaka, izilwanyana ezanyisayo, izinambuzane (ezifana ne-stag beetle), i-lichens kunye ne-mycelia eziyimfuneko kwimpilo yamahlathi.
• Amabinzana adumileyo: Iintetho ezinjengokuthi "omelele njenge-oki" kunye negama layo lesiLatini lizalwa ngamandla ayo. robur ibhekisa kukuqina kunye nokunyamezela.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Indlela yokubuyisela i-alocasia: izisombululo, ukhathalelo kunye nokuthintela ingxaki