Ukukhathalelwa ngokufanelekileyo kwemithi yeziqhamo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba isivuno esisempilweni, esininzi, nesikumgangatho ophezulu. Ukufunxa, kunye nokuthenwa nokuchumisa, yenye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo kulawulo lwemithi yeziqhamo, kuba kuvumela ukuthintela nokulawula ukubonakala kwemithi yeziqhamo. izifo y izitshabalalisi ezinokuchaphazela kakubi isivuno kunye nomgangatho weziqhamo.
Ukubaluleka kokutshisa kwimithi yeziqhamo
Los imithi yeziqhamo Zingahlaselwa zizinambuzane ezininzi ezahlukeneyo (izinambuzane, amangolwane, iinematode) kunye nezifo (umngundo, ibhaktheriya, iintsholongwane) ezibeka esichengeni impilo yazo kunye nemveliso yeziqhamo. IFumigation ijolise ekunciphiseni ubukho bezi ntsholongwane ziyingozi Ngokuthintela okanye ngokunyanga, rhoqo kugxininise ekuzinzeni nasekukhuseleni okusingqongileyo.
Kubalulekile ukukuqonda oko Ukusetyenziswa ngokungakhethiyo kweemveliso ze-phytosanitary kunokuba nemiphumo emibi kokubini emthini nakwi-ecosystem, nakwimpilo yabantu. Ngoko ke, ukutshisa kufuneka kuqhutywe kuphela xa kukho imfuneko, ngokusekelwe ekuchongeni okuchanekileyo kwezinambuzane kunye nezifo, ukubeka iliso ngamaxesha athile kwigadi yeziqhamo, kunye nokusetyenziswa okujoliswe kuyo kolona nyango lufanelekileyo ngokwe physiology kunye nesigaba sophuhliso lomthi weziqhamo.
Kunini kuyimfuneko ukutshiza imithi yeziqhamo?
Ixesha elifanelekileyo lokutshiza liyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lomthi weziqhamo, umjikelo webhayoloji yesitshabalalisi okanye isifo esiza kuliwa, imozulu kunye nokukhula komthi.. Nangona kunjalo, zikho amaxesha abalulekileyo unyaka wonke apho uninzi lwemithi yeziqhamo lusengozini kakhulu kwaye lufuna ukuhoywa ngakumbi:
- Ekupheleni kobusika nasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo: Eli lixesha elibalulekileyo lokusebenzisa unyango lothintelo phambi kokuqhawuka kwamathupha, ngakumbi ngokuchasene nokungunda kunye nezinambuzane ezidlula ebusika kwindawo eleleyo.
- Ukuqala kokuhluma: Inqanaba elithambileyo apho amahlumela amatsha kunye namagqabi amancinci anokuhlaselwa lula zizinambuzane ezikhulayo kunye nezifo zokungunda.
- Ngaphambi kokutyatyamba nasemva kokutyatyamba: Kukho izinambuzane ezithile ezichaphazela iintyatyambo kunye neziqhamo ezisanda kumiswa. Kubalulekile ukuba ukhethe, njengoko uninzi lwe-pollinators lusebenza.
- Ehlotyeni, ngexesha lophuhliso kunye nokuvuthwa kweziqhamo: Izinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo ezifana nefruit fly, aphid, mites, bugs, nezifo zeziqhamo zikhula ngamandla.
- Ukuwa: Kweminye imimandla okanye iintlobo, unyango lusetyenziswa emva kokuvuna ukukhusela umthi ngexesha le-dormancy yasebusika.
El ukubeka iliso rhoqo kunye nokuqwalaselwa kakuhle iimpawu kunye neempawu emagqabini, amasebe, iintyatyambo kunye neziqhamo kubalulekile ukuba misela owona mzuzu wokungenelela.
Ikhalenda ngokubanzi yezinambuzane kunye nezifo kwimithi yeziqhamo
Isiqhamo ngasinye sineshedyuli ethile yokuhlaselwa kwezinambuzane kunye nezifo, kodwa ngokubanzi, amaxesha alandelayo omngcipheko omkhulu angaqwalaselwa:
- Ubusika: Izilonda zokungunda ezifihlakeleyo, iibhaktheriya, kunye ne-cankers zivela kumasebe kunye neziqu. Eli lixesha elifanelekileyo lokunyanga nge-fungicides okanye i-oyile yamaminerali.
- Ukuhluma (ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo): Iifungus ziyanda njenge monilia, isifotho, Amabala kunye nokusebenzisa izinambuzane zasebusika ezifana neentwala kunye ne-mealybugs.
- Iintyatyambo: Ngokubanzi Akukhuthazwa ukunyanga ngeemveliso ze-phytosanitary ngexesha leentyantyambo ngenxa yomngcipheko kwi-pollinators, ngaphandle konyango olucacileyo nolukhuselekileyo.
- Ukumiselwa kweziqhamo kunye nophuhliso (ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo nasehlotyeni): Kudla ngokuqhambuka Intwala, iziqhamo zimpukane, amanundu, Isigcawu esibomvu, izifo ezifana amabala o ukungunda okungumgubo.
- Kusondele ukuvunwa: Izinambuzane ngqo kwisiqhamo, njenge bhabha kwimithi yesitrasi okanye yomnquma, iintshulube kwii-apile, monilia Kwiziqhamo zamatye, zifuna ukungenelela ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuhlonipha ixesha lokurhoxisa.
Amaxesha acetyiswayo okutshisa ngokweentlobo zeziqhamo
Kulawulo olusebenzayo lomthi ngamnye, oku kulandelayo kucacisiwe: uninzi lwezindululo ezisexesheni nezibanzi ngawona maxesha alungileyo okutshiza ezona ndidi ziphambili zemithi yeziqhamo:
- Imithi yomnquma: Uvakalelo oluphezulu kwi impukane yomnqumaUkutshiza ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo okanye ekuqaleni kwehlobo, ngokuhambelana nokubonakala kweempukane zokuqala. Ukubeka iliso ngemigibe kunceda ukufumanisa elona xesha lifanelekileyo. Funda ngakumbi malunga nokhathalelo lokuwa.
- I-Citrus (i-orenji, i-lemon, imithi ye-mandarin): Uhlaselwe ngu Impukane emhlophe, Intwala, I-louse ebomvu yaseCalifornia, IzilwanyanaQala ngokutshiza ekuqaleni kwentlakohlaza phambi kokuba udubule. Isitshizi sesibini singasetyenziswa ehlotyeni ukuba izinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo ziyaqhubeka. Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi, bona yiba nemithi yeziqhamo ezimbizeni.
- Imithi yamakhiwane: Inovakalelo kwi bhabha umkhiwaneFaka ifumigation ekuqaleni kwehlobo, phambi kokuba ikhiwane livuthwe, ingakumbi kwindawo ezifumileyo okanye ezishushu.
- Imithi yeamangile: Zifuna izigaba ezibini. Eyokuqala isekupheleni kobusika, ngaphambi kokuhluma (unyango lokuthintela umngundo kunye nebhore). Okwesibini kusekuqaleni kwehlobo ukukhusela isiqhamo kwizifo ezinxulumene nobushushu kunye nezinambuzane.
- Iiavokhado: Kubalulekile ukufaka isicelo phambi kokudubula kweentyatyambo (ebusika/entwasahlobo) ukuthintela izifo zokungunda kunye nezinambuzane ezitshabalalisa iintyatyambo neziqhamo. Isicelo sesibini ekuqaleni kwehlobo ukuba iithrips okanye ezinye izinambuzane zivela.
- Imithi yebhanana: Fumigate nangaliphi na ixesha ukuba izinambuzane zifunyenwe ezifana weevil okanye izifo ezifana sigatoka emnyamaNika ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ekuqaleni kwexesha lemvula. Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi, tyelela ngakumbi malunga nolawulo lwezinambuzane.
- Imidiliya: Okokuqala kutshiza emva kokuthena, okwesibini phambi kokudubula (ukulawula amanundu kunye nokungunda), kwaye okwesithathu emva kokuvuna ukuthintela izifo zokugcina.
- Imithi yama-apile: Tshiza phambi kokuntshula (ekupheleni kobusika) ngokuchaseneyo intwala yoboya nombungu. Qhubeka nonyango entwasahlobo nasekuqaleni kwehlobo ngokusekelwe esweni.
- Imithi yetsheri: Uvakalelo oluphezulu kwi cherry fly kunye nomngundo. Qala ngokutshiza phambi kokuntshula kweentyatyambo (entwasahlobo) ze okwesibini ekupheleni kwentlakohlaza/ekuqaleni kwehlobo ukukhusela isiqhamo esikhulayo.
- Imithi yamapere, iplam kunye nepesika: Unyango ekuqaleni kokuhluma kunye nangexesha lokutyebisa iziqhamo, ukunikela ingqalelo kwiintwala, i-anthracnose, amanundu kunye neempukane zeziqhamo.
Zeziphi iintlobo zezinambuzane nezifo ezichaphazela imithi yeziqhamo?
Ulwazi lwezinto eziphambili ezinobungozi kunye nomjikelo wabo wobomi kunceda ukuqikelela ixesha elifanelekileyo lokulawula.
- Izinambuzane: iintwala, i-mealybugs, iifruit fly, amathrips, ama-mites, amanundu, iintshulube, abasebenzi basezimayini, amagqabi.
- Amakhowa: ukungunda, ukungunda, ukubola, ukubola, ukubola, i-monilia, i-botrytis, i-cankers, ukuhlolwa.
- Intsholongwane: umlilo ovuthayo, amathumba, iintsholongwane zebhaktheriya.
- Intsholongwane: Ukuhanjiswa ngamayeza ezinambuzane, avelisa i-mosaics, ukukhubazeka kunye neempawu zobuthathaka.
Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ziquka iziphene, amabala amagqabi okanye kwiziqhamo, ubukho ii-exudates, ukuwa kwamagqabi kwangaphambi kwexesha, iziqhamo nge iintshulube, ukuhla ngokubanzi kunye ukunciphisa imveliso.
Imigaqo yolawulo oluzinzileyo nolusebenzayo lokutshisa
Okwangoku, ulimo oluzinzileyo kunye nentlonipho yokusingqongileyo Bafuna ukuba ufumizo lwenziwe kusetyenziswa ulawulo lwezinambuzane ezidibeneyo (IPM). Oku kuthetha:
- Ukubeka iliso ngamaxesha athile yobukho kunye nenqanaba lezinambuzane ezinemigibe kunye nokuqwalaselwa ngokuthe ngqo.
- Ukuchongwa okuchanekileyo ye-arhente ye-causal kunye nokuzimisela komda womonakalo wezoqoqosho.
- Ukukhethwa kweemveliso ze-phytosanitary impembelelo ethile nephantsi yokusingqongileyo.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwebhayoloji kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo, njengezicatshulwa zezityalo, iisepha, ioli efunekayo, i-microorganisms enenzuzo.
- Ukuhlaziya izicelo, ukuphepha ukutshisa okucwangcisiweyo kunye nokubeka phambili unyango oluthile ngokwemfuno yokwenene.
- Kuphephe ukungcoliseka kwe-pollinator, imizimba yamanzi kunye nezilwanyana ezincedisayo eziluncedo.
La ukujikeleziswa kwemveliso Ikhusela ukukhula kokumelana kunye nokugcina impilo yomhlaba kunye nemithi inceda ukunciphisa imfuno yonyango.
Ungaqaphela njani ukuba umthi weziqhamo ufuna ukutshizwa?
Indawo yokuqala yokufunxa okusebenzayo yi ukujonga rhoqo imeko jikelele yomthi weziqhamo. Kuyacetyiswa:
- Jonga umzantsi wamagqabi, amasebe amancinci, iintyatyambo kunye neziqhamo ubukho bezinambuzane, imibungu, amaqanda okanye iimpawu zesifo.
- Sebenzisa imigibe yokubamba ubunzima (ipheromones, incamathelisa) ukujonga izinambuzane ezibhabhayo.
- Jonga iingcebiso zesikhululo sezolimo sasekhaya malunga neziganeko zezinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo.
- Yenza uhlalutyo lwaselabhorethri lwamagqabi, incindi okanye iziqhamo xa kukho iimpawu ezingaqhelekanga.
Ulawulo oludibeneyo lucebisa unyango kuphela xa i inqanaba longenelelo, oko kukuthi, xa ubukho bezinambuzane okanye isifo bubeka ingozi yangempela kwisivuno okanye impilo yomthi kunye nokungenelela kuyimfuneko ngokwenene.
Izixhobo kunye nobuchule bokutshiza imithi yeziqhamo
Ukusebenza kunye nokhuseleko lonyango kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwi Ukukhethwa kwezixhobo zokutshisa kunye nokulungiswa kwemveliso ngokufanelekileyoPhakathi kwezixhobo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zezi:
- Oobhaka abatshiselwa ngezandla: Icetyiswa kwiigadi, amabhoma amancinci okanye unyango lwendawo.
- Izitshizi zikabhaka ezinemoto: Zikuvumela ukuba ugubungele indawo eninzi kwaye ungene ngcono kwi-canopy yomthi.
- Izitshizi zetrektara: Kwimiyezo emikhulu kunye neefama, kunye neenkqubo ezijoliswe kuyo kunye nokuhambelana kwesicelo.
Izindululo eziphambili:
- Lungiselela izixhobo phambi kokusetyenziswa ngakunye kwaye uqinisekise ukuba itshiza ngokucokisekileyo nangokulinganayo.
- Lungisa umxube ngokulandela imiyalelo yomenzi. (idosi, ukuphazamiseka, ukuhambelana).
- Faka isicelo kwi iintsuku ezingenamoya kwaye kungekho mngcipheko wemvula, ngokukhethekileyo kwakusasa okanye ngorhatya.
- Soloko usebenzisa izixhobo zokuzikhusela: iiglavu, imaski, iiglasi kunye nempahla efanelekileyo.
Iingcebiso ezithe ngqo zokufunxa ngokomjikelo womthi
- Ngexesha lokulala/ebusika: Faka i-oyile yeminerali kunye ne-fungicides yokuthintela ukuphelisa amaqanda e-overwintering kunye ne-spores eleleyo.
- Ukuhluma kunye nokudubula kwangaphambili: Nyanga ngezitshabalalisi ezivunyiweyo ukuba zibhaqiwe intwala, mealybugs, thrips, okanye izifo ezikhulayo.
- Iintyatyambo: Kuphephe ukusebenzisa iimveliso ukukhusela iinyosi kunye ne-pollinators kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
- Imveliso: Beka phambili iimveliso ezithile ezinempembelelo ephantsi kunye nokuhlonipha ixesha lokulinda.
- Emva kokuvuna: Nyanga ukuba kuyimfuneko ukunciphisa izifo ezinokuchaphazela iinkuni okanye ulungiselele umthi ebusika.
Iimveliso ezicetyiswayo kunye nokukhethwa kwe-eco-friendly for fumigation
Kukho uluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso ze-phytosanitary kunye ne-organic kwimarike:
- imichiza yokungunda: ngokusekelwe kubhedu (i-sulfate yethusi), isulfure, izicatshulwa zendalo.
- Amayeza okubulala izinambuzane: iisepha ze-potassium, i-oyile yamaminerali, i-pyrethrins, i-neem, i-bacillus thuringiensis.
- Ukhetho lwendalo kunye nebhayoloji: ukusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana ezidliwayo zendalo, iipheromones zokudideka ngokwesondo, imigibe yezinto eziphilayo, izicatshulwa zezityalo.
La ukutshintshwa kweemveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kweendlela zokuncedisana kunceda ukugcina ibhalansi ye-ecosystem kunye nokuthintela ukuvela kokuchasana.
Amanyathelo okhuseleko ngexesha lokutshisa
Intlonipho yokhuseleko lomfaki-sicelo, okusingqongileyo kunye nabathengi yinto ephambili.Imiqathango ekufuneka ithathwe ibandakanya:
- Funda iilebhile zemveliso ngononophelo kwaye uhloniphe iidosi ezigunyazisiweyo kunye nokusetyenziswa.
- Musa ukutshaya, ukutya okanye ukusela ngexesha lokulungiselela kunye nesicelo. yeemveliso ze-phytosanitary.
- Hlamba izixhobo kunye nezandla ngokucokisekileyo emva konyango.
- Lihloniphe ixesha lokulinda (ubuncinci bexesha phakathi kwesicelo kunye nokuvuna) ukuphepha iintsalela kwiziqhamo.
- Gcina iimveliso kwiindawo ezikhuselekileyo, ngaphandle kwabantwana nezilwanyana.
- Kuphephe ukutshiza ngeentsuku ezinomoya ukuthintela ukukhukuliseka kwemveliso ngaphandle kwendawo ekujoliswe kuyo.
Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo malunga nokutshiza imithi yeziqhamo
- Ngaba ukutshiza kunokwenziwa naluphi na usuku lonyaka? Hayi, i Ukusebenza okuphezulu kufezekiswa ngokunyanga ngamaxesha obuthathaka obukhulu bezinambuzane okanye isifo, kunye nokuphepha amaxesha emvula, umoya okanye amaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo.
- Ngaba unokutshaya umthi xa uneziqhamo? Kuphela ukuba imveliso igunyaziswe ngelo xesha kwaye ixesha lokurhoxiswa libonwa, njengoko kunokubakho iintsalela ezinobungozi ekutyeni.
- Yintoni enokuyenza ukuba izinambuzane ziqhubeka emva konyango? Kubalulekile ukujikelezisa iimveliso, ukuqinisekisa iidosi, ukubeka iliso kwimozulu, kunye nokudibana nengcali yezolimo. Kusenokuba yimfuneko ukomeleza ulawulo oludibeneyo, kuquka ukuthenwa, imigibe, kunye neemveliso zebhayoloji.
- Ngaba ukufutha kuchaphazela iinyosi? Ewe, yiyo loo nto kungafuneki ukuba yenziwe ngexesha leentyantyambo okanye sebenzisa iimveliso ezikhethiweyo kunye ne-pollination-ehambelanayo.
Izenzo ezongezelelweyo kunyango lwe-phytosanitary
Ukunciphisa imfuno yokufunxa kuyacetyiswa ukuba kuthathwe izenzo ze-agronomic eziphucula ukuxhathisa kwendalo komthi. Ukongeza, echanekileyo ukuthena kunye nokukhathalela ngexesha lokutyatyamba inceda ukubomeleza kwaye ithintele ukuhlaselwa.
- Ukuthena ngococeko: Ukususa amasebe anesifo, anqamlezileyo, okanye angenamsebenzi, ukufaka umoya kwi-canopy kunye nokuququzelela ukungena kweemveliso.
- Ukususwa kobutyobo bezityalo kunye neziqhamo eziwileyo oko kunokuba ngumthombo wosulelo.
- Ukuchumisa okulinganayo ukomeleza amajoni omzimba omthi weziqhamo.
- Ukunkcenkceshela okulawulwayo ukuphepha ukufuma okugqithisileyo okukhuthaza izifo zengcambu kunye nentamo.
- Ukusetyenziswa kweentlobo ezixhathisayo xa kunokwenzeka.
Ulawulo oludibeneyo lwezinambuzane kunye nendlela yendalo
Ngoku kunikwe ingqwalaselo ephambili Ulawulo oluDibeneyo lweZitshabalalisi (IPM) kunye nolimo lwendalo, olucebisa amacebo afana nala:
- Ukukhululwa kweentshaba zendalo (i-ladybugs, i-lacewings, i-parasitic wasps).
- Imigibe yokubamba ngobuninzi ukunciphisa abemi bezinambuzane eziyingozi.
- Ulawulo lwebhayoloji nge-entomopathogenic nematodes okanye i-bacilli.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwezityalo kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ukukhuthaza izilwanyana ezincedisayo.
Ukwandisa ulwazi lwakho, qhagamshelana iingcebiso ngokutshiza izinambuzane.
