Inkcazo kunye nemvelaphi yeNardo (Iipolisi zetyhefu)
El nardo (Iipolisi zetyhefu), eyaziwa ngokuba Intonga kaSaint Joseph o amole, isityalo esingapheliyo se-bulbous sentsapho agavaceae (kwezinye iindidi, amaryllidaceae). Imvelaphi yaseMexico nakuMbindi Merika, yoyisile iigadi kwihlabathi liphela ngenxa yayo iintyatyambo ezimhlophe okanye ezipinki ezinevumba elimnandi kunye nokuguquguquka kwayo kwiimozulu ezahlukeneyo ezifudumeleyo. Ukungeniswa kwe-tuberose eYurophu, ukuqaliswa kwayo kwimarike yeentyatyambo ezisikiweyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwi-perfumery kuye kwenza olu hlobo lube yenye yezona bulbs zexabiso.
Kumazwe ayo okuzalwa, i-tuberose ikhula endle kumadlelo anelanga. Ilungiselelwe indalo kwiMeditera kunye nakwimimandla ephantsi kweTropiki, ukulinywa kwayo kuxhaphakile ekhaya nakwimizi-mveliso, ngakumbi kwiintyatyambo ezisikiweyo kunye nokutsalwa kwezinto eziphambili.
I-Morphology: Iimpawu zeBotanical zeTuberose
ITuberose yi Isityalo esingapheliyo enokufikelela kubude obungaphezulu kwemitha enye. Ukusuka kwayo ibhalbhu engaphantsi komhlaba, umbala omdaka-mdaka kwaye ugqunywe ngamaxolo enyama, iingcambu ezimfutshane, ezingqukuva zivela. Ukusuka kwindawo esembindini yebhalbhu iyahluma isiqu sentyatyambo, ime nkqo, igudileyo, iluhlaza eqaqambileyo, ibambe i-inflorescence emile okwespike.
Las amagqabi Zi-sessile, zi-linear kunye ne-grooved, ziluhlaza oqaqambileyo, kwaye zilinganisa phakathi kwe-30 kunye ne-60 cm ubude. Amagqabi akufuphi nesiseko anokuba nobomvu obomvu, ngakumbi xa eselula.
La ukungafumaneki, ephakathi kwe-30 kunye ne-60 cm, yenziwe Iintyatyambo ezisi-8 ukuya kwezingama-20 zicwangciswe ngazibini. I flores Ziyi-hermaphroditic, i-waxy, zinevumba elimnandi, kwaye zine-perigonium emile okwefuneli eyenziwe ngeetepal ezintandathu. Umbala ogqwesileyo umhlophe, kunye neentlobo ezipinki. Iintyatyambo zidubula ngokuqhubekayo ukusuka kwisiseko ukuya kwincam ye-spike, eyandisa ubomi bomhombiso wesiqu ngasinye.
Iimfuno zokusingqongileyo nezomhlaba
- Ubushushu: I-Tuberose ikhula kakhulu kumaqondo obushushu emini phakathi kwe 20 kunye ne 30 °C kwaye ebusuku phakathi kwe 15 kunye ne 20 °C. Inochuku kwingqele, kunye namaqondo obushushu ngaphantsi kwe-8 °C kunciphisa ukukhula kwabo.
- Ukukhanya: Iyafuneka ukuvela elangeni ngqo, ubuncinane iiyure ezintandathu ngosuku. Ukukhula kunye nokudumba kwazo kunokuthintelwa kukungabikho kokukhanya.
- Ukufuma: Ikhetha amaxabiso e ukufuma okunxulumeneyo phakathi kwe-60 kunye ne-70%Ukufuma okuphezulu kunokukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kwezifo zefungal.
- Umhlaba: Isidingo umhlaba onzulu, onemingxuma, otyebileyo kwizinto eziphilayo ezibolile kakuhle kunye nokuphuma kwamanzi okugqwesileyoKubalulekile ukuphepha ukugcwala kwamanzi. I-pH efanelekileyo iphakathi kwe-6,5-7, kwaye ayibunyamezeli ubutyuwa.
Ukuhlwayela kunye nokusasaza i-tuberose
I-tuberose yiyo isasaza ubukhulu becala ngokuhlukana kweebhalbhu okanye iibhubhuUkutyala kufuneka kwenziwe xa umngcipheko omkhulu weqabaka udlulile kwaye umhlaba ushushu kwaye unomoya. Inkqubo jikelele yile:
- Ukukhetha kunye nokulungiselela iibhalbhu: Khetha iiglowubhu eziqinileyo, ezingenasiphako kunye neempawu zokungunda. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba zibulawe iintsholongwane kwangaphambili kusetyenziswa izisombululo ezivunyiweyo ze-fungicidal.
- Ukukhetha indawo kunye nokulungisa umhlaba: Beka iibhalbhu kwiindawo ezinelanga ezikhuselweyo kwimimoya enamandla. Sebenza umhlaba ubunzulu be 30-35 cm kwaye wongeze izinto eziphilayo ezivuthwe kakuhle.
- Ukutyala: Yenza imingxuma 5 ukuya kwi-10 cm ubunzulu kwaye ushiye umgama we-15-20 cm phakathi kwee-bulbs. Ukutyalwa kwentengiso, umgama ungalungiswa ngokobungakanani obufunwayo kunye noxinaniso.
- Ukugquma kunye nokunkcenkceshela kokuqala: Iibhulabhu ezityaliweyo kufuneka zihlanganiswe ngokuqinileyo kunye ne-substrate kwaye zinkcenkceshelwe ngokucokisekileyo ukuhlalisa umhlaba, ukuphepha ukukhutshwa kwamanzi.
Ukhathalelo olubalulekileyo lwe-tuberose kuwo wonke umjikelo wezolimo
- Unkcenkceshelo: Imodareyitha iyonke. Ukwandisa i-frequency ngexesha lokubuyisela. ukukhula okusebenzayo kunye neentyatyambo (izihlandlo ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu ngeveki kwiindawo ezifudumeleyo), ukunciphisa izinga lokunkcenkceshela ngexesha lokulala. Kwiindawo ezishushu kakhulu nezomileyo, ukunkcenkceshela imihla ngemihla kunokufuneka, kodwa soloko ugwema ukunkcenkceshela.
- Ukuchumisa: Isichumiso sokuqala esityebileyo kwiindawo ezilinganayo zenitrogen, phosphorus, kunye ne potassium kuyacetyiswa. Phakathi kwixesha lokukhula, isichumiso esongezelelweyo esine potassium eninzi siya kukhuthaza zombini iintyatyambo kunye nokukhula kwebhalbhu.
- Ukuprintwa: Sika izikhonkwane zeentyatyambo emva koko Izibini ezi-2-4 zeentyatyambo ezivulekileyo Ukuba isetyenziswe njengentyatyambo esikiweyo, ukugcina amagqabi kunye nebhalbhu yonke kwisityalo ukuqinisekisa uphuhliso lwaso lwexesha elizayo.
- Ukucoca: Gcina loo ndawo ingenakhula, njengoko ikhuphisana ngezondlo kwaye inokuba yindawo yokufihla izinambuzane.
Iintyatyambo kunye nokuvuna
El ixesha leentyatyambo ze-tuberose Ngokuqhelekileyo iqala ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, iqhubela phambili ukuya ekuqaleni kokwindla, kuxhomekeke kumhla wokutyala kunye neemeko zemozulu. I-inflorescences ingahlala ngaphezulu Iintsuku ze40 ikwimeko egqibeleleyo, ngakumbi ukuba isikwe ngeeyure zasekuseni xa amaqondo obushushu epholile.
Kubathengi beentyatyambo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba bavune izikhonkwane zeentyatyambo emva kokuba iintyatyambo ezimbini okanye ezintathu zokuqala zivuliwe. Izikhonkwane ezisikiweyo zinokugcinwa zintsha ngokuzibeka emanzini acocekileyo, zihlaziywe rhoqo emva kweentsuku ezimbini, kunye nokongeza i-aspirin okanye isilondolozi seentyatyambo ukonyusa ubomi babo beshelufu.
Iindidi kunye nokusetyenziswa kokuhlobisa
- I-tuberoses emhlophe: Eyona nto iphambili kwiintyatyambo zemitshato okanye imikhosi, isimboli sobunyulu nobumsulwa.
- I-tuberoses epinki: Imbonakalo yothando, isetyenziswa kakhulu ngezihlandlo ezikhethekileyo kunye nezikhumbuzo.
- I-tuberoses eluhlaza: Ukungaxhaphakanga kwaye kuveliswe kwizityalo ezikhethekileyo, zifanelekile kwiziganeko zangokuhlwa kunye nemihlobiso yanamhlanje.
I-Tuberose yenye yezona ntyatyambo zixabisiweyo zisikiwe, zombini kubomi bayo bevazi kunye nobunzulu bevumba layo. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kushishino lweziqholo kuyintsomi, kwaye iye yaphefumlela iziqholo ezidumileyo kwihlabathi liphela.
Izinambuzane zeTuberose: Ukuchongwa kunye noLawulo
iintwala (I-Aphididae)
Los ntwala Bangakwazi ukuhlasela amahlumela amathenda, amaqabunga, kunye ne-inflorescences, ebangela ukugoqa, ukuguqulwa, kunye nokunciphisa isityalo. Basenokusasaza iintsholongwane.
Uthintelo nolawulo: Sebenzisa imanetha egxotha intwala, susa ukhula kunye nezityalo ezichaphazelekayo. Ulawulo lwebhayoloji kunye namarhamncwa endalo (anje ngeladybugs) ICoccinella septempunctata okanye lacewings iKhrysopa) iyasebenza kakhulu. Ukuba uhlaselo lumandundu, sebenzisa unyango oluthile, oluvunyiweyo.
Iihambo (UFrankliniella occidentalis)
Babangela amabala esilivere kunye namachaphaza amnyama kwiziqu kunye ne-inflorescences, ukongeza kwi-deforming tissues zentyatyambo.
Uthintelo nolawulo: Seta imigibe encangathi eblue, sebenzisa iminatha yethrips, kwaye ushenxise ukhula. Kwiindawo zokugcina izityalo, ukukhulula ama-mites kuluncedo. Amblyseius swirskii u oriusKwiimeko ezinzima, sebenzisa iimveliso ezivunyiweyo.
Ibhabhathane elimhlophe (I-Trialeurode vaporariorum, bemisia tabaci)
Zibekwe ngaphantsi kwamagqabi, zibangela amabala atyheli kunye nokubuna.
Uthintelo nolawulo: Imigibe yechromotropic etyheli, ukususwa ngesandla kwizigaba zokuqala, kunye nolawulo lwebhayoloji nge Encarsia formosa o Eretmocerus mundus.
Isigcawu esibomvu (UTetranychus urticae)
Ivelisa amachokoza asilivere okanye amdaka kunye nokuwa kwamagqabi ngaphambi kwexesha. Iqhelekile kwiindawo ezomileyo kakhulu nezishushu.
Uthintelo nolawulo: Gcina ukufuma okuphezulu kwaye uphephe ubushushu obugqithisileyo. Ukuba uhlaselo lwenzekile, bhenela ekukhululeni amangolwane afana nala I-Phytoseiulus persimilis okanye, ekuhlaselweni kakhulu, kunyango lwemichiza olulawulwayo.
Ezinye iintshaba eziqhelekileyo
- Iintshulube ezimhlophe: Badla iingcambu kunye neebhalbhu ezincinci, zenza buthathaka isityalo.
- Iinkomo zenkomo: Imibungu yayo itya kwiingcambu.
- Iinkumba kunye ne-slugs: Ziyingozi kakhulu ngamaxesha okufuma nasekuqaleni kokukhula kwamagqabi, njengoko zinokutya amagqabi athambileyo.
Izifo eziqhelekileyo kwi-spikenard kunye nolawulo lwabo
Ingcambu kunye nokubola kwekhola (Phytophthora parasitica)
Lo mngundo ukhula kakuhle kumhlaba ongenamanzi okanye ofume kakhulu. Ibangela i-necrosis yeengcambu kunye nesithsaba, ukubuna, ukutyheli, kunye nokuwa kwamagqabi.
Uthintelo: Sebenzisa umhlaba ongenamanzi, bulala iiglowubhu ngaphambi kokutyala, kwaye uphephe ukunkcenkceshela ngokugqithisileyo. Ukuba uhlaselo lukhona, susa izityalo ezichaphazelekayo kwaye ugalele imichiza yokungunda evunyiweyo kwindawo yentamo.
Amabala amagqabi (Ramularia primulae, IPhyllosticta primulicola, Gloeosporium sp., Colletotrichum sp.)
Bavelisa amabala ee-shades ezahlukeneyo-etyheli, obomvu, omdaka-kwaye kunokukhokelela kwi-necrosis.
Uthintelo: Soloko usebenzisa iiglowubhu ezisempilweni, izixhobo ezicocekileyo, susa kwaye utshabalalise izicubu ezosulelekileyo, kwaye wenze unyango lothintelo ngemichiza yokungunda evunyiweyo ukuba imozulu ifumile kwaye ishushu.
Botritis (IBotrytis cinerea)
Ixhaphake kakhulu kwiindawo ezivaliweyo okanye ezifumileyo kakhulu, ivelisa amabala angqukuva, akhangeleka njengamanzi kwiibhalbhu, amagqabi, kunye neentyatyambo.
Uthintelo: Ukunciphisa ukuxinana kokutyala ukukhuthaza ukungena komoya, ukunciphisa ukunkcenkceshela rhoqo, kunye nokuphelisa izicubu ezigulayo.
Ukuvuna nasemva kokuvuna
Esona sivuno silungileyo seentyantyambo ezisikiweyo kuxa iperi ezimbini zeentyatyambo zivuliwe. Ukusikwa kufuneka kwenziwe kusasa, kushiye amagqabi kunye nenxalenye yesiqu kwisityalo ukuqhubeka nomjikelo wokukhula kwebhalbhu.
Iziqu zidla ngokudityaniswa zibe zizibhanti ezifanayo kwaye zinokugcinwa ukuya kutsho kwiveki kumagumbi afakwe efrijini. I-Tuberose inomdla kwi-ethylene; ngoko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwe-absorbents kuyacetyiswa ukuba iintlobo ezininzi zigcinwe kwindawo enye.
Iingcebiso ezongezelelweyo zokulima ngempumelelo i-tuberose
- Hlaziya iibhalbhu izityalo eziphambili ngonyaka ngamnye, ekubeni ii-bulbs ezindala zilahlekelwa ngamandla, ngelixa ezintsha ziza kuqinisekisa iintyatyambo ezininzi.
- Kuphephe ukutyala ngokuphindaphindiweyo kumhlaba omnye ngaphandle kokujikeleziswa kwezityalo, ukuthintela ukuqokelelana kwe-pathogen kunye nokudinwa komhlaba.
- Sebenzisa abahlohli Ukuba ukhula i-tuberose kwiindawo ezinomoya, khusela i-inflorescences ekuqhekekeni.
- Nika ingqalelo kwi-drainage ukuba ikhula kwiimbiza: Qinisekisa ukuba banemingxuma emikhulu kwaye usebenzise imixube yokukhanya kunye neperlite ukuphucula umoya.
- Susa ngesandla okanye ngemiqobo ebonakalayo iinkumba kunye ne-slugs ngakumbi emva kwemvula.
ukulima kwe ii-tuberoses Izalisa iigadi kunye neendawo zangaphakathi ngevumba elimnandi kunye nobuhle. Ngombulelo kubunzima bayo, i-tuberose ifuna ukhathalelo olufikelelekayo nakubalimi abasaqalayo, ukuba nje ingqalelo ihlawulwe kumlambo kunye nolawulo lwezinambuzane ngexesha leentyantyambo. Ubungangamsha bezikhondo zaso, ukuzinza kwevumba laso, kunye nokukhula ngokulula kwayo kwenza ibe lolona khetho lubalaseleyo kwabo bafuna iintyatyambo ezinde nezinomtsalane unyaka nonyaka.
