Embindini wommandla weMeditera kukho owona mqondiso ubalulekileyo kunye nohlala ixesha elide: umthi womnquma (I-Olea europaea). Olu hlobo luhlala luluhlaza, olukwaziyo ukuphila kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela, aluxatyiswanga nje ngenxa yesiqhamo olusivelisayo—umnquma—kodwa kwanangenxa yembonakalo yaso echulumancisayo kodwa emfutshane yokudumba kwayo nyaka ngamnye. Intyatyambo yomthi womnquma ngumzuzu obalulekileyo kubo bobabini abalimi kunye nabo bonke abathandi benkcubeko yaseMedithera kunye ne-gastronomy, njengesivuno sexesha elizayo, kwaye ngoko ke ukuveliswa kweoli yeoli exabisekileyo, kuxhomekeke kumgangatho weentyatyambo zayo.
Yintoni igama lentyatyambo yomnquma?
Intyatyambo yomnquma iyaziwa ngamagama ahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kummandla. Ezona zixhaphakileyo zi irapa y itrama, nangona kukho abo bayibizayo ikhavakhaka o EskimoObu butyebi bamagama bubonisa ukubaluleka komnquma kwinkcubeko yeMeditera, kunye nokungafani kwezithethe kunye neelwimi ezikhoyo kumazwe apho lo mthi wakudala ulinywa khona.
Igama itrama Ngamanye amaxesha isetyenziselwa ukubonisa ihlumela phambi kokuba intyatyambo ivuleke, ngelixa kwezinye iindawo zonke ezi magama zingentla zisetyenziswa ngokutshintshanayo. Ngokwenzululwazi, intyatyambo ihambelana ne-genus kunye neentlobo I-Olea europaea, eqinisekisa ulwimi lwehlabathi jikelele kwiibhotani kunye neengcali, nangona kubomi bemihla ngemihla amagama athandwayo ahlala ekhethwa.
Ukongeza kula magama, kwimbali nakwintsomi umthi womnquma kunye neentyatyambo zawo ziye zafumana amagama anomfuziselo, anjenge "Jewel yeMeditera" okanye "Iinyembezi zikaDionysus," ezinxulumene neentsomi zokuzala noxolo. Ayingomnye umthi: ubukho bawo kunye neentyatyambo zawo zithetha kakhulu ngabo bahlala phantsi komthunzi wawo.
Iimpawu zentyatyambo yomnquma
Las iintyatyambo zomnquma Babonisa uluhlu lweempawu zebhotani ezithi, nangona zilumkile ekuqaleni, zinomdla ekusebenzeni kwazo kunye nobuhle. Badityanisiwe Iibhendi ebizwa ngokuba zii-inflorescences, ezinokuqulatha phakathi I-10 ne-50 yeentyatyambo. Intyatyambo nganye injalo encinci (ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphantsi kweemilimitha ezi-5), ezimhlophe okanye ezimhlophe ngombala, kunye ne-calyx encinci, iipetali ezine ezicwangciswe ngendlela yomnqamlezo kunye neziko elityheli-orenji, apho i-pollen ikhoyo.
Umahluko phakathi kweentyantyambo ezimhlophe kunye nohlaza-siliva kumagqabi omnquma wenza ingubo elula phezu kophahla lomthi ngexesha lokudubula kweentyatyambo. Nangona ixesha lokudumba kweentyatyambo lixatyiswa kakhulu ngabo baqhelene nomthi womnquma, lidla ngokungaphawulwa ngabaninzi, njengoko umungu onqunyanyiswayo ubonakala ngakumbi kuneentyatyambo ezincinane. Nangona kunjalo, kwizinambuzane kunye ne-ecosystem ngokwayo, eli nqanaba libalulekile.
Ivumba leentyantyambo zomnquma li ilula, iswiti kwaye igudileyoNgokungafaniyo nevumba lomnquma, ivumba lentyatyambo alidli ngokulibona limgama, nangona ngobusuku obuzolileyo lisenokubonakala ngakumbi kwindawo engqonge ihlathi lomnquma.
- Ulwakhiwo: Iqela leentyatyambo ezili-10 ukuya kwezingama-50.
- umbala: Amagqabi amhlophe, iziko elityheli-orenji.
- Ubungakanani: Intyatyambo nganye inomlinganiselo ongaphantsi kwe-0,5 cm.
- Ivumba: Igudile, iswiti kancinci kwaye ayimuncu kwaphela.
- Isikhathi: Intyatyambo nganye ihlala emthini kangangeveki. Inqanaba elipheleleyo leentyatyambo lithatha iiveki ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-4 zizonke.
Iintlobo zeentyatyambo zomnquma
Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zeentyatyambo kumthi womnquma:
- IHermaphrodites okanye igqibelele: Ziqulethe zombini izitho zokuzala (stamens kunye nepistil). Ngabo abanokufakwa isichumiso kwaye, ngoko, baya kuvelisa isiqhamo, umnquma.
- Indoda okanye isigxina: Bane-stamens kuphela. Azikwazi ukuvelisa iziqhamo, kodwa zinoxanduva lokukhupha umungu omninzi kwindalo esingqongileyo.
- Abasetyhini: Zinqabile, kodwa zinokufumaneka. Umsebenzi wabo kukufumana umungu ukwenza isiqhamo.
Umlinganiselo we-hermaphrodite kunye neentyantyambo zamadoda zinokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiintlobo zomnquma kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo, zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo inani leziqhamo ezifunyenwe ngonyaka.
Umnquma udubula nini kwaye uhlala ixesha elingakanani?
Umthi womnquma uqala ukudubula kwawo primavera, ngokuqhelekileyo phakathi ekupheleni kuka-Epreli nasekuqaleni kukaJuni, ngokuxhomekeke kummandla, iintlobo ngeentlobo, kunye neemeko zemozulu nyaka ngamnye. Iintyatyambo ngokuqhelekileyo ziqala xa ubushushu obuphakathi bungaphezu kwe-18°C. Kwiindawo ezinobusika obupholileyo, iintyatyambo zisenokuqalisa kwangethuba, ngoxa kwiindawo ezibandayo zisenokulibaziseka ngeentsuku okanye iiveki ezimbalwa.
Intyatyambo ihlala, iyonke, ukusuka iiveki ezintathu ukuya kwezine, nangona intyatyambo nganye ihlala ivulekile kangangeveki kuphela. Eli lixesha elibalulekileyo, njengoko ubuninzi beminquma eza kuveliswa emva koko buxhomekeke kwimpumelelo yayo.
Umdla obalulekileyo kukuba, nangona zininzi iintyatyambo ezikhoyo kumnquma, Kuphela i-2-3% yazo iya kuba sisiqhamoIntsalela ayiyi kuchunyiswa okanye iya kulahlwa ngumthi ngokwawo kwinkqubo yendalo yokugxininisa ubuncwane kwiziqhamo ezisebenzayo.
Izinto ezichaphazela ukudubula kweentyatyambo kunye nokumiswa kweminquma
Ukudubula kweentyatyambo kunye nokumisela okulandelayo komnquma kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi. Imiba yokusingqongileyo nolawulo:
- Ubushushu: Umthi womnquma uyinyamezela kakuhle imozulu yeMeditera, kodwa iqabaka kade kunye nokutshintsha kweqondo lobushushu ngesiquphe kungonakalisa iintyatyambo.
- Ukufuma kunye nemvula: Iimvula ezihlala ixesha elide ngexesha leentyatyambo zinokuhlamba umungu okanye zonakalise iintyatyambo, zinciphise isethi yeziqhamo.
- Umoya omtsha kunye nokufuma: Ziluncedo ekuthutheni umungu, ekubeni ukuchumisa umnquma ubukhulu becala kufana ne-anemogamous (i-pollen ithuthwa ngumoya). I-pollen inokuhamba iikhilomitha eziliqela.
- Ezahlukeneyo: Kukho imithi yomnquma yokuqala-iintyatyambo (efana ne-Ocal okanye i-Farga), imithi yomnquma ephakathi kweentyatyambo (i-Picual, i-Picuda), kunye nemithi yomnquma ephuma emva kwexesha (i-Blanchetta, i-Arbosana). Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo kukwamisela umhla weentyatyambo.
- Ugcino lwamanzi omhlaba kunye nesondlo: Umthi womnquma ufuna, ngaphezu kwako konke, ugcino lwamanzi kunye nezondlo eziqokelelwe ebusika nasekuqaleni kwentlakohlaza ukuze uchume kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo.
- Uxinzelelo lwamanzi: Imbalela eninzi okanye ubushushu obugqithisileyo bunokunciphisa ukuchuma kwe-pollen kunye nepesenti yeentyatyambo ezikhula kwisiqhamo.
Konke oku kwenza ukuba iintyatyambo zibe lelinye lawona manqanaba asengozini naqinisekileyo kumjikelo wonyaka womthi womnquma.
Kwenzeka njani umvumvuzelwano kumthi womnquma?
Inkqubo umungu Kumthi womnquma, umungu ubalulekile. Ipoleni ikhutshwa ngobuninzi ziintyatyambo zamadoda kwaye ithuthwa kakhulu ngumoya (anemophily). Ngenxa yokungavisisani kwemfuza, umungu womthi womnquma awufane uchumise iintyatyambo zawo okanye ezo zeminye imithi yomnquma ekufutshane yodidi olufanayo; ke ngoko, umungu unokuhamba imigama emide, nokunqumla iilwandle, njengoko kubhaliwe phakathi ISpain kunye neMorocco.
Lo mcimbi unoxanduva lwe Ukwahluka okukhulu kweentlobo zomnquma (ngaphezu kwama-250 aziwayo) kwaye inegalelo kumandla emfuza yemithi yomnquma.
Kwenzeka ntoni emva komvumvuzelwano? Iseti yeziqhamo
Emva kokuba ukuchumisa kwenzeke kwiintyatyambo ze-hermaphrodite, inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba ijijekile, oko kukuthi, ukuguqulwa kwentyatyambo ibe sisiqhamo. Ekuqaleni, umnquma yi-ovary encinci ethi, emva kokukhulelwa, ikhule kwaye ivuthwe kwiinyanga ezininzi. Imbewu yangaphakathi ibumba kwaye iqina kwithuba lexesha Iiveki ezi-4 ukuya kwezi-6, kwaye ukuvuthwa okupheleleyo kwesiqhamo kunokugcina de kufike ekwindla.
Ngexesha lokumiselwa kweziqhamo kunye nokukhula, umthi womnquma wenza "ukhetho lwendalo": ulahla ezo ziqhamo ezingenako ukuzondla okanye ezinobuthakathaka obuthile. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba kuphela iminquma eyomelele kwaye isempilweni fikelela ekuvuthweni.
Umthi womnquma uqalisa ukudubula kwiminyaka emingaphi?
Ixesha elithathwayo ukuze umthi womnquma uqalise ukudumba liyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela yokukhulisa kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo:
- Umthi womnquma ozelwe ngembewu: Ngokuqhelekileyo iqala ukudubula emva kweminyaka eyi-10, emva kokuba inkqubo yeengcambu kunye nesakhiwo somoya sele zenziwe ngokupheleleyo.
- Umthi womnquma usasazwa ngokusikwa: Ukusikwa kungadubula malunga I-4 ukuya kwi-5 iminyaka, ngakumbi ukuba zisuka kumasebe angama-semi-wood kwaye zizinzile ngokufanelekileyo.
Umonde ngundoqo kuye nabani na oqala umnquma ukusuka ekuqaleni, kodwa ngenkathalo efanelekileyo, umvuzo ngumthi onokuphila ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sewaka leminyaka kwaye uvelise izityalo ezikumgangatho ophezulu.
Kutheni umungu womnquma ubangela aleji?
El umungu womnquma Ibangela ukungezwani komzimba kubantu abaninzi ngenxa yokugxininiswa kunye nobudlova bamaqhekeza ayo e-allergenic, ngakumbi kwiindawo apho imithi yomnquma ininzi. Yeyosapho lwe-Oleaceae (njengothuthu okanye i-privet) kwaye inokubangela iimpawu ezifana ukucaphuka kwamehlo, ukuthimla, ukukhohlela, i-conjunctivitis kwaye, kwiimeko ezinzima ngakumbi, isifuba.
Ukugqithiswa kwe-pollen, ngakumbi ngexesha leentyantyambo kunye naphakathi kwemini, kwandisa umngcipheko wokungaphenduli. Abantu abane-allergies bayacetyiswa ukuba baphephe ukuphuma ngala maxesha okanye banxibe iimaski zobuso (uhlobo lwe-FFP2) ngaphandle ngexesha lonyaka lonyaka womvumvuzelwano.
Iipropati kunye nokusetyenziswa kweyeza lomnquma
Ukongeza kukubaluleka kwayo kwezolimo kunye nomfuziselo, intyatyambo yomnquma isetyenziswe kumayeza esintu:
- I-anti-inflammatory infusions: Ilungiselelwe ngentyatyambo eyomileyo ukukhulula ukuvuvukala kunye nokuya esikhathini okanye intlungu edibeneyo.
- Antioxidants: Ukubunjwa kwayo kunceda ukukhusela iiseli kumonakalo we-oxidative obangelwa yi-radicals yamahhala.
- Iimpawu zeHypotensive: Igalelo ekunciphiseni uxinzelelo lwegazi kunye nokunyamekela kwentliziyo.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwi-aromatherapy: Ivumba elithozamisayo lentyatyambo lisetyenziselwa ukuphumla, ukunciphisa uxinezeleko nokukhuthaza impilo-ntle ngokweemvakalelo.
- Iimpawu zeAntimicrobial: Olunye uphononongo lucebisa ukuba iikhompawundi ezikhoyo kwintyatyambo zinokunceda kusulelo olungephi.
I-Curiosities, isimboli kunye neentsomi zentyatyambo yomnquma
Intyatyambo yomnquma nomnquma zinentsingiselo. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, umthi womnquma ubufuzisela uxolo, ubomi obude, unyamezelo nempumelelo. Kwintsomi yamaGrike, uthixokazi uAthena wanika iAthene umthi womnquma njengomqondiso wobulumko noxolelwaniso. Kwisithethe sobuKristu, ihobe elinegatsha lomnquma lalingumqondiso kaNowa emva komkhukula, emele ithemba.
Umthi womnquma ukwabonakala kwizithethe zokuchuma nezobuhlobo, yaye ukuphila kwawo ixesha elide kuye kwakhuthaza iintsomi zonyamezelo nobunaphakade. Eminye imizekelo kuqikelelwa ukuba iphile ngaphezu kweminyaka eliwaka. Ngaphaya koko, ihlathi lomnquma laseMeditera liyinxalenye yeLifa leMveli leNkcubeko eNgaphathekiyo ye-UNESCO, ebonisa ukubaluleka kwalo mthi kunye nokusingqongileyo kwilifa lethu elifanayo.
Ngaba kuyimfuneko ukunkcenkceshela umthi womnquma xa udubula?
Isidingo sokunkcenkceshela ngexesha leentyantyambo sixhomekeke ekubeni umnquma utyalwe emhlabeni okanye embizeni:
- Umnquma emhlabeni: Imithi yomnquma esele ikhulile, esele iqinile, ingakumbi kwimimandla eyomileyo ngokwesithethe, ayifuni kunkcenkceshelwa ngexesha leentyantyambo, ngaphandle kokuba imbalela ithatha ixesha elide kwaye igqithise.
- Umthi womnquma ogayiweyo: Ukunkcenkceshela kubalulekile apha. Ngexesha leentyantyambo, kukulungele ukugcina unikezelo oluqhelekileyo (kanye okanye kabini ngeveki), njengoko ukungabikho kwamanzi kunokomisa ngokukhawuleza i-substrate kwaye kuchaphazele kakhulu intyatyambo kunye neziqhamo ezilandelayo.
Kukho nawuphi na, ukugqithiswa kwamanzi kunokuba yingozi, ukukhuthaza izifo zefungal. Ulawulo olulungeleleneyo olulungelelaniswe neemeko zengingqi lungundoqo ekulinyweni kweminquma.
Ukubaluleka kwezoqoqosho, i-ikholoji kunye nenkcubeko yokudubula komnquma
Intyatyambo yomnquma ayipheleli nje ekuboniseni isiqalo sesivuno sexesha elizayo; ukwangumqondiso wempilo yomthi kunye nokulungelelana kokusingqongileyo kwemithi yomnquma. Unyaka ngamnye, amafama kunye neengcali zijonga ukuqhakaza ukuqikelela imveliso kwaye benze izigqibo malunga nokunkcenkceshela, ukuchumisa, kunye nonyango lwe-phytosanitary, befuna ukwandisa umgangatho wemveliso yokugqibela.
Iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezinxulumene nokudumba kweentyatyambo—iinyosi, ezinye izinto ezihambisa ipoleni, nezilwanyana ezincedisayo—zikhuthaza ukutyeba kwenkqubo yezinto eziphilayo neendawo zazo zokuhlala yaye ziqinisekisa ukuzinza kwayo. Ngaphaya koko, ukudubula kweentyatyambo ngumthombo wobugcisa, inkcubeko, kunye nenkuthazo yokomfuziselo, ekhoyo kwiimbonakalo ezininzi ezinxulumene noxolo, ukuchuma kunye nethemba.
Umjikelo wonyaka womthi womnquma, kwaye ngokukodwa intyatyambo yawo ephemeral kodwa ebalulekileyo, ingaphezulu kwenkqubo yezolimo: sisiganeko esidibanisa indalo, inkcubeko, kunye noqoqosho lwe-Mediterranean basin. Ukuqonda intyatyambo yomnquma kukuqonda ukuqala komnquma, ioli yomnquma, kunye nayo yonke into emele lo mthi kwimbali kunye nokubonakala kwabantu baseMeditera.