El ihlathi lelaurel Yenye yezona zinto zindala, zahlukile, kwaye zityebile kwi-ikhosistim ekhoyo namhlanje. Zithathwa njengezinto eziphilayo eziyinyani zexesha leTertiary, la mahlathi abonelela ngefestile kwixesha elidlulileyo kwaye agcina iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayoApha ngezantsi, siphonononga nzulu iimpawu, imvelaphi, ukusasazwa, izityalo, izilwanyana, kunye neendlela apho la mahlathi ahlala ebaluleke kakhulu kwiplanethi.
Yintoni ihlathi lelaurel?
La laurel Lihlathi elikwitropikhi kunye nehlathi elihlala liluhlaza, uphawu lweendawo ezifumileyo kunye nezifudumeleyo zobushushu, apho uhlaza lubalaseleyo. ukufuma, ikakhulu ngenxa yempembelelo yemimoya yorhwebo kunye nolwandle lwamafu. Igama layo livela kwintabalala yemithi kwintsapho ILauraceae (i-laurels), amagqabi ayo abanzi, esikhumba kunye ne-glossy akhumbuza ezo ze-laurel eziqhelekileyo.
La mahlathi afumaneka ikakhulu kwiziqithi zommandla we IMacaronesia (Iziqithi zaseCanary, eMadeira naseAzores), nakwiindawo ezikude zaseMntla Afrika. Ziintsalela zezo amahlathi ashinyeneyo eyayigubungela imimandla emikhulu yolwandle lweMeditera ngexesha leTertiary.
Imvelaphi kunye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamahlathi e-laurel
Imvelaphi yehlathi le-laurel ibuyele emva ngaphezu I-20 yezigidi zeminyaka, xa wawugubungela inxalenye enkulu yomzantsi Yurophu nomntla Afrika. Imikhenkce elandelelanayo ngexesha leTertiary kunye neQuaternary yawafudusa la mahlathi aya kwimimandla enemozulu epholileyo nefumileyo, ethanda ukuhlala eziqithini nakwimimandla yeentaba yeAtlantiki.
Ukuqulunqwa kwamahlathi e-laurel yangoku kwakunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuzinza kwemozulu kunye ne ukungabikho kweqabaka kule mimandla yeziqithi. Namhlanje, ihlathi le-laurel limele a ubungqina bebhayoloji obunelungelo ukusuka kwimozulu efumileyo yetropikhi eyayilawula iYurophu kumaxesha amandulo.
Iimpawu zemozulu kunye nokusingqongileyo
Amahlathi eLaurel akhula phantsi kweemeko ezikhethekileyo zokusingqongileyo. Eyona nto yabo iimpawu zemozulu faka:
- Umyinge wokuphakama: Ngokubanzi phakathi 600 kunye ne-1.500 yeemitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle.
- Ubushushu bonyaka obuzinzileyo: Phakathi kwe-15 kunye ne-20 ngokukaCelsius.
- Imvula yonyaka: Baphakathi kwe-500 kunye ne-1.100 mm, kunye nemvula eqhelekileyo kunye nenkungu eqhubekayo.
- Ubukho bolwandle lwamafu: Isiganeko esibangelwa yimimoya yorhwebo, eyenza i imvula ethe tyaba ngokujingisa ukufuma kumafu aphantsi kwizityalo. Uhlaza lwemozulu yolwandle iqhelekile kwezi ndawo.
- Imihlaba enzulu nechumileyo: Amanqanaba aphezulu ezinto eziphilayo athanda ukukhula kohlaza oluxineneyo nolwahlukeneyo.
- Ukufuma okuphezulu kwe-atmospheric: I umswakama Iyagcinwa unyaka wonke ngenxa yendibaniselwano yemvula kunye nokuxinana kwenkungu.
Isakhiwo kunye neentlobo zamahlathi e-laurel
Ihlathi le-laurel alikho indawo yokuhlala efanayo, kodwa ihlulwe kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo ngokumalunga nokuphakama, ukuqhelaniswa, kunye nokufumaneka komswakama. Olu tshintsho, lwaziwa njengeentlobo zehlathi le-laurel, UMonteverde, chaza ukwakheka kweentyatyambo kunye nesakhiwo sehlathi:
- I-Hygrophilous okanye i-Monteverde efumileyo: Ikhona kwiindawo ezinobukho obukhulu bamafu olwandle. Ihlala imithi efana ilaurel, viñátigo kunye nebarbusano, ngaphezu kweeferns ezininzi, i-mosses kunye ne-lichens kwiziqu kunye namasebe.
- Hygrophytic Monteverde: Ifumaneka kwiindawo ezinomhlaba ophuhliswe kakuhle kunye nesiganeko esiphezulu semvula ethe tye. Iintlobo eziphambili: i-linden kunye ne-orenji yasendle, kunye neeferns ezifuna kakhulu malunga nokufuma.
- Yomisa MonteverdeIbekwe kwindawo ezisezantsi kunye nefuthe elincinci lenkungu. Ihlathi elikhula kancinci elibandakanya ubukhulu becala imithi yamaqunube, palo blanco, mocán kunye ne-aderno, iintlobo zezityalo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nembalela.
- Monteverde of crests: Uchatshazelwa yimimoya enamandla kunye ukufuma emoyeni, apho i-bryophytes kunye ne-lichens zikhula. Imithi efana ne yew kwaye ihea ineemo ezibuhlungu ngenxa yempembelelo yomoya.
- Fayal-brezal: Inkqubo etshintshayo kunye neyokubuyisela kwimeko yendalo ephilayo emva kokuphazamiseka komntu. Ihlala ifumaneka kwiindawo ezithotyiweyo okanye ebezifudula zixhatshaziwe, ezibandakanya iheather, beech, holly, kunye namatyholo amancinci.
Usasazo lwangoku lwejografi
Namhlanje, imizekelo emihle yehlathi le-laurel ifumaneka ikakhulu kwi Macaronesian archipelagos, ingakumbi kwiiCanary Islands, eMadeira, naseAzores. Ezi ndawo zilandelayo zivelele:
- Isiqithi saseLa Gomera: Ipaki yeSizwe yeGarajonay, i-nucleus ephambili yehlathi le-laurel yaseCanary Island kunye neNdawo yeLifa leHlabathi.
- la Palma: “Canal y Los Tilos” Biosphere Reserve, enamahlathi afumileyo neengxangxasi zendalo.
- Tenerife: Ipaki yaseAnaga yasemaPhandleni (eyona ndawo inkulu yehlathi le-laurel kwisiqithi) kunye Intaba yaManzi eTeno Rural Park.
- Gran Canaria: : Intsalela yeLaurisilva eLos Tilos de Moya (Doramas Forest), ngoku ekhuselweyo njengendawo yoLondolozo lweNdalo eKhethekileyo.
- Isinyithi: Iindawo ezincinci ezithotyiweyo kwindawo ye-El Golfo.
- Madeira: Laurisilva waseMadeira, ummandla omkhulu wamahlathi afumileyo wabhengezwa njengeNdawo yeLifa leHlabathi, egubungela malunga ne-20% yesiqithi.
- Azores: Iziqwenga zehlathi le-laurel kunye nezityalo ezihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zifumile.
Imizekelo eyimifuziselo yamahlathi e-laurel
- Ipaki yeSizwe yaseGarajonay (La Gomera): Igubungela indawo eninzi yesiqithi kwaye iqulethe iintlobo zemithi emele, njenge laurel, ilinden, viñátigo, holly kunye nepaloblanco.
- I-Anaga Rural Park kunye ne-Monte del Agua (Tenerife): Ngeendawo eziphakamileyo ekunzima ukufikelela kuzo, yindawo yokusabela kwiintyatyambo ezihlala zihlala kunye neentaka ezikhuselweyo ezifana nehobe likaTurkey.
- Linden Forest of Moya (Gran Canaria): Isiphephelo esibalulekileyo sokugqibela sehlathi le-laurel kwisiqithi, kunye neentlobo ezingapheliyo kunye nomsebenzi obalulekileyo wezemfundo kunye nesayensi.
- Laurisilva waseMadeira: Ihlathi elishinyeneyo, elinemithi yeenkulungwane zakudala yosapho lwaseLauraceae kunye neentlobo ezininzi zezityalo nezilwanyana.
Iiflora ezimele kunye nezityalo
Ubutyebi beentyatyambo zehlathi le-laurel buyamangalisa ngenxa yenani leentlobo kunye ne iqondo eliphezulu le-endemismPhakathi kwezityalo ezifanelekileyo kakhulu sifumana:
- Imithi kunye nezihlahla ezinkulu: ilaurel (ILaurus novocanariensis), ilinden (Ocotea foetens), (IPersea ibonisa), holly (Ilex canariensis), umthi weorenji wasendle (perado ilex), umhlekazi (UErica arborea y E. canariensis), intonga emhlophe (IPiconia igqwesile), umthi wamaqunube eCanary (IArbutus canariensis), barbusano (Persea barbujana), mocán (Visnea mocanera).
- Abakhweli kunye neeliana: igibalbera (Semele androgyna), ivy (Hedera helix canariensissarsaparilla (ISmilax canariensis).
- Izityalo zeHerbaceous kunye neefern: fern entabeni (I-Diplazium caudatum), umatrasi fen (Ukutya i-macrocarpa), i-crystal fern (Vandenboschia speciosa), unyawo lukagwababa (Asplenium hemionitis), izambane eliswiti (UDavallia canariensis), Woodwardia (Iiradicans zeWoodwardia).
- I-Mosses, i-lichens kunye ne-fungi: Bagubungela izigodo kunye namatye, ukudala microhabitats ezibalulekileyo yeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
- Iintlobo zamatyholo namatyholo: ipennyroyal, algaritofe, foliao (Viburnum rigidum), sanguine (Rhamnus glandulosa).
I-understory ityebile kakhulu, kunye nobuninzi beentyantyambo zasendle, i-orchids, amakhowa kunye nezinye iintlobo ezilungelelaniswa nomthunzi kunye nomswakama oqhubekayo.
Izilwanyana ezizodwa kunye neentlobo ezihlala zikhona
La izilwanyana zehlathi le-laurel Yahluke ngokulinganayo kwaye isoloko ikho. Ukuzinza kakhulu kunye neendawo zokuhlala zakudala, ziye zavelisa iintlobo ezizodwa ezikhoyo kuphela kule ndawo. Amagqabantshintshi aquka:
- Iintaka: Ihobe elimnyama elisemva (Columba bollii) kunye nehobe elifurquoise (Columba junoniae), zombini zifumaneka kwihlathi le-laurel laseCanary Island kwaye ziyimfuneko ekusasazeni imbewu. Ezinye iintaka ezikhoyo ziquka i-robin, i-kestrel, i-buzzard kunye ne-alpispa.
- Izilwanyana ezingenamqolo: Iintlobo ngeentlobo zeebhabhathane, ooqongqothwane, iiarachnids, imisundululu, kunye nemollusks. Ihlathi le<em>laurel yeyona ndawo ityebileyo kwiziqithi zezilwanyana ezingenamqolo.
- Izirhubuluzi kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini: Amacikilishe, oonqinishe, namasele. Kwiindawo ezithile, salamanders kunye neentlobo ziqhelaniswe ukufuma zininzi.
- Izilwanyana ezanyisayo: Iindidi ezincinci zantlandlolo, nangona ezinye iintlobo ezaziswayo zinokufumaneka okwangoku.
Intsebenziswano phakathi kwezityalo nezilwanyana ngundoqo ekugcineni ulungelelwaniso lwendalo yehlathi, nobudlelwane obukhethekileyo phakathi kwezilwanyana nezityalo, ngakumbi kwiinkqubo zokudluliselwa kwepoleni kunye nokusasazwa kweziqhamo.
Ukubaluleka kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nemisebenzi yehlathi le-laurel
- Ulondolozo lwezityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo: Ihlathi le-laurel lisebenza njengendawo yokusabela kwiintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana ezisengozini kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala zikhona ezingafumanekiyo kwenye indawo emhlabeni.
- Ummiselo wamanzi: Uhlaza oluxineneyo lubamba ukufuma kwinkungu kunye nethontsi, luvelisa imithombo esisigxina kunye nemithombo nangamaxesha embalela. "Imvula ethe tyaba" ibalulekile ekugcineni ukuqukuqela kwemilambo nemiwonyo.
- Ukhuseleko lomhlaba: Uthungelwano lweengcambu lukhusela kukhukuliseko, ukuzinzisa amathambeka kunye nemiwonyo.
- Imbonakalo kunye nexabiso lenkcubeko: La mahlathi sisixhobo sokhenketho lwendalo, ukukhwela intaba, kunye nemfundo yendalo esingqongileyo, kunye nomthombo wenkuthazo kwiintsomi zalapha (ezifana nekaGara noJonay eLa Gomera).
Imihlaba, ukuhamba kunye nobudlelwane nomntu
Imihlaba yehlathi le-laurel ivuselela amahlathi e-fairytale, kunye nenkungu ehluza kumasebe agqunywe ngobulembu, iindledlana ezifihlakeleyo kunye neengxangxasi zendalo. Ezi ndawo zilungele imisebenzi yangaphandle. ukuhamba ngeenyawo, ukubukela iintaka kunye nokunxibelelana ngqo nendalo. Ihlathi elilifu Yenye yezona zinto zinomtsalane ukufumana umoya okhethekileyo wala mahlathi.
Nangona kunjalo, imbali yehlathi le-laurel nayo ibonakaliswe yimisebenzi yabantu, njengoko ezininzi zezi zakhiwo ziye zabandezeleka ukugawulwa kwemithi, imililo, kunye nokuguqulwa kwezolimo, ziphila kuphela kwiindawo ekunzima ukufikelela kuzo okanye ezikhuselweyo.
Ubume bolondolozo kunye nezoyikiso zangoku
Nangona kukho iindawo ezikhuselweyo kunye neendawo zokugcina indalo, ihlathi le-laurel lisengozini ngenxa:
- Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi ngokwembali, ngakumbi ukufumana iinkuni kunye nokwandiswa kwezolimo.
- Ukutsha kwamahlathi, eguqula ibhalansi yendalo.
- Iintlobo ezihlaselayo ezikhuphisana nezilwanyana zalapha.
- Utshintsho lwemozulu echaphazela ukuphindaphindeka kwemvula, ukufuma kunye nobukho bolwandle lwamafu.
Iinzame zangoku zijolise ekubuyiselweni kwendalo, ulawulo lweentlobo ezihlaselayo, kunye nemfundo yendalo esingqongileyo ukuqinisekisa ukusinda kwale nkqubo ikhethekileyo yendalo.
Izibonelelo zemfundo kunye nedijithali kwihlathi le-laurel
- Izibonelelo ze-HTML5Amaqonga onxibelelwano anokwahlulwa, ukuthelekisa, kunye nokubeka phambili uqheliselo, olulungiselelwe izixhobo eziphathwayo, iitafile, kunye neekhompyuter. Ilungele ootitshala, abafundi, kunye nokuzifundela eklasini okanye ekhaya.
- Indawo yokuhlala: Ifomati yomsebenzi wemfundo egamified apho abasebenzisi kufuneka bahlele kwaye bahlele amakhadi ngokwethegi ezinomxholo, iququzelele ukufunda okudlalayo malunga nemiba eyahlukeneyo yehlathi le-laurel. Ubunzima kunye neentlobo zeethegi zonyusa izinga lemfundo kunye nokhuphiswano.
- Ithala leendaba: Indawo yeteknoloji yokuqokelela iividiyo, imifanekiso, izandi, kunye namaxwebhu emfundo anxulumene nehlathi le-laurel. Isetyenziswa ngamaziko emfundo kunye nabaqeqeshi ukuqinisa ukufunda okubonakalayo kunye nokuva.
Ezi zixhobo zedijithali zikuvumela ukuba ungene nzulu kulwazi lwezenzululwazi, umhlaba, kunye nenkcubeko yala mahlathi, alungele abantu abatsha kunye nabantu abadala.
Amanye amahlathi e-laurel ehlabathini
Nangona ihlathi le-laurel laseCanary Islands lilelona liphononongwayo, iifom ezifanayo zikhona eMadeira, eAzores, nakwezinye iindawo zeLos Alcornocales Natural Park kwi-Iberian Peninsula. E-Madeira, ihlathi le-laurel lithatha i-20% yomhlaba wesiqithi kwaye ngumzekelo wolondolozo kunye ne-endemism e-Macaronesia. Ukuba ungathanda ukufunda ngakumbi ngolu kwakheka, siyakumema ukuba uphonononge iintyatyambo zazo ezizodwa.
Iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana zale mimandla zibonisa ulungelelwaniso olufana kakhulu, isiphumo sezigidi zeminyaka yokuba zodwa kunye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuzimeleyo, nangona indawo nganye inegalelo kwizinto zayo.
Ihlathi le-laurel, ukongeza kwindalo yalo engaqhelekanga, imbonakalo yomhlaba kunye nexabiso lenkcubeko, ngumzekelo we ukuxhathisa kunye nokuziqhelanisa ejongene nolona tshintsho lukhulu lwemozulu kwimbali yoMhlaba. Ukuhamba kwiindlela zayo kunye nokuphefumla emoyeni wayo omanzi kusinceda siqonde ukubaluleka kokulondoloza la mahlathi, ubuncwane bendalo obuyinyani obufuna ukubandakanyeka kwalo lonke uluntu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikamva labo.
