Ukutyala imithi entwasahlobo Yenye yeendlela ezicetyiswayo neziluncedo kwizitiya, iibhoma, kunye neeprojekthi zokutshalwa kwakhona kwamahlathi. Eli xesha lonyaka liphawula isiqalo somjikelo omtsha kwindalo, apho ukukhanya, ubushushu, kunye nemisebenzi yebhayoloji yanda, idala iimeko ezifanelekileyo zophuhliso lwezityalo nemithi.
Izinto eziluncedo zokutyala imithi entwasahlobo
Intwasahlobo yeyomjikelo wezolimo wasentwasahlobo-ehlotyeni, ngexesha apho kukho ukukhanya kwelanga kunye namaqondo obushushu angaphantsi. Ezi zinto zibalulekile kuphuhliso olululo lweenkqubo zemichiza kunye nemetabolism yezityalo. Ngaphezu koko, entwasahlobo, kukho ukwanda komsebenzi wezinambuzane zomoya, ezinjengeenyosi kunye namabhabhathane, eziyimfuneko ekuveliseni iintlobo ezininzi zezityalo.
Ebudeni balo mjikelo, izityalo ezinjengokudla okuziinkozo, imifuno, iziqhamo, iimbewu zeoli, izityalo zokuhombisa, nezityalo zefula ziyahlwayelwa zize zivunwe. Indawo yasentwasahlobo iququzelela ingcambu kunye nokukhula kokuqala, njengoko umhlaba uqala ukufudumala kwaye kukho ukufuma okwaneleyo.
La iintyatyambo ezininzi Ukuvuselelwa kwencindi kwiintlobo ezininzi kwenza intwasahlobo ibe lithuba elifanelekileyo lokuseka imithi emitsha, ngakumbi ukuba kukho iindlela zokunkcenkceshela ezaneleyo. Abo bangenawo ubutyebi bamanzi bafanele bacinge ukuba, kwimimandla ethile, ukutyala ekwindla okanye ebusika kunokucetyiswa ngokuxhomekeke kwimvula kunye nohlobo lomthi.
Izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa kutyalwa entwasahlobo
Ukuze usebenzise ngokupheleleyo intwasahlobo xa kutyalwa imithi, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ezi zinto zilandelayo:
- Ukufunyanwa kwemithi yeembiza okanye yesikhongozeli: Iququzelela ukutshintshwa kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo.
- Ukufumaneka kokunkcenkceshelaIntwasahlobo lixesha lokwandisa umsebenzi wezityalo, ngoko ke unikezelo lwamanzi luyimfuneko ekuhlumeni.
- Ukuziqhelanisa nezityaloIzityalo ezincinci, ngenxa yobukhulu bazo obuncinci, zivame ukuziqhelanisa ngcono. Iingcambu zazo ezingahluthanga kakhulu ziyakwazi ukufunxa amanzi kunye nezondlo.
- Ukulula ukufumanisa imeko yezempiloNgentwasahlobo, ubukho bamahlumela amatsha kunye namagqabi kuvumela ukuvavanya ngokukhawuleza imeko ye-phytosanitary yesityalo.
Nangona kunjalo, kukho izinto ezinokuthi zibe nzima ukutyalwa kwentwasahlobo, ezifana novakalelo olukhulu lokuthutha izityalo ezinamahlumelo ethenda. Kubalulekile ukuba umngxuma, indawo yokutyala, kunye nenkqubo yokunkcenkceshela ilungile phambi kokufumana isityalo. Ukugcina izityalo kuselithuba kukwanceda ukuba ziqhelane neemeko zentsimi.
Amaxesha kunye neendlela ezicetyiswayo zokutyala imithi
Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesityalo kunye nendlela yokulima, iingcebiso ezahlukeneyo zinikezelwe:
- Imithi yeengcambu engenantoOkufanelekileyo ukusuka phakathi kwekwindla ukuya ekupheleni kobusika, ukuphepha amaxesha eqabaka. Zidla ngokutyalwa kwiindawo zokulima okanye ngokuthe ngqo kumhlaba wokugqibela phambi kokuba incindi ikhuthaze ukukhula.
- Imithi enebhola yeengcambu okanye ingcambu yebhola: Zingatyalwa kude kube sekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, ukuba nje iingcambu ziphuhliswe kakuhle.
- Izityalo ezifakwe kwiimbiza: Zingatyalwa kwintlakohlaza kunye nasehlotyeni, kunikwa ingqwalasela eyodwa ekuboneleleni ngamanzi awoneleyo ngamaxesha onyaka ashushu.
Iinyanga zokuqala zentwasahlobo zifaneleke ngakumbi kwizityalo ezivuthulukayo kunye neerozi. Imithi ehlala iluhlaza ifuna uqwalaselo olukhethekileyo lokunkcenkceshela emva kokutyala.
Ukhathalelo lwasentwasahlobo lwemithi kunye neeheji
Intwasahlobo ibandakanya irejimeni yokhathalelo olunzulu ukuqinisekisa impumelelo yokulima:
- Ukuthena: Ukususa amasebe afileyo, agulayo, okanye angalungelelanisiyo kukhuthaza ukungena komoya kunye nokukhula okunempilo, ngakumbi kwimithi yeziqhamo.
- Ukunkcenkceshela rhoqo: Gcina umhlaba ufumile, ungaze ugalelwe manzi, ngokunkcenkceshelwa okunzulu kunye nezithuba entlakohlaza nakwiiveki zokuqala zasehlotyeni.
- Ukugquma: Ukufaka umaleko wezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni kunceda ukulondoloza ukufuma, ukulawula ubushushu nokutshabalalisa ukhula.
Ukulawula izinambuzane eziqhelekileyo kunye nezifo entwasahlobo
Ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kunye nokufuma kunokukhokelela ekubonakaleni kwezinto ezahlukeneyo izibetho nezifo kwimithi esanda kutyalwa:
- Izinambuzane eziqhelekileyoIintwala, i-mealybugs, imibungu, i-elm borers okanye ooqongqothwane, kunye ne-psyllids zinokuvela kuhlumelo oluncinci kunye namagqabi.
- Izifo eziqhelekileyoI-Powdery mildew, i-scab, i-rust, i-anthracnose kunye ne-fungal leaf curl zibonakala lula ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo.
Yihlole rhoqo imithi yakho kwaye isebenze ngonyango lwe-ikholoji okanye olukhethekileyo nje ukuba iimpawu zokuqala zibhaqwe.
Izibonelelo ze-Ecological kunye ne-landscape yokutyala imithi entwasahlobo
Ngaphandle kobuhle kunye nokuveliswa kweziqhamo, ukutyala imithi entwasahlobo ibonelela ngeenzuzo ezixabisekileyo kwi-ikholoji kunye nokusingqongileyo:
- Indawo yokuhlala kunye nokutya kwizilwanyana zendawo (iintaka, i-pollinator, izinambuzane ezincedo).
- Ukunciphisa ukhukuliseko kunye nokuphuculwa kobume bomhlaba.
- Ukulawulwa kweMicroclimatic kunye nokuncipha kwamaqondo obushushu akwindawo yasezidolophini.
- Ukubonelela ngeoksijini kunye nokunciphisa i-carbon dioxide emoyeni.
- Ukonyuka kobume bomhlaba kunye nexabiso lokusebenza yeegadi, iipaki kunye neendawo zasezidolophini.
Iindidi zemithi zilungele ukutyalwa entwasahlobo
Akunjalo yonke imithi ehambelana ngokulinganayo, kodwa imithi emininzi yeziqhamo (i-apula, i-pear, i-cherry), imithi yokuhlobisa (i-magnolias, i-dogwoods, i-redbuds), kunye neentlobo ezizalelwa okanye ezilungelelaniswe kwindawo yakho ziya kuphumelela xa zityalwe entwasahlobo. Beka phambili iintlobo ezomeleleyo kwaye ukhethe indawo efanelekileyo ngokusekelwe ekutshisweni lilanga kunye nokuphuma komhlaba.
- Imithi yeziqhamo: Imithi yama-apile, imithi yamapere, imithi yecherry, imithi yee-orenji, imithi yelamuni, imithi ye-linden.
- Ukuhombisa: Magnolias, dogwoods, redbuds, imithi eneentyatyambo ezimhlophe okanye ezimfusa.
- IiHedges kunye namatyholo: Ifanelekile ekudaleni imiqobo, iindawo zokuhlala kunye nokwandisa iintlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana zasegadini.
Iingcebiso zokusekwa ngempumelelo
Ukuqinisekisa impumelelo yokutyala kwakho entwasahlobo, khumbula la manyathelo abalulekileyo:
- Lungisa umngxuma wokutyala: Ngokuphindwe kabini ububanzi njengebhola lengcambu, kodwa akukho nzulu. Khulula umhlaba ojikelezileyo ukwenza lula ukwanda kweengcambu.
- Beka umthi nkqo, sasaza iingcambu ngaphandle kokunyanzelisa kwaye ugcwalise umhlaba ovulekileyo.
- Ukunkcenkceshela ngokukhawuleza nangokunzulu emva kokutyala, ukukhuthaza ukuhlaliswa kwe-substrate.
- Faka i-mulch okanye i-padding ukushiya iisentimitha ezimbalwa zomda ngokubhekiselele kwisiqu.
- Ukubeka iliso kuphuhliso kwiiveki ezimbalwa zokuqala kwaye ulungelelanise ukunkcenkceshela kunye nokuchumisa njengoko ubona imeko yamahlumela kunye namagqabi.
Intwasahlobo ngokungathandabuzekiyo lelona xesha lilungileyo lokuzisa igadi yakho, igadi yeziqhamo, okanye ihlathi elincinci ebomini. Ngenxa yeemeko ezivumayo kunye nokhathalelo olufanelekileyo, imithi yakho iya kukhula isempilweni, yomelele, kwaye ibe negalelo elikhulu ekuphuculweni kokusingqongileyo kunye nenkangeleko yendawo ekungqongileyo kwiminyaka emininzi ezayo.
