Yintoni izityalo zobusi?
Izityalo zobusi zezo zityalo zezityalo ezivelisa i-nectar, i-pollen, i-propolis okanye i-honeydew enomdla kwiinyosi kunye nezinye i-pollinators.Ezi zityalo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwindalo, ekubeni Ziququzelela ukuthunyelwa kwemvumvuzelo ngokutsala kunye nokutyisa iinyosi kunye nezinye izinambuzane.Igama elithi "melífero" livela kwisiLatini elithi "mellifero," elithetha "umntu ovelisa ubusi." Yindibaniselwano ye "meli" (ubusi) kunye nesimamva "fero," esithetha "ukuvelisa" okanye "iqulathe."
Izityalo zobusi azixhamli iinyosi kuphela ngokubonelela ngezibonelelo ezibalulekileyo, kodwa Bakhuthaza ukuveliswa kwezinye izinambuzane ezisasaza ipoleni yaye bafak’ isandla kukwahlukana kwezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayoIncindi kunye nomungu eziwuvelisayo zisebenza njengokutya kweenyosi zobusi (i-apis mellifera) kunye nezinye iintlobo ezininzi zeenyosi zasendle kunye ne-pollinators ezifana namabhabhathane, iibumblebees kunye nezinye iintaka. Oku kudibana kubalulekile ekuveliseni izityalo ezininzi. kunye nemveliso yeziqhamo, imbewu kunye nezinye izixhobo zolimo.
Ukubaluleka kwendalo kunye nezolimo kwizityalo zobusi
Izityalo zobusi zibalulekile kwimijikelo yendalo kunye nezolimo.Banegalelo eliqinisekileyo kumvumvuzelwano, inkqubo yokudluliselwa komungu ukusuka kwinkunzi ukuya kwiindawo ezizimazi zentyatyambo, nto leyo evumela ukuchumisa nokukhula kweziqhamo nembewu.
Iinyosi kunye nezinye iipollin zixhomekeke kakhulu kwizityalo zobusi.Kuqikelelwa ukuba malunga ne-75% yezityalo zokutya kwihlabathi jikelele zifuna usasazo lwezinambuzane. Ngaphezu koko, ezi zityalo zinceda ekulondolozeni ulungelelwano lwendalo, zithintele ukhukuliseko lomhlaba, yaye zikhuthaza ukulondolozwa kwezityalo zasendle. Ubukho bayo buvuselela ukungafani kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nempilo ye-ikhosistim..
Kwimimandla yezolimo, Ukutyala izityalo zobusi kunokunyusa isivuno sezityalo ngokuqinisekisa izinga eliphezulu lomvumvuzelwano. Bakwabonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi kubafuyi beenyosi, okwenza ukuba kuphuhliswe ukugcinwa kweenyosi ngokuvelisa ubusi, ipropolis, ijeli yasebukhosini, kunye nezinye iimveliso ezivela kwiinyosi.
Kwelinye icala, izityalo zobusi, ngokutsala kunye nokondla i-pollinators, Zikwakhuthaza ulawulo lwezinambuzane zebhayoloji, ekubeni izinambuzane ezininzi zityelela ezi ntyatyambo yaye zifak’ isandla kukulungelelana phakathi kweentlobo.
Iinyosi kunye ne-pollinators zizibona njani izityalo zobusi?
Izityalo zobusi ziye zavelisa ukulungelelaniswa okuthe ngqo ukutsala i-pollinators.Ezinye zolu hlengahlengiso ziquka:
- Iimilo ezinkulu nezibonakalayo kwiintyatyambo zazo ukuze zibonwe lula zizinambuzane.
- Amavumba athile kunye amnandi enokubonwa umgama.
- Imibala enzulu okanye ye-ultraviolet (kwaye ezinye ezingabonakaliyo kwiliso lomntu, kodwa zibonakala kwiinyosi).
- Iimilo zeentyatyambo evumela ufikelelo olulula kwincindi kodwa yenza kube nzima ukuba amarhamncwa afikelele.
- Amadlala eNectary iphuhliswe kakuhle evelisa incindi eneswekile eninzi.
Umzekelo omangalisayo ufumaneka kwiindidi ezithile zee<em>orchids, njenge<em>“spider orchid” ( i<em>spider orchids ).Ii-Ophrys sphegodes), ezintyatyambo zazo zilinganisa ukumila nevumba lezinambuzane ezithile, ngaloo ndlela ziqhatha abahambisa ipoleni ukuze baqinisekise ukuchumisa kwazo.
Umjikelo wobomi bezityalo zobusi kunye nemveliso yazo yobutyebi
Umjikelo wobomi bezi zityalo udla ngokudityaniswa nomsebenzi we-pollinators. Ukuveliswa kwe-Nectar kunye ne-pollen kuphezulu xa i-pollinators isebenza kakhulu., nto leyo eyandisa amathuba okusasaza ngokufanelekileyo. Izinto ezifana nobushushu, ukufuma, kunye nomgangatho womhlaba zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubungakanani nomgangatho wemithombo yobutyebi eveliswa zezi zityalo.
Inkqubo yokuvelisa incindi kunye ne-pollen ifuna ukuba isityalo sibe namagqabi amaninzi aluhlaza, athi abambe amandla elanga kwaye afunxe izondlo namanzi emhlabeni. Umxholo weswekile we-nectar unokuhluka ngokuxhomekeka kwiintlobo, kunye nokubunjwa, ukumila kunye nobukhulu be-pollen.Oku kuvumela abafuyi beenyosi kunye nabaphandi ukuba babone kubusi ukuba zeziphi iintlobo zezityalo ezityelelwe ziinyosi.
Ukuhlelwa kwezityalo zezityalo zobusi
Izityalo zobusi zingamaqela ahlukeneyo ezityaloEzona zisondelelene kakhulu nokuveliswa kwencindi kunye ne-pollen ziqhelekile iiangiosperms (izityalo ezidubulayo), nangona ezinye ii-gymnosperms zisenokusetyenziswa zii-pollinators ezithile.
Ngaphakathi kwee-angiosperms, sifumana iintsapho ezibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yobuninzi beentlobo ezivelisa ubusi:
- ILamiaceae (eyayisakuba yiLabiatae): Ibandakanya izityalo ezifana ne-thymes (thymus), iilavenda (ilavenda), i-sage, i-savory kunye ne-rosemary.
- Umdibaniso: Ujongilanga, marigold, ukhula.
- IRosaceae: Umthi wama-apile, umthi weplum, umthi weapilkosi, umthi wamaqunube.
- I-Fabaceae okanye i-legumes: Vetch, sainfoin, clover.
- I-Rutaceae: Ilamuni, iorenji kunye nezinye iziqhamo zesitrasi.
Uluhlu lwegama lobuNzululwazi luluncedo ngakumbi ekuchongeni ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokwahlula phakathi kweentlobo, njengoko izityalo ezininzi zinamagama ahlukileyo aqhelekileyo ngokuxhomekeke kwingingqi.
Iindidi zezityalo zobusi ngokwezixhobo ezibonelela ngazo
Izityalo zobusi zinokuhlelwa ngokohlobo lobutyebi abalunikezela kwiinyosi:
- Abavelisi beNectarZixabiswa ngokukodwa kwimveliso yobusi. Imizekelo: ilavender, rosemary, thyme, sunflower, linden, acacia.
- Abavelisi bePollenNangona ezinye iintlobo zibonelela ngazo zombini izibonelelo, ezinye izityalo zigqama ngokukodwa kubuninzi kunye nomgangatho wepollen yazo. Imizekelo: i-chestnut, i-willow, i-hawthorn, i-almond.
- Abavelisi bepropolisKukho izityalo ezinentlaka ezisetyenziswa ziinyosi ukwenza ipropolis. Imizekelo: poplar, birch, willow.
- Abavelisi bobusiEzinye iintlobo zikhupha incindi eswiti, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-honeydew, enokuqokelelwa ziinyosi xa incindi inqabile. Imizekelo: i-holm oak, i-oki, ipayini, kunye ne-linden.
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi malunga neentlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobudlelwane babo neenyosi, unokuqhagamshelana necandelo lethu Ithetha ntoni i-senscence kwizityalo?.
Uluhlu olubanzi lwezityalo zobusi eziqhelekileyo kunye nomdla wazo wokugcina iinyosi
KuSingasiqithi weIberia, kukho malunga neentlobo ezingama-8.000 300 zezityalo, kodwa zingama-XNUMX kuphela ezityelelwa rhoqo ziinyosi.Ayizizo zonke ezithathwa njengezibaluleke ngokulinganayo ekufuyweni iinyosi kunye nokuveliswa kobusi. Ngezantsi uluhlu olubanzi lwezityalo zobusi ezifanelekileyo, ezihlelwe ngeempawu zazo eziphambili:
- Imithi kunye namatyholo:
- Umthi wom-amangileIPrunus dulcis)
- Umthi we-Apple (Malus yekhaya)
- Iplamu (IPrunus yekhaya)
- indondo (UEriobotrya japonica)
- Umthi weapilkosi (Prunus armeniacaaca)
- Elm (Ulmus omncinci)
- Umngcunube (Salix spp.)
- Elderberry (Sambucus nigra)
- Rosebush (URosa spp.)
- Hawthorn (ICrataegus monogyna)
- Umthi wothando (UCercis siliquastrum)
- Iqunube (Irubus ulmifolius)
- Izityalo ezinevumba elimnandi:
- Ithyme (I-Thymus vulgaris, T. mastichina, T. zygis, T. serpyllum)
- Ilavenda (Lavandula spp.)
- isilumko (USalvia pratensis, S. verbenaca)
- IMarjoram (I-Thymus mastichina)
- Oregano (Iintsholongwane zeOriganum)
- Minti (Mentha spp.)
- Ipennyroyal (UMentha pulegium)
- uMelissa (UMelissa officinalis)
- Ifeneli (I-Foeniculum vulgare)
- Iruda (Ruta angustifolia)
- Valerian (Valeriana sp., Centranthus calcitrapa)
- Ubukhazikhazi (I-Borago officinalis)
- Iintyatyambo zasendle kunye nezihonjisiweyo:
- Ipoppy (IPapaver rhoeas)
- I-marigold yasendle (calendula arvensis)
- Ujongilanga (Helianthus annuus)
- Umthana (ICynara cardunculus, Cardus spp.)
- Jimson ukhula (I-Datura stramonium)
- Amaqunube (UFragaria vesca)
- buhlungu (IMalva sylvestris)
- IiViolets (i-viola odorata)
- Imifuno kunye nezityalo:
- Igalikhi (IAllium sativum)
- Ithanga (Ithanga pepo)
- Ikhaphetshu (brassica oleracea, brassica napus)
- Ujodo (ICitrullus lanatus)
- Imelon (cucumis melo)
- Iminqatha (I-Daucus carota)
- Iradish (URaphanus sativus)
- Umbona (Zea amaxesha)
- Vetch (UVicia sativa)
- Sainfoin (I-Onobrychis viciefolia)
- I-Pimpirigallo (I-Onobrychis hispanica)
- Ezinye izityalo ezifanelekileyo:
- Irosemari (I-Rosmarinus officinalis)
- I-Honeysuckle (ILonicera periclymenum)
- ikumin (Cuminium icyumum)
- Tarragon (UArtemisia dracunculus)
- Ikhalenda (Marigold officinalis)
- Fumitory (I-Fumaria officinalis)
- Gamón (I-Asphodelus albus)
- Mullein (I-Verbascum sinuatum)
- Iimbotyi ezibanzi (Vicia wenza)
- John's Wort (Ihypericum perforatum)
- Iplantain (UPlantago lanceolata)
Olu luhlu lubandakanya imizekelo embalwa yabameli. Ngokwendalo, iyantlukwano inkulu kakhulu, kwaye kukho iintlobo zendalo ezilungelelaniswe nemozulu kunye neemeko zomhlaba zommandla ngamnye.
Iikhrayitheriya ze-Ecological zokukhetha kunye nokutyala izityalo zobusi
Ukulinywa kunye nokugcinwa kwezityalo zobusi sisicwangciso esizinzileyo esixhamla kokubili ukugcinwa kweenyosi kunye nokusingqongileyo kwendalo.Ukuphumeza impembelelo eyakhayo, kubalulekile ukukhetha iintlobo zendalo okanye ezo zilungelelaniswe nemozulu yendawo, njengoko zikholisa ukuba nobudlelwane obungcono kunye ne-pollinators zomthonyama kwaye zibe negalelo kulungelelwaniso oluzinzileyo lwendalo. Unokufunda ngakumbi malunga .
Abafuyi beenyosi, amafama kunye nabasebenzi bezitiya banokuphucula ubukho bezinto ezihambisa ipoleni ngokutyala imixube yeentlobo zobusi kunye nokulungelelanisa ishedyuli yokuhlwayela kunye neentyatyambo ukuqinisekisa ukufumaneka kwemithombo unyaka wonke.
- Ziphephe iintlobo ezihlaselayo okanye ukuhambelana okuphantsi kwendalo.
- khuthaza iyantlukwano yeentsapho kunye nejena ukutsala iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-pollinators.
- Sebenzisa iindlela zokufusi zendalo, apho ukuqhakaza kwezityalo zobusi kuvunyelwe.
- Beka kuqala izityalo ezibonelela ngokhuseleko lwezityalo ukuphucula i-biodiversity, ukhuseleko lomhlaba kunye nokulinganisela kwendalo.
Ezinye iinkqubo zezolimo ezizinzileyo zikhuthaza ukutyalwa kwezityalo ezivelisa ubusi kwiindawo ezithile zezolimo. Lo msebenzi unceda ukuthintela izitshabalalisi, uphucula imihlaba, kwaye ugcine amanqanaba aphezulu eentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Izityalo zinqatshelwe okanye azikhuthazwa kwizityalo zobusi
Ayizizo zonke izityalo ezidubulayo ezilungele ukusetyenziswa kobusi ngabantu okanye ukufuya iinyosi. Ezinye iintlobo zinokuthi ziqulethe izinto ezinobuthi, ezifana ne-pyrrolidine alkaloids, eyingozi kuzo zombini iinyosi nakubantu.
Izityalo ezingacetyiswayo okanye ezingavumelekanga ukuba zilinywe kumhlaba ofusi wobusi:
- Echium spp.
- Borago spp.
- Senecio spp.
- Heliotropum spp.
Ezi ntlobo zinokuthi ziqulethe iikhompawundi ezinobungozi kwimpilo, ngoko ke ukulima kwazo akuvumelekanga kwiiplani ezijoliswe ekuveliseni ubusi ukuze kusetyenziswe abantu.
Izinto ezichaphazela ukuveliswa kwe-nectar kunye ne-pollen
Umthamo wencindi kunye nomthamo wokuvelisa umungu wesityalo uxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, zombini kunye nokusingqongileyo.:
- Ubukho bamanzi: Ukunkcenkceshela kwendalo okanye okwenziweyo kwandisa ukukhuselwa kwe-nectar.
- iimeko zomhlaba: Ubume, ukwakheka kunye nezondlo ezikhoyo zibalulekile kwimpilo yesityalo.
- temperatura: Uninzi lwezityalo zivelisa incindi eninzi phakathi kwe-20 kunye ne-30 °C, nangona kukho iintlobo ezilungelelaniswa nolunye uluhlu lobushushu.
- Ukukhanya kwelanga: Kuyimfuneko kwi-photosynthesis kunye nokugcina ubunzima begqabi eliluhlaza apho iikhompawundi zamandla ziveliswa.
- Iimeko zonyaka ophelileyo: Ezinye izityalo zibonisa ukutshintshana kwimveliso yazo ngokuxhomekeke kunyaka ophelileyo (veceria).
Ayizizo zonke iindidi ezivelisa incindi kunye ne-pollen rhoqo. Ubungakanani nomgangatho wemithombo yabo inokwahluka kuxhomekeka kwimozulu, ukufumaneka kwamanzi, nolawulo lwezolimo.
Izityalo zobusi kunye nomdla wokufuya iinyosi kunye nokulima
Umdla wokugcinwa kweenyosi kwizityalo zobusi uxhomekeke kubuninzi, umgangatho kunye nokufikeleleka kwemithombo yobutyebi ezivelisayo.Kubafuyi beenyosi kunye nabalimi, ezi zityalo zixabiseke kakhulu, njengoko:
- Bafaka isandla ekuveliseni ubusi be-monofloral kunye ne-multifloral.
- Bakhuthaza impilo yeenyosi kunye nezinye i-pollinators, ukubonelela ngokutya okuyintabalala neentlobo ngeentlobo.
- Baphucula ubuhle beegadi kunye neendawo zendalo, ezisa umbala, ivumba nezilwanyana zasendle.
- Bandisa iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo, enempembelelo entle kubo bonke abantu abaphilayo kwi-ecosystem.
Iingcebiso zokukhuthaza izityalo ezivelisa ubusi kwindawo yakho
Ukuba ufuna ukufaka isandla kulondolozo lwepollinator kunye nokutyebisa okusingqongileyo, ungatyala iintlobo ezivelisa ubusi kwigadi yakho, ibhalkhoni, okanye indawo yemifuno. Nanga amanye amacebiso:
- Khetha izityalo zomthonyama kunye nezixhathisayo kwiimeko zommandla wakho.
- Dibanisa iintlobo zeentyatyambo kunye neentyatyambo ezishiyanayo ukuqinisekisa izibonelelo unyaka wonke.
- Kuphephe ukusebenzisa amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi kunye nemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula oko kunokuchaphazela kakubi i-pollinators.
- Gcina ezinye iindawo zibe zezendalo kwaye ngaphandle kokucheba ukuvumela iintyatyambo ezizenzekelayo.
- Kubandakanya imithi, amatyholo kunye nezityalo eziluhlaza ukutsala iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinambuzane.
Ngale ndlela, unokonwabela ubuhle beentyatyambo kwaye ubone umsebenzi ongadinwayo weenyosi kunye nezinye i-pollinators, igalelo elisebenzayo ekugcineni ikhonkco lokutya kunye neentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga neentlobo ezitsala iinyosi, tyelela isikhokelo sethu indlela yokutsala iinyosi egadini.
Ukugcinwa nokukhuthazwa kwezityalo zobusi kubalulekile kwimveliso yokutya, uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho lokufuya iinyosi, kunye nokuzinza kwendalo. Ukukhusela nokulima ezi ntlobo zezityalo ngumsebenzi osibandakanya sonke, esixekweni nasezilalini, ukukhuthaza inkqubo yendalo ephilileyo, izitiya ezichumayo, kunye nenkqubo edlamkileyo yokugcina iinyosi.