Ipistachio (IPistacia Vera) lelinye lawona mandongomane axatyiswe kakhulu ngenxa yencasa yalo, ixabiso lesondlo, kunye nokubanakho ukwenza ingeniso. Ukulinywa kwayo kuye kwanda kakhulu kwimimandla enemozulu efanelekileyo, njengoko ikwazi ukuziqhelanisa neentlobo ezininzi zemihlaba kwaye imelane neemeko ezigqithisileyo zobushushu kunye nokubanda. Nangona kunjalo, ukufezekisa ukulima okuyimpumelelo kunye nokwandisa imveliso yepistachio, kubalulekile ukwazi amaxesha afanelekileyo okulima, ukhathalelo oluyimfuneko, kunye neendlela zokuphatha ezisebenzayo. Apha ngezantsi, uya kufumana isikhokelo esineenkcukacha esidibanisa lonke ulwazi lwamva nje olukumgangatho ophezulu malunga nendlela kunye nexesha lokutyala i-pistachios, equka yonke into ukusuka ekukhethweni komhlaba ukuya ekuvuneni nasekugcineni amandongomane.
Iimfuno zemozulu kunye nomhlaba wokutyala iipistachios
Umthi wepistachio Ibonakala ngokuba ngumthi onqabileyo kakhulu kwaye okwaziyo ukumelana ubushushu obugqithisileyo, zombini kubushushu obukhulu (ukuya kwi-50 ° C) kunye nokubanda (ukuhla ukuya kwi-30 ° C). Nangona kunjalo, iimfuno zabo zophuhliso olupheleleyo zithe ngqo:
- Imozulu: Ikhetha imimandla enexesha elide, elishushu, elomileyo lasehlotyeni kunye nobusika obubandayo obuvumela ukuba umthi ungalali. Ifuna a ingqele eqokelelweyo ebusika ukuqinisekisa ukudumba okufanelekileyo kunye ne-pollination, kodwa ayikunyamezeli iqabaka kade entlakohlaza enokonakalisa ukudubula kweentyatyambo.
- Ukufuma: Iindawo ezomileyo zifanelekile, kuba ukufuma okugqithisileyo kuthanda ukukhula kwezifo zokungunda kwaye kuthintela ukukhula.
- Imvula: Eyona mvula ilungileyo ngonyaka iphakathi kwama-500 kunye nama-600 mm, nangona ingakhuliswa kumhlaba owomileyo kwiindawo ezinemvula encinci, kuhlengahlengiswa ulawulo lwezolimo.
- Umhlaba: Umthi we-pistachio uhambelana neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-substrate, nangona ukuphuhliswa kwayo kubhetele kwimihlaba ubunzulu, intlama evunduvundu kwaye ichithwe kakuhleAyiwanyamezeli umhlaba omanzi okanye oxinene kakhulu, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukukhupha amanzi kakuhle.
- pH: Uluhlu olufanelekileyo luphakathi kwe-6.0 kunye ne-8.0, ngokukhetha imihlaba ene-calcareous encinci kunye nomxholo owaneleyo we-zinc.
- Ukukhanya: Isityalo sidinga ukukhanya kwelanga ukuze sikhule ngamandla kwaye sivuthwe kakuhle.
Kuphi kwaye njani ukutyala ipistachios?
Indawo Indawo yokutyala inefuthe ngqo kwimpumelelo yesityalo. Ezona ziphumo zingcono zifumaneka kwiindawo eziphakathi kwe-30 kunye ne-45 ° yesibanzi somntla, esiquka iMeditera, imimandla ye-Near East, uMbindi we-Asiya, kunye namazantsi e-United States.
Amanyathelo aphambili okutyala ipistachios:
- Ukhetho lwezityalo: Unokukhetha ukutyala i-pistachios kwimbewu okanye uthenge izityalo ezincinci kwi-nursery, ngokukhethekileyo zimiliselwe. Ukutyala ngembewu kuyacotha kwaye kuya kuthatha ixesha elide ukuvelisa, ngelixa izityalo ezihlonyelweyo zikhawulezisa ukuqala kwemveliso esebenzayo. Ukuze ufunde ngakumbi, jonga isikhokelo sethu indlela yokutyala ipistachios.
- Ukulungiswa komhlaba: Sebenza nzulu, usebenzisa i-subsoiler okanye umhlakulo, ukukhulula umhlaba kunye nokuququzelela ukukhula kweengcambu. Emva koko, cokisa umhlaba ngomlimi ukuze ube nembewu efanayo. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba udibanise izinto eziphilayo (umgquba omdala) ngexesha lokulungiselela.
- Ukutyala: Yomba imingxuma malunga ne-40-50 cm ubunzulu. Ukwahlula izityalo ziqelelene ngeemitha ezi-5-7 ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yokutyala, ezinokuhluka ngokuxhomekeke kwimvula, uhlobo lomhlaba, kunye nenkqubo yokutyala.
- Isifundo sokuqala: Emva kokutyala, beka izithinteli kunye nesefu yokukhusela ukuqinisekisa ukukhula okufanelekileyo kwaye uthintele umonakalo ovela kwizilwanyana okanye umoya.
- Ukuphunyezwa kokunkcenkceshela: Nkcenkceshela ngokunzulu emva kokutyala ukuhlalisa i-substrate ejikeleze iingcambu kunye nokuphelisa iipokotho zomoya.
Ixesha lokutyala i-pistachios: ixesha elifanelekileyo lonyaka kunye nomboniso wesityalo
Elona xesha lilungileyo lokutyala i-pistachios Kungcono ukutyala ngexesha lokungalali, oko kukuthi, phakathi kokwindla nobusika, ukuthintela amaxesha eqabaka okanye umhlaba omanzi kakhulu. Ukutyala ngeli xesha kukhuthaza ukuhluma kweengcambu ngaphambi kokuhluma kwentwasahlobo.
- Iingcambu ezingenanto: Kunconywa kuphela ukuwatyala ngexesha lasebusika, ngexesha lokumisa ikhefu elipheleleyo, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lokutshintshwa.
- Izityalo ezikwiingcambu zeengcambu: Ezi zinokutyalwa phantse unyaka wonke, ngaphandle kwamaxesha amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye nembalela.
Kucetyiswa ukuba kuthengwe izityalo kwii-nursery ezikhethekileyo ezibonelela ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nomgangatho, ukuqinisekisa ukuveliswa kwezityalo ezihlonyelweyo, njengoko oku kunciphisa ixesha elithathayo ukungena kwimveliso kunye nokuqinisekisa iimpawu zofuzo ezifanelekileyo.
Ukuchonga izityalo eziziinkunzi nemazi: isitshixo kumvumvuzelwano
Umthi wepistachio sisityalo se-dioecious, oko kukuthi, kukho izityalo zenkunzi nemazi. Ukufumana isiqhamo, ukudluliselwa kwepoleni kwiintyatyambo ezizimazi ezinomungu ovela kwiinkunzi kubalulekile.
- Umlinganiselo ocetyiswayo: Kuzo zonke izityalo ezi-8-10 zabasetyhini, indoda e-1 kufuneka ityalwe, isasaze imizekelo ngokulinganayo.
- Umahluko wemorphological: Izityalo eziziinkunzi zikholisa ukukhula iintyatyambo ezincinci, ezixineneyo ezidityaniswe ngamaqela, ngelixa iimazi zibonisa iintyatyambo ezinkulu, ezithe saa.
- Uvuvuzelo: Umoya yeyona arhente yomvumvuzelwano. Kumasimi abanzi, uyilo oluchanekileyo kunye nokubekwa kwezityalo zamadoda kwandisa impumelelo yokuzala.
Ukulungiswa komhlaba kunye nokuchumisa
Echanekileyo ukulungiswa komhlaba Kubalulekile phambi kokutyala. Ukuhlakula okunzulu kuvumela i-substrate ukuba ifakwe umoya kwaye iphucule ukungena kwamanzi. Ukuchumisa kwasekuqaleni kusekelwe ekufakweni kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nokulungiswa kwezinto ezinokuthi zibe nokusilela kwezondlo, ngakumbi i-phosphorus kunye ne-potassium. Kuqhelekile ukongeza umgquba osele uvuthwe kakuhle, ugalela phakathi kwe 300 kunye ne 400 yeetoni ngehektare nganye kwizityalo ezibanzi. Ukuphucula ukuchumisa, unokubonisana neengcebiso zethu kwi uninzi lwezityalo ezinengeniso.
- Izichumisi zezimbiwa: Kwimihlaba ehlwempuzekileyo okanye kwiifama zorhwebo, izichumisi ezipheleleyo eziqukethe i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, i-potassium kunye nesulfure zongezwa. Umthamo kufuneka ulungelelaniswe ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo lwangaphambili lomhlaba.
- Microelements: I-zinc eyaneleyo ibalulekile kuphuhliso olululo lwemithi kunye nokwakheka kweziqhamo. Kwiimeko zomhlaba onqongopheleyo, kucetyiswa ukuba kufakwe i-foliar yezilungiso ze-zinc.
Kwimihlaba emincinci, ukuchumisa ngomgquba wezilwanyana kudla ngokwanela ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zezondlo.
Ukunkcenkceshela: amaxesha amaninzi kunye neendlela ezicetyiswayo
Umthi wepistachio uyaxhathisa kwimbalelaKwimimandla eyomileyo, inokuphila ngokufuma komhlaba wendalo, nangona izivuno ziya kuba ngaphantsi kunezo zifunyenwe ngamasimi ankcenkceshelwayo. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yokunkcenkceshela ekhethiweyo kunye nolawulo lwayo olufanelekileyo lungundoqo kuphuhliso oluphezulu kunye neziqhamo.
- Ukuphunyezwa kokunkcenkceshela: Kubalulekile emva kokutyala ukuphucula ukusekwa kweengcambu.
- Ukunkcenkceshela kwendawo: Le yeyona ndlela icetyiswayo, njengoko ikhusela ukugcwala kwamanzi okunokubangela izifo zefungal kwiingcambu.
- Rhoqo: Ngexesha lasehlotyeni, ukunkcenkceshela okunzulu rhoqo ngeentsuku ezili-10-15 kudla ngokwaneleyo. Ngamaxesha anzima (ukudubula kweentyatyambo, ukuqala kweziqhamo, kunye nokuvuthwa), kuyathandeka ukuhlengahlengisa ubungakanani kunye namaxesha aqhelekileyo ngokweemfuno zesityalo kunye neemeko zemozulu.
Imithi ye-pistachio isabela kakuhle ekunkcenkcesheleni okuninzi kodwa okushiyekileyo, kunokuba kunkcenkceshelwe rhoqo. Ukunkcenkceshela ngokugqithisileyo kunokuba yingozi kwaye kukhokelela kwizifo ezinzulu.
Izakhelo zokutyala kunye nokuxinana kwemithi
El isakhelo sokutyala Kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi: uhlobo lomhlaba, ipateni esetyenziswayo kunye nenkqubo yokunkcenkceshela.
- Kumasimi esintu: Umgama oziimitha ezi-6-7 phakathi kwemiqolo kunye neemitha ezi-5 phakathi kwezityalo uyacetyiswa ukuze kuphuhliswe i-canopy ngokugqibeleleyo kunye nokuququzelela umsebenzi wasendle.
- Amasimi anzima: Iifreyimu ezincinci zinokukhethwa, nje ukuba ukufikelela kokukhanya kunye nokungena umoya we-canopy kuqinisekisiwe.
Ukukhetha iintlobo kunye nokuxutywa
Ukukhetha i ezahlukeneyo kunye nepateni Ingundoqo kwimpumelelo enemveliso. Uninzi lwemithi yeziqhamo zorhwebo (kuquka nepistachio) ityalwa imiliselwe. Oku kuvumela:
- Lungisa ipateni: Isiqu sengcambu sikhethwa ngokusekelwe kuxhaso lomhlaba kwizifo, ubutyuwa, ukumila, okanye imbalela. Ukufunda malunga neengcambu ezahlukeneyo, ungandwendwela icandelo lethu ipistacia.
- Khetha indidi: Ukuxhunyelelwa kugqiba uhlobo olunemveliso, lulungelelanisa iimpawu zesiqhamo kwizinto zorhwebo okanye zobuqu.
Umiliselo Oku kunokwenziwa kwinkulisa phambi kokutyala okanye entsimini, kusetyenziswa iziphunzi zengcambu ebezisele zikho. Izityalo ezifakwe ngaphambili zikhawuleza inkqubo kwaye ziqinisekise ukutyala okufanayo.
Ukunyamekela kunye nokugcinwa komthi wepistachio
El ulawulo lwezityalo Ilula, kodwa kukho imisebenzi ephambili yokuqinisekisa imveliso elungileyo:
- Ukuprintwa: Kwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala, ukuthena okwakhayo kujolise ekunikeni umthi ubume begoblet, obunamasebe amathathu aphambili kunye nobude obuphantsi obunobune (malunga nemitha enye). Oku kunceda ukuvuna kwaye kuphucule umoya kunye nokuthatha kancinci.
- Ukuthenwa kwemveliso: Kuqhutyelwa ngonyaka ngexesha lasebusika, ukususa amasebe agulayo okanye angahambi kakuhle, kunye nokukhuthaza iziqhamo.
- Ulawulo lomhlaba: Unokukhetha ukuwugcina ungenanto umhlaba ngokulima nokuhlakula, okanye wenze isigqubuthelo sezityalo, ekufuneka sichetywe rhoqo ukuthintela ukhuphiswano lwamanzi nezondlo.
- Ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula: Ingakumbi kwiminyaka yokuqala, kubalulekile ukuphelisa ukhuphiswano ngokhula ngokusebenzisa ukhula lwezandla okanye ngemichiza.
Izinambuzane kunye nezifo ekulinyweni kwe-pistachio
Umthi wepistachio Iyakwazi ukumelana nezinambuzane kunye nezifo, nangona kunjalo, ezinye izoyikiso zinokuchaphazela imveliso:
- Izinambuzane ezilumayo: Njengeentwala, ezinokuthi zenze inyongo kwaye zenze buthathaka izicubu zomthi. Ulawulo lunokufezekiswa ngeemveliso ezithile okanye ngokukhetha iintshaba zabo zendalo.
- Izifo zokungunda: NjengeAlternaria, ethandwa kukugcwala kwamanzi kunye nokungenwa komoya. Uthintelo lubandakanya ukunqanda ukunkcenkceshelwa ngokugqithisileyo kunye nokugcina ikhenopi ingena umoya kakuhle ngokuthenwa okufanelekileyo.
- Iintaka: Iintaka zingonakalisa iziqhamo ezivuthwayo, ngoko ke kucetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe i-scarecrows okanye i-tape yokukhanya.
Ulawulo olululo lwe-agronomic, kubandakanywa nokukhethwa komhlaba, ulawulo lokunkcenkceshela, kunye nokucoceka kwendalo, kunceda ukunciphisa iingxaki ze-phytosanitary.
Ukuvuna kunye nokwenza iipistachios
La Isivuno sokuqala Ingathatha iminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwesixhenxe ukusuka kutyalo, kuxhomekeke kudidi lwesityalo nolawulo. Umthi ungena kwimveliso epheleleyo emva kweminyaka eyi 7-10. Ukuvuna ngokuqhelekileyo kwenziwa ekupheleni kwehlobo okanye ekuqaleni kwekwindla, xa isiqhamo sinombala obumnyama kwaye iqokobhe liqala ukuhlukana nolusu.
- Iindlela zokuqokelelwa: Ingenziwa ngesandla, usebenzisa i-vibrators okanye ukugubha amaqabunga ukuququzelela ukuwa kweziqhamo.
- Ityala: Emva kokuvuna, iipistachios ziyacocwa, zomiswe, zosiwe okanye zomiswe phambi kokuba zisetyenziswe okanye zigcinwe.
Ulondolozo: Iipistachios zingagcinwa kwiingxowa zeplastiki ukuya kwiiveki ezi-6 efrijini, okanye zifakwe emkhenkceni ukuze zigcinwe ixesha elide, ukuya kwiinyanga ezi-6, ngelixa zigcina incasa kunye nokuthungwa kwazo.
Ipistachio Lindongomane elixatyiswe kakhulu ngencasa yalo kunye nexabiso lesondlo. Umxholo wayo ophezulu we-antioxidants, amafutha anempilo, iiprotheni, kunye neeminerali zenza esi siqhamo sibe kukutya okufunwayo okusebenzayo. Ngaphaya koko, ukulinywa kwepistachio yindlela enengeniso nezinzileyo kwiindawo ezineemeko ezifanelekileyo zemozulu. Ingaqhelaniswa neenkqubo zemveli zemihlaba eyomileyo kunye neemodeli zokunkcenkceshela ezinzulu, zonke zineendleko eziphantsi zolondolozo emva kokusekwa kokuqala.
Umthi wepistachio unokuba lolona khetho lubalaseleyo kwiifama ezahlukeneyo, ukufaka igalelo kuzinzo lwasemaphandleni, kunye nokubonelela ngenye indlela esebenzayo kwizityalo zemveli. Ukuqina kwayo, ukukhula kwemfuno yemarike, kunye neemfuno zamanzi aphantsi kuyenza ibe sesinye sezityalo ezinokuthi zibe namandla kwixesha elizayo, ngakumbi kwimozulu yeMeditera kunye neendawo ezinobutyebi obuncinci bamanzi.
