Izityalo zehlathi elipholileyo: iintlobo, iimpawu, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwezityalo zehlabathi

  • Ihlathi elipholileyo likhaya lezityalo ezizintlobo ngeentlobo ezingaqhelekanga eziziqhelanisa namaxesha ahlukeneyo onyaka kunye nomhlaba ochumileyo.
  • Imithi efana ne-oki, i-beech, i-maple, i-pine kunye ne-fir zihlala kunye nezihlahla, i-ferns, izityalo ze-herbaceous kunye neentlobo ze-parasitic, ukudala isakhiwo sezityalo ezininzi.
  • Ezi nkqubo ze-ecosystem zenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ye-ikholoji: ukulawulwa kwamanzi, ukuhluthwa kwekhabhoni, ulondolozo lomhlaba, kunye nokubonelela ngeendawo zokuhlala kumawaka eentlobo zezilwanyana.
  • Izityalo zamahlathi apholileyo zisasazwa kwihlabathi jikelele, zishiyana ngokwemozulu, ukuphakama, ububanzi kunye neempawu zomhlaba.
Mónica SánchezIhlaziywe

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iintyatyambo kunye nezityalo zehlathi elipholileyo

En los amahlathi apholileyo Apha uya kufumana enye yemiboniso emikhulu yezityalo ezahlukeneyo zebhayoloji ngaphandle kwemimandla yetropiki. Ukuhlalisana kwemithi emikhulu, amatyholo, iifern, ingca, ubulembu kunye nomngundo kubangela ukuntsonkotha nobuhle belizwe. Le biome, ibunjwe zizigidi zeminyaka yendaleko kunye nokuziqhelanisa neemeko zemozulu ezahlukeneyo kunye namaxesha onyaka ahlukeneyo, ibonelela ngelabhoratri ephilayo yokuqonda ukuba izityalo zidibana njani kwaye ziphile xa kujongwe imiceli mngeni yendalo njengengqele yasebusika okanye umthunzi omkhulu wecanopy yomthi.

Ukuba ungumthandi wendalo kwaye unomdla malunga nebhotani, apha uya kufumana Isikhokelo esipheleleyo sezityalo ezihlala kumahlathi apholileyo: ukusebenza kwazo, ulwakhiwo, ezona ndidi ziqaphelekayo, ulungelelwaniso olulodwa, kunye nokubaluleka kwazo kwi-ikhosistim. Icandelo ngalinye lenzelwe ukwenza nzulu ukuqonda kwethu ngeentlobo zezilwanyana ezifuziselayo kunye nezona ntlobo zobomi zimangalisayo ezenza le mixokomelwano yendalo, isisiseko kubomi baseMhlabeni.

uhlaza lwamahlathi apholileyo

Yintoni ihlathi elipholileyo kwaye lihlala phi?

El ihlathi elipholileyo Ludidi lwebhayom ephawulwa yimozulu ephakathi, isingqisho samaxesha onyaka esiphawulweyo, kunye nokwahlukana okuphezulu kwebhayoloji. Ngokwejografi, ikwimimandla yobubanzi obuphakathi, oko kukuthi, phakathi kwetropiki kunye neesangqa ezimhlophe (malunga neparallels 23° kunye ne66°) kuzo zombini iihemispheres.

Amaqondo obushushu Kula mahlathi amaqondo obushushu ayaguquguquka unyaka wonke kunye nehlobo elishushu elinokugqithisa i-30°C kunye ubusika obubandayo enokufikelela kumaxabiso angaphantsi kwe-zero. Nangona kunjalo, uluhlu oluqhelekileyo lwamaqondo obushushu onyaka luphakathi kwe-0 °C kunye ne-20 °C. Olu tshintsho, kunye nemvula yonyaka enokuqala ukusuka kwi-500 ukuya kwi-2,000 mm (nangona kwezinye iindawo ifikelela kwi-300 ukuya kwi-2,000 mm, ngokuxhomekeke kwingingqi), ivumela ukuba kubekho imvula. ubutyebi bezityalo obukhethekileyo kunye nobukho beendlela ezininzi zehlathi:

  • Ihlathi elipholileyo elinamagqabi: Ilawulwa yimithi elahlekelwa ngamagqabi ekwindla, ngaloo ndlela ilungelelanisa ukuphepha ukuphefumula kunye nomonakalo weqabaka.
  • Amahlathi e-coniferous aphakathiApha, imithi ehlala iluhlaza njengepayini, iifirs kunye nemisedare iphambili, ixhotyiswe ngamagqabi afana nenaliti anciphisa ukulahleka kwamanzi.
  • Amahlathi apholileyo axubeneyo: Zidibanisa iintlobo ezivuthulukayo kunye nezityalo ezihlala ziluhlaza, nto leyo eyandisa ukuntsonkotha kwesakhiwo kunye nokwahluka kweendawo zokuhlala.
  • Amahlathi afumileyo asezintabeni kunye namahlathi anemozulu epholileyo (laurifolios): Zibekwe kwiindawo ezigqunyiweyo zeentaba kunye neendawo ezinempembelelo yolwandle, ezinobuninzi beentlobo zamagqabi abanzi kunye nemozulu efumileyo ngakumbi.
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iintlobo zamahlathi apholileyo kunye nohlaza

Ukusasazwa kwehlabathi kwamahlathi ashushu kuhlanganisa iindawo ezinkulu zaseMntla Melika, iYurophu enkulu, i-Asia ephakathi kunye nempuma (kuquka i-China, iKorea, iJapan kunye neRashiya), i-mpuma ye-Australia, i-New Zealand, i-Afrika esezantsi kunye ne-Andean Patagonia eMzantsi Melika.

  • Umntla weIkhweyitha: Kubandakanya imimandla yase-United States, Canada, Mexico, yonke iNtshona kunye noMbindi Yurophu, kunye noMbindi kunye neMpuma yeAsia.
  • Umzantsi weIkhweyitha: Ibandakanya iindawo ezikumazantsi mpuma eOstreliya, iNew Zealand, kunye nengingqi yePatagonian yaseChile naseArgentina.

El umgangatho wehlathi elipholileyo Inzulu kwaye ichumile, ngenxa yokunikezelwa rhoqo kwamagqabi kunye ne-organic matter ewayo kwaye ibole, yenze umaleko otyebileyo we-humus. Oku kuthanda ukufumaneka kwezondlo kwinani elikhulu lezityalo nezinto eziphila emhlabeni, nto leyo eyenza ihlathi elinemozulu epholileyo libe ngomnye wemimandla enemveliso engaphandle kweleenjiko.

Uhlaza kunye nokwakheka kwala mahlathi kuyahluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nobubanzi, ukuphakama, ukuba kufuphi nolwandle, ukukhululeka, kunye nohlobo lwe-substrate. Ngaphaya koko, izinto ezinjengobukho bemililo, imikhenkce yembali, kunye nezinto ezenziwa ngabantu ziye zabumba inkangeleko yangoku yezi nkqubo zendalo.

Ihlathi elipholileyo: iimpawu, isiqabu, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana

Iimpawu kunye ne-stratification yehlathi elipholileyo

Ubume be-a ihlathi elipholileyo yenye yee-asethi zayo ezinkulu. Ezi nkqubo zendalo ziveza ngokucacileyo istratification ethe nkqo, evumela ukuhlalisana kweentlobo ezininzi zezityalo nezilwanyana kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo:

  1. Uphahla lwemithi: Yenziwe ngemithi emide (ukuya kuthi ga kwiimitha ezingama-60 kwezinye iimeko) eyenza umaleko ongaphezulu, othintela uninzi lokukhanya kwelanga. Iindidi ezifana ne-beech, i-oki, i-maple, i-fir kunye ne-pine zikhula apha.
  2. I-shrubby understory: Yenziwe ngamatyholo okunyamezela umthunzi njenge-rhododendrons, imithi ye-hazel, imithi ye-holly kunye ne-currants, edla ngokutyatyamba ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ngaphambi kokuba i-canopy ivalwe.
  3. Umaleko we-Herbaceous: Idityaniswe ngeeferns, ingca, izityalo ze-ephemeral kunye nemifuno ekhula ngokukhawuleza, elungiselelwe ukuthatha inzuzo ekukhanyeni kunye nexesha elifutshane ngaphambi kokuba imithi iphuhlise amagqabi ayo.
  4. I-Cryptogamic stratum: Kubandakanya ubulembu, ubulembu kunye nokungunda, eziyimfuneko ekuboleni kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe izondlo.

strata wehlathi elipholileyo

Lo istratification ethe nkqo ivumela iintlobo ezininzi zokwabelana ngesithuba ngaphandle kokhuphiswano oluthe ngqo. Ukongeza, iileyile ezahlukeneyo zibonelela iindawo zokuhlala ezincinci zikhethekile kwaye zithanda ubukho beentlobo zezilwanyana ezikhethekileyo kwinqanaba ngalinye: iintaka, izinambuzane, izilwanyana ezanyisayo kunye nezirhubuluzi zifumana indawo yokuhlala, ukutya kunye neendawo ezizalela kuzo ezilungele iimfuno zazo.

Phakathi kwe Ukwahluka kwezityalo Ihlathi elipholileyo ligxininisa:

  • imithi evuthulukayo: I-Oaks (i-Quercus spp.), ii-beeches (i-Fagus spp.), i-chestnuts (i-Castanea spp.), i-maples (i-Acer spp.), ii-birches (Betula spp.), i-elms (Ulmus spp.) kunye ne-hackberries.
  • Imithi ehlala iluhlaza kunye ne-coniferous: Iipayini (Pinus spp.), Iifirs (Abies spp.), Imisedare (Cedrus spp.), I-spruces (Picea spp.), I-redwoods (i-Sequoia spp. kunye ne-Sequoiadendron giganteum), phakathi kwabanye.
  • Shrubbery: Ihazelnuts (iCorylus spp.), I-rhododendrons (i-Rhododendron spp.), I-currants kunye ne-blueberries (i-Ribes spp., i-Vaccinium spp.), imithi ye-strawberry (Arbutus spp.), i-manzanita (i-Arctostaphylos spp.), i-myrtle (i-Gaulthe . (Litsea glaucescens), iinwele zengelosi (Calliandra grandiflora).
  • Uhlobo oluthile: Ferns (Dryopteris spp.), bluebells (Penstemon spp.), toadstool (Eryngium spp.), alfalfa (Lupinus montanus), kunye ephemerals ezininzi kunye neentyantyambo zasendle ezifana trillium emhlophe (Trillium spp.), iinyibiba, orchids, hyacinth yomthi, acaena, phakathi kwezinye.
  • Izityalo zeParasitic kunye ne-symbionts: Iintlobo ezifana ne-mistletoe (icwecwe le-Viscum), i-Monotropa uniflora kunye ne-Corallorhiza (i-saprophytic/parasitic orchids) zibalasele, ezifumana izondlo zazo kumthi womkhosi okanye kuthungelwano lwe-mycorrhizal fungi.

Uhlengahlengiso lwezityalo kwindawo epholileyo: amacebo okuphila

Las izityalo zehlathi elipholileyo Baye baphuhlisa inani lohlengahlengiso ukuze baphile kutshintsho lwamaxesha onyaka, ukhuphiswano lokukhanya kunye nezixhobo ezincinci ngexesha lasebusika:

  • Ukuphelelwa kwamagqabiImithi ilahla amagqabi awo ekwindla ukunqanda ukulahleka kwamanzi kunye nomonakalo obangelwa ngamaqondo aphantsi kunye nomkhenkce. Le nkqubo iphinda yondle umhlaba ngezinto eziphilayo njengoko inkunkuma yamagqabi ibola.
  • Amagqabi afana nenaliti okanye ngecuticle engqindililiKwiiconifers, amagqabi afana nenaliti okanye angaphezulu kwe-waxy anciphisa ukuphefumla kwaye axhathise umonakalo obandayo.
  • Ukudubula kwangokoIzityalo ezininzi ezinezityalo zidubula phambi kokuba i-canopy yomthi ivalwe ngokupheleleyo, ithatha ithuba lokukhanya okongeziweyo entwasahlobo.
  • Iinkqubo zeengcambu kunye nokubambisanaImithi emininzi kunye nezihlahlana ziseka ubudlelwane be-symbiotic kunye nomngundo (mycorrhizae), okuphucula ukufunxa izondlo namanzi. Le mutualism ibalulekile kwimpumelelo yeentlobo kwimihlaba eneasidi okanye embi.
Ihlathi eliqaqambileyo lenziwe zizityalo eziphulukana namagqabi
Inqaku elidibeneyo:
Ihlathi Elivuthulukayo: Iindidi, Iintyatyambo, Izilwanyana, kunye ne-Ecology ngobunzulu

Ukubaluleka kwendalo kunye neenkonzo zokusingqongileyo zehlathi elipholileyo

Los amahlathi apholileyo Babonelela ngeenkonzo ezibalulekileyo ze-ikhosistim kwaye badlale indima engenakubuyiselwa kwimpilo yeplanethi:

  • Ukulawulwa komjikelo wamanziImithi ithomalalisa ukuqengqeleka kwamanzi, ikhuthaza ukungeniswa kunye nokutshajwa ngokutsha kwe-aquifer, kwaye ithintele izikhukhula.
  • I-Captura kunye ne-almacenamiento ye-carbonNgenxa ye-biomass ephezulu, zisebenza njenge-carbon sinks, zinegalelo ekudambiseni utshintsho lwemozulu.
  • Ukulondolozwa komhlaba: Iingcambu zikhusela ukhukuliseko kwaye zigcine ukuchuma ngokusoloko zibonelela ngezinto eziphilayo.
  • Ukukhuthaza iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo: Ziziindawo zokuhlala amawakawaka ezityalo, izilwanyana kunye nezilwanyana ezincinci, kuquka ezininzi ezihlala zikho kunye nezinye ezisesichengeni.
  • Ukuveliswa kwezixhobo ezivuselelekayo: Babonelela ngeenkuni, iintlaka, ukutya kwasendle, izityalo zamayeza kunye nokuzonwabisa.

iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo zehlathi elipholileyo

Ngaphezu koko, amahlathi anemozulu epholileyo ajamelene nezisongelo ezandayo: ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, imililo, ukuqhekeka, ukuvela kwezilwanyana ezingaqhelekanga, ungcoliso nokutshintsha kwemozulu kubeka engozini ulungelelwano lwazo. Ngoko ke, ulawulo oluzinzileyo kunye nolondolozo Babalulekile ekukhuseleni ubutyebi babo bebhayoloji kunye neenkonzo abazinikezela kuluntu.

Iimpawu eziphambili zezityalo kunye nemithi yehlathi elipholileyo lehlabathi

Ehlabathini lonke, i amahlathi apholileyo Zilikhaya kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zeentlobo ngeentlobo zeentlobo ngeentlobo zeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ezihluka ngokwemimandla neentlobo zehlathi. Ezinye zezona zityalo zimele kakhulu kunye nemithi zichazwe ngezantsi:

imithi evuthulukayo

  • Oki (Quercus spp.)Kuthathwa ngokuba "ookumkani" behlathi elipholileyo, banokufikelela kwindawo ephakamileyo yeemitha ezingama-40 kwaye baphile amakhulu eminyaka. Ii-acorns zabo zingumthombo ophambili wokutya kwizilwanyana zasendle.
  • Beech (Fagus sylvatica kunye neF. grandifolia): Imithi enezithsaba ezibanzi, amaxolo agudileyo, namagqabi ajika abe yigolide ekwindla. Bakha amahlathi ashinyeneyo, anomthunzi.
  • Imephu ebomvu (iAcer rubrum): Iintlobo zaseMntla zaseMelika zobuhle obukhulu bekwindla ngenxa yombala obomvu obomvu wamagqabi awo.
  • I-Chestnut (iCastanea sativa kunye neC. dentata): Umthi omkhulu, oxatyisiweyo ngenxa yomgangatho womthi kunye neziqhamo zawo ezidliwayo.
  • Birch (Betula spp.): Umthi onamaxolo amhlophe, uvulindlela kwikholoni yeendawo eziphazamisekileyo.

Imithi ye-evergreen kunye ne-conifers

  • Ipayina (Pinus spp.)Kukho iintlobo ezininzi, ukusuka kwi-European Scots pine ukuya kwiNorth American ponderosa pine.
  • Ifreyini yaseDouglas (iPseudotsuga menziesii): Ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kunye nokukhulu, kubalulekile emahlathini aseMntla-ntshona waseMelika.
  • Imisedare (Cedrus spp.): Imithi emikhulu, efumaneka kakhulu kwiintaba ezifumileyo zemozulu.
  • Redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens kunye ne Sequoiadendron giganteum)Eyona mithi mide kwaye mikhulu ehlabathini, ekwaziyo ukuphila iminyaka engamawaka aliqela. Zifumaneka kwiindawo eziselunxwemeni loMntla Merika.

Izihlahla, ingca kunye nezityalo ezizodwa

  • I-Rhododendrons (iRhododendron spp.): Izihlahla ezihlala emthunzini, kunye neentyatyambo ezintle.
  • Umthi wamaqunube (Arbutus xalapensis): I-Shrub okanye umthi omncinci onamaxolo abomvu kunye neziqhamo ezidliwayo, iimpawu kakhulu zamahlathi apholileyo aseMelika.
  • Rosewood (Bejaria aestuans): Umthi omncinci okanye i-shrub enamagqabi ahlukeneyo kunye neentyatyambo ezingabonakaliyo.
  • Ilaurel yasendle (iLitsea glaucescens): Umthi ophantsi onamagqabi anevumba elimnandi, oqhelekileyo kwingca yaseMexico.
  • Iinwele zengelosi (Calliandra grandiflora): Isihlahla okanye umthi omncinci onamagqabi anentsiba kunye neentyatyambo ezintle.
  • Manzanita (Arctostaphylos pungens): I-shrub ye-scrub eyomileyo, ekhoyo kwiindawo zenguqu.
  • IMiconia (Miconia spp.): Isihlahla okanye umthi omncinci onamagqabi amnyama aluhlaza, aqhelekileyo amahlathi aseMesoamerican.
  • Buddleja americana (Tepozán): I-Shrub esetyenziselwa amayeza kunye nokuhombisa.
  • Ingca yesele (Eryngium sp.): Isityalo se-Herbaceous esilungelelaniswe kwiindawo ezinelanga kunye nomhlaba ovulekileyo.

iintyatyambo zamahlathi ashinyeneyo

Iiferns kunye nezityalo ze-ephemeral

  • IiFerns (Dryopteris spp., Asplenium monanthes): Zikhona kuwo wonke umaleko ongezantsi ngenxa yokunyamezela kwawo umthunzi kunye nokuzala kwawo ngembewu.
  • I-Trillium emhlophe (i-Trillium spp.): Isityalo esihlala sisisigxina esineentyantyambo ezinkulu, ezimhlophe, eziqhakaza zisimboli sentwasahlobo emahlathini aseMntla Melika.
  • Iinduli: Ukukhula ngokukhawuleza, izityalo ze-bulbous ezikhula ngokukhawuleza.
  • Iiorchids ezisemhlabeni (Corallorhiza spp.): Ilungelelaniswe kwiindawo zokuhlala ezinomthunzi kunye nezicwangciso ze-parasitism zokungunda.
  • Iintyatyambo zeBellflower (iPenstemon spp.): Izityalo ze-Herbaceous ezineentyatyambo ezimibalabala, zihlala zihlala.
  • Acaena elongata: Isityalo esirhubuluzayo sixhaphake kwimingxuma ephantsi yepine-oki efumileyo.

Izityalo ezinqabileyo kunye ne-parasite

  • Mistletoe (Viscum album): Isityalo seSemi-parasitic esikhula kwimithi yehostele.
  • I-Monotropa uniflora: Eyaziwa njenge "ghost plant," ayinayo ichlorophyll kwaye ifumana amandla ngobudlelwane beparasite kunye nomthi mycorrhizae.

Imizekelo yengingqi ebalaseleyo

  • Amahlathi apholileyo aseMexicoZilikhaya kwi-50% yeentlobo zepine zehlabathi kunye neentlobo ezingaphezu kwama-200 ze-oki (Quercus). Ezona zibalaseleyo apha yifir (Abies religiosa), umjunipha (Juniperus spp.), kunye namakhulu eentlobo zezityalo ezihlala zikhula njengezityalo nezihlahla.
  • Amahlathi apholileyo aseYurophu naseAsiaUkongeza kwimithi esele ikhankanywe, i-magnolias, imithi ye-linden (i-Tilia spp.), Imithi yomlotha (i-Fraxinus spp.)

Iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ifauna enxulumeneyo kunye nobudlelwane be-ikholoji

Ubutyebi behlathi elipholileyo bubonakala nakuwo izilwanyana ezinxulumeneyoAmaxhama, iimpungutye, iibhere, iingcuka, nomatse, iinkuni, iintaka passerine, salamanders, kunye nenkitha yezinambuzane zixhomekeke kwisakhiwo kunye nemithombo ebonelelwa yi flora. Izilwanyana zidlala indima ephambili ngokusasaza imbewu, ukusasaza iintyatyambo, kunye nokuhlaziya izondlo ngokusebenzisa ikhonkco lokutya. Kwimimandla ethile, iintlobo ezifudukayo ezifana nebhabhathane imonarch (Danaus plexippus) zisebenzisa amahlathi apholileyo kubomi bazo.

Ubudlelwane phakathi kwezityalo kunye nomngundo, ngakumbi mzantsi, ivumela imithi kunye nezihlahla ukuba zifikelele kwizondlo ezibalulekileyo. Ngaphaya koko, ukucwangciswa kunye nokwahlukahlukana kweziqhamo kunye nembewu kuthanda ukugqwesa kwizilwanyana ezizityayo kwaye zizisasaze, okonyusa ukuntsonkotha kwendalo kwendalo.

iintlobo zezityalo kwihlathi elipholileyo elinamagqabi

Izigrogriso kunye nolondolozo lwamahlathi aphakathi

Nangona zibalulekile, i amahlathi apholileyo Ziye zaxhatshazwa kakhulu ngenxa yomhlaba wazo ochumileyo kunye namaplanga akumgangatho ophezulu. Imimandla emininzi iye yaguqulelwa ekubeni ngamasimi ezolimo, amadlelo neendawo ezihlala ezidolophini. Ngaphaya koko, ukuqhekeka, ukungeniswa kweentlobo zezityalo ezihlaselayo, ukuxhatshazwa ngokugqithisileyo, kunye nefuthe lokutshintsha kwemozulu kubeka emngciphekweni ukuthembeka kwezi nkqubo zendalo.

Iinzame ze ulondolozo Oku kuquka ukwenziwa kwemimandla ekhuselweyo, ukubuyiselwa kwamahlathi awonakeleyo, ukubuyiselwa kweentlobo zezityalo zomthonyama nokufundiswa ngemekobume. EMexico nakwamanye amazwe, imigaqo-nkqubo yokusingqongileyo iye yaqalisa ukuqaphela ukubaluleka kwala mahlathi kungekuphela nje njengabavelisi bemithombo yobutyebi, kodwa njengeendawo zokuhlala ezibalulekileyo kwizinto eziphilayo nentlalo-ntle yabantu.

Ukwahluka, ukuguquguquka, kunye nemisebenzi ye-ikholoji yezityalo zehlathi elipholileyo ibeka le bhayome njengenye yezona ndawo zixabisekileyo zelifa lemveli ekufuneka sizigcine kwaye siziqonde.

imithi yehlathi epholileyo
Inqaku elidibeneyo:
Ihlathi elipholileyo: iimpawu zendalo, ukukhululeka, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana