Izityalo eziphambili ezihlaselayo eSpain: uluhlu, impembelelo, imizekelo, kunye nolawulo

Ziziphi izityalo ezihlaselayo kwaye kutheni ziyingxaki eSpain?

Izityalo ezihlaselayo Zizintlobo zemvelaphi yangaphandle ezithi, xa zingeniswa kwintsimi entsha, zikwazi ukuzinza, zivelise kwaye zande ngokukhawuleza, zisusa izityalo zendawo kunye nokuguqula i-ecosystems. ESpain, ubukho babo buye baba yenye izoyikiso eziphambili kwiintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ngaphezu kokubangela iimpembelelo ezingalunganga kumanqanaba ezentlalo, ezoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Ukufika kwezi ntlobo kusenokuba ngengozi okanye ngabom, ngokufuthi ngorhwebo lokuhombisa, ukulima, ezolimo, okanye ukuthuthwa kwempahla. Umthamo wabo omkhulu wokuziqhelanisa, ukuvelisa, kunye nokusabalalisa, kunye nokungabikho kwamarhamncwa endalo kwindawo yabo entsha, kuququzelela ukwanda kwabo okungalawulekiyo.

E-Spain, kukho iintlobo ezininzi zezityalo ezichazwe njenge-invasive. Uninzi lwazo lwaziswa ngenxa yexabiso labo lokuhombisa, ukuxhathisa kwabo kwiimeko ezimbi, okanye ukusebenziseka kwabo ekuzinziseni umhlaba kunye nokulawula ukhukuliseko. Nangona kunjalo, xa sele zisendle, ezi zityalo zinokukhula kwezinye iintlobo. ukwenza imonocultures esusa uhlaza lwendalo, okubangela ukuhlwempuzeka okukhulu kwendalo.

Kuqikelelwa ukuba i Izityalo ezihlaselayo zimele ngaphezulu kwe-35% yezityalo ezilawulwa ngokusemthethweni njengezityalo zangaphandle ezihlaselayo liSebe lezoTshintsho kwindalo. Oku kubonakalisa ubukhulu bengxaki kunye nokubaluleka kokuthatha amanyathelo okuthintela kunye nokulawula.

Ukunyuka korhwebo lweentlobo ezingaqhelekanga kunye notshintsho kusetyenziso lomhlaba lube negalelo elikhulu kule nto. Uninzi lwabantu aluqapheli ukuba izityalo ezininzi zokuhlobisa ezikhula kwiigadi kunye neepaki zinokuba yingozi yangempela kwimeko yendalo ukuba ziphuma ngaphandle kolawulo.

IMimiselo yaseSpain kunye neKhatalogu yeZilwanyana zaManye amazwe

Ukuphendula lo mngeni, iSpain ine Ikhathalogu yeSpanish yeeNdidi zaManye amazwe, isixhobo esisemthethweni esiquka zonke ezo ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana ezingaqhelekanga ezinokuthi ubukho bazo bubeke, okanye bube sisisongelo esinzulu kwizinto eziphilayo, iindawo zokuhlala zelizwe kunye nenkqubo yokuphilisana kwezidalwa kunye nezolimo nezoqoqosho.

Ukufakwa okanye ukukhutshwa kweentlobo kule khathalogu kusekelwe kwiinkqubo zenzululwazi kunye nezobugcisa ezivavanya amandla azo okuhlaselayo kunye nenqanaba lomngcipheko obangelwa ubukho babo. Ihlaziywa ngokuguquguqukayo, ngoko ke ihlaziywa ngamaxesha athile ukuze ibandakanye izoyikiso ezisanda kubhaqwa okanye ukulungisa imeko yeentlobo esele zibandakanyiwe.

Ngaphezu koko, imimiselo elawula le khathalogu ibeka izibophelelo zokulawula, ukuphelisa, kunye nokuthintela ukuhlaselwa okutsha, ngokukodwa kwiimeko ezixhalabisayo, ezifana neentlobo ezithile ezikhulayo kwingingqi yaseCanary Islands.

Xa kufunyenwe uhlobo olutsha oluhlaselayo, kubalulekile ukwazisa ugunyaziwe wengingqi yendalo esingqongileyo okanye i-Ofisi yoTshintsho lwe-Ecological kunye ne-Demographic Challenge, eya kuthumela isaziso kwi-Alert Network ukulungelelanisa impendulo yesizwe.

Izityalo eziphambili ezihlaselayo eSpain: uluhlu oluhlaziyiweyo kunye neempawu

ESpeyin, inani le izityalo zamanye amazwe ezihlaselayo Kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwekhulu ezichongiweyo nezilawulwayo, kodwa ezinye zigqama ngokukodwa kumthamo wazo wokwenziwa kwamakholoni, ukusasazwa kwazo ngokubanzi, kunye neempembelelo ezizivelisayo. Apha ngezantsi zezona ntlobo zabameli kunye nezinempembelelo kwintsimi yethu:

1. IHyacinth yamanzi (I-Eichhornia crassipes)

   Inzalelwane yaseAmazon, oku Isityalo sasemanzini Ibeke imigxobhozo efana noMlambo iGuadiana osezantsi, ibangela ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kwendalo. Ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwawo kugubungela umphezulu wamanzi, kuthintele ukukhanya kuze kushenxise uhlaza lwendalo olungaphantsi kwamanzi. Ngaphezu koko, ukubola kwayo kunciphisa i-oksijini emanzini, echaphazela iintlanzi kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo.

   Ihyacinth yamanzi yindawo efanelekileyo yeengcongconi, inokubangela iingxaki zempilo yoluntu, ichaphazele ukuloba, ithintele ukuhamba, kwaye inokuvala iziseko zamanzi, okukhokelela kwilahleko enkulu yezoqoqosho. Ubuchule bokulawula bubandakanya iindlela zomzimba, iikhemikhali, kunye nebhayoloji, kodwa ukuphelisa kunzima kakhulu xa sele kuqalisiwe.

2. Acacia mimosa (Acacia ukujongana)

   Lo mthi, owazalelwa eOstreliya, waziswa njengehombisi kunye nokulawula ukhukuliseko lwamathambeka. Ukuntshula kwayo okungaqhelekanga, kunye nokuhluma kwayo ngokulula emva kokutsha, kwenza i<em>mimosa acacia ibe yenye yezona ntlobo zindlongondlongo kwimimandla enemozulu epholileyo nephantsi kwetropiki. Kuyingozi kakhulu kwiindawo ezikhuhlayo nakwiindawo eziphazanyiswa ngumlilo okanye ukugawulwa kwamahlathi.

   Isusa uhlaza lwendalo kwaye iphazamise ulungelelwaniso lwendalo. Ubukho bayo kunzima ukuphelisa, kwaye kubalulekile ukuphepha ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwiipaki kunye nezitiya, ukubeka phambili uthintelo kunye nokugcinwa kwezityalo zendalo.

3. Iflegi yaseSpain (ikhamera yelanga)

   Isuka kwitropiki yaseMelika, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kokuhombisa kuthande ukwandiswa kwayo. Iflegi yaseSpain Ivelisa i-inflorescences enemibala eqaqambileyo eyenza idume kakhulu, kodwa amandla ayo okuhlaselayo makhulu. Ihlala kwimimandla evulekileyo, emacaleni eendlela, kwaye ide ityhubele imida yamahlathi, ishenxisa iintlobo zasekuhlaleni.

   Ikhupha izinto ze-alelopathic ezithintela ukukhula kwezinye izityalo kwaye ziyityhefu kumahashe, iidonki, kunye nabantwana ukuba iziqhamo zayo zityiwe. Nangona ingaveli kuzo zonke iikhathalogu ezisemthethweni, i-IUCN ibandakanya phakathi kwe-100 yeentlobo eziyingozi kakhulu eziyingozi kwihlabathi.

4. Rabobo (Iseti yePennisetum)

   Le ngca iphuma kumntla-mpuma weAfrika Ngokukodwa ihlasela iiCanary Islands, apho ikhuphisana nohlaza oluhlala lukhona kwaye ishenxisa iintlobo zasekuhlaleni. Isasazeke kakuhle ecaleni kwendlela, isebenzisa imisinga yomoya evela kwizithuthi, yaye iye yasasazeka kuzo zonke iziqithi.

   Ukutshatyalaliswa ngezandla phambi kokudubula kweentyantyambo yeyona ndlela isebenzayo, nangona ifuna ungenelelo oluphindaphindiweyo ukuthintela ukukhula kwakhona kwezityalo ezincinci. Ukwazisa kunye nokuthintela ngundoqo ekuthinteleni ukusasazeka kwayo.

5. Pampas Feather Duster (UCortaderia Selloana)

   Isityalo esikhulu esihlala sihlala sinama-inflorescences amhlophe amhlophe, avela eArgentina, yayisetyenziswa kakhulu kwigadi kunye nokudibanisa umhlaba. Sithetha nje, ihlasela amathambeka, iingqumba zentlabathi, iindonga zemilambo, nasemacaleni endlela, isenza iingqumba ezixineneyo ezithintela ukukhula kwezinye izilwanyana.

   Amagqabi ayo anenaliti ezincinci ze-silica ezenza kube nzima ukuyiphatha kwaye iyikhusele kwizilwanyana ezitya utyani. Ulawulo lwezandla lufuna izixhobo zokukhusela kwaye kufuneka lwenziwe phambi kokuntshula kweentyatyambo ukuthintela ukusasazwa kwembewu.

6. Uzipho lekati (ICarbobrotus edulis)

   Esi sityalo sinencasa, siyinzalelwane yaseMzantsi Afrika, saziswa eSpain ukuze kuzinzise iindunduma kunye nohlobo lokuhombisa. Yenza iikhaphethi ezishinyeneyo kumanxweme kunye namawa, isusa iintyatyambo zalapha ngokhuphiswano.

   Uzipho lwekati luyayinyamezela imbalela kunye netyuwa, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ikhuphisane kakhulu kwiindawo ezingqonge unxweme. Ukusasazeka kwayo kunokulawulwa ngokuncothula kunye nokutshisa iintsalela kwindawo ukuthintela ukusasazwa kwembewu.

7. Ingcongolo eqhelekileyo (arundo donax)

   Inzalelwane yase-Asia eseMpuma kwaye ikhona kulo lonke elaseSpain, olu hlobo lwezityalo ezingapheliyo lususa iintyatyambo zendalo kwiindawo eziselunxwemeni kwaye zonyusa umngcipheko wokutsha. Isetyenziselwe ukulawula izikhukhula kunye nokuzinzisa umhlaba.

   Ulawulo lommoba luntsonkothile, njengoko luntshula lula kwaye lwenza iingcongolo ezixineneyo. Amanyathelo kufuneka aqhubeke kwaye abekwe esweni ukuthintela ukukhula okukhulu kwakhona kwimilambo nakwiindonga zemilambo.

8. I-pita okanye i-agave yaseMelika (IAgave americana)

   Inzalelwane yaseMexico, iagave iqhelekile kunxweme lweMeditera kunye neendawo eziyimiqwebedu. Yaziswa njengesityalo sokuhombisa kwaye namhlanje ikhuphisana ngokukrakra kunye nezityalo zasekhaya kwindawo enamatye, enelanga. Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi ngolu hlobo, jongana ne izityalo zengca.

   Ayikho imichiza esebenzayo, ngoko ke ukuphelisa kufuna iindlela zoomatshini. Amagqabi ayo amakhulu, afana ne-spike anokubangela ingozi kwizilwanyana zasendle nakubantu.

9. I-Ailanthus okanye umthi wezulu (UAilanthus altissima)

   Umthi okhula ngokukhawuleza onokuchasana kakhulu nongcoliseko, usetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwamahlathi kunye nokulima. Ukukwazi kwayo ukuhluma kwakhona kwiingcambu kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuphelisa. Ukuba ungathanda ukufunda ngakumbi malunga nokulawula iintlobo eziyingxaki, ndwendwela i izicwangciso zokukhusela izityalo.

   I-Ailanthus iguqula ukubunjwa komhlaba kunye nokuchuma ngokukhupha iikhompawundi ze-alllopathic ezichaphazela ezinye iintlobo zezityalo.

10. IRobinia okanye umnga wobuxoki (URobinia pseudoacacia)

    Lo mthi, owazalelwa eNyakatho Melika, wawusetyenziselwa ukuhombisa idolophu kunye nokuzinza kwethambeka ngenxa yokuqina kunye nokuphila ixesha elide. Isuke yaba sendle ngokulula, ikhuphisana nezihluma zengingqi kunye nokuguqula ubume bomhlaba. Ukuze ufunde malunga neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zendalo, jonga kwakhona izityalo zemveli xa zithelekiswa nezityalo ezingezizo ezemveli.

    Kwiindawo ezininzi, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuthintelwe kwaye iinkqubo zokuphelisa kunye nokulawula ziphunyeziwe.

Indlela yokuchonga: izitshixo kunye neempawu eziqhelekileyo zesityalo esihlaselayo

Ukuchonga uhlobo oluhlaselayo linyathelo lokuqala lokulwa nokusasazeka kwayo. Abanye Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo izityalo ezihlaselayo zezi:

• Ukukhula okukhawulezayo nokuxineneyo, ekwaziyo ukwenza inqwaba ye-monospecific egxotha ezinye izityalo.
• Umthamo omkhulu we ukuziqhelanisa neemeko ezahlukeneyo, naphantsi kweemeko ezimbi zokushisa, usawoti okanye umswakama.
• Imveliso yembewu eninzi kunye nokusasazwa okufanelekileyo.
• Ukumelana nezinambuzane zendawo, izifo kunye namarhamncwa.
• Amandla okukhula emva kokusika, imililo okanye iinzame zokuphelisa.
• Ubukho kwiindawo eziguquliweyo, ecaleni kwendlela, kwiindonga zomlambo, kwiindunduma okanye kwiindawo eziphazamisekileyo.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, iintyatyambo ngaphandle kwexesha lonyaka, imibala eqaqambileyo, okanye inkangeleko eyahlukileyo kuneentyatyambo zomthonyama zinokubonisa ubukho beentlobo ezingaqhelekanga ezihlaselayo. Ukuba ungathanda ukufunda ngakumbi ngeempawu zesityalo, ungajongana ne.

Iimpembelelo zendalo, intlalo noqoqosho lwezityalo ezihlaselayo

Umonakalo owenziwe ngu izityalo ezingenelelayo Ichaphazela onke amanqanaba obomi kunye noqoqosho eSpain:

• Ukuncitshiswa kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo: kushenxise iintlobo zezityalo zemveli nokuguqula inkqubo yendalo ephilayo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunyamalaleni kweentlobo ezihlala zikho nezisesichengeni. Ukwandisa ulwazi lwakho lweentlobo ezisengozini, tyelela i izityalo ezinetyhefu eSpain.
• Ukulungiswa kwendawo yokuhlala: batshintsha ubume kunye nokubunjwa komhlaba, baguqule ulawulo lwamanzi, bakhuthaze ukhukuliseko okanye batshintshe i-chemistry yokusingqongileyo.
• Umngcipheko owandileyo wemililo: Uninzi lwabahlaseli luqokelela i-biomass eyomileyo eyandisa ukutsha kwezinto eziphilayo.
• Iimpembelelo kwimpilo yabantu: Ezinye iintlobo zenza kube lula ukwanda kwezinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo, njengeengcongconi ezithwala izifo, okanye ziyityhefu ebantwini nakwizilwanyana zasekhaya.
• Iindleko zoqoqosho: Imfuneko yokubeka iliso, ukucocwa, ukulungiswa, nokonakala kweziseko ezingundoqo, ezolimo, imfuyo, okanye ukuloba inokuba kwizigidi.
• Ilahleko yeenkonzo ze-ikhosistim, njengokugcinwa kwekhabhoni, ukulawulwa komjikelo wamanzi, okanye ukuthunyelwa kwepoleni. Ukuba ungathanda ukufunda ngakumbi malunga nemisebenzi ye-ikholoji, jonga i.

Ubuzaza bezi mpembelelo buthethelela utyalo-mali kuthintelo, kulawulo, nakwiinkqubo zemfundo ngokusingqongileyo.

Iindlela eziphambili zokungena kunye nokwandiswa kwezityalo ezihlaselayo

Las iindlela ezininzi zentshayelelo rhoqo Iindidi zezityalo ezihlaselayo eSpain ziquka:

• Urhwebo lokuhombisa kunye nokulima: iintlobo ezininzi ziye zaduma njengezityalo zokuhombisa kwaye zasinda kulawulo kwiigadi, iipaki kunye neendawo zasedolophini.
• Imisebenzi yezolimo nezamahlathi: setyenziselwa ukuzinzisa umhlaba, ukubuyisela amahlathi okanye iiheji zokunqanda umoya.
• Uthutho ngengozi idityaniswe koomatshini, izithuthi, izinto ezithengiswayo, iinqanawa, okanye kwizihlangu zabatyeleli.
• Ukulahlwa ngokungafanelekanga kweentsalela zezityalo: : Ukuthena kuhlala kuphoswe kwiindawo zendalo kunokuqalisa iikholoni ezintsha.
• Izenzo zabantu ezingalawulwayo: ukutyala iintlobo ezingaqhelekanga ngaphandle kolwazi olwaneleyo malunga nokuhlasela kwazo.

Ukulawula ezi ndlela, kunye nokufundisa ngendalo esingqongileyo kunye noxanduva loluntu, kubalulekile ekuthinteleni uhlaselo olongezelelekileyo.

Amanyathelo olawulo, olawulo nothintelo

La ulawulo lwezityalo ezihlaselayo Ifuna indibaniselwano yezicwangciso ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo, okusingqongileyo kunye nesigaba sohlaselo:

• Thintelo: Ukuthintela ukuthengiswa, ukuthuthwa, nokutyalwa kweentlobo zezityalo ezithathwa njengeziyingozi. Ukukhuthaza imfundo yoluntu malunga nemingcipheko yokuzisa iintlobo ezingaqhelekanga.
• Ukufunyanwa kwangoko: iinkqubo zokulumkisa kunye nokubeka iliso ukuchonga ngokukhawuleza uhlaselo olutsha.
• Ukuphelisa nokulawula: Ukusetyenziswa kweendlela zemanuwali, oomatshini, iikhemikhali kunye nezebhayoloji, zisoloko zibeka phambili iinkqubo ezihambelana nokusingqongileyo.
• Ukubuyiselwa kwezinto eziphilayo: ukuqaliswa kwakhona kweentlobo zezityalo zemveli emva kokupheliswa kweentlobo ezihlaselayo ukuze kuthintelwe ukwenziwa kwamathanga kwakhona.
• Intsebenziswano yeziko: ulungelelwaniso phakathi kolawulo, amaqumrhu ezenzululwazi, icandelo labucala kunye noluntu ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kweenkqubo.
• Ukukhuthazwa kwezinye iindlela zokuhombisa zemveli: ukukhetha iintlobo zendalo zegadi kunye neendawo eziluhlaza.

Kufuneka wenze ntoni xa ubhaqa isityalo esihlaselayo?

Ukuba ubukho beentlobo zezilwanyana ezichazwe njenge-invasive buyakrokrelwa, kubalulekile:

1. Ungazami ukuyisusa ngokwakho, ngakumbi ukuba awuqhelananga neendlela ezifanelekileyo, ukuphepha ukusasazwa kwembewu okanye amaqhekeza.
2. Thatha iifoto kwaye uphawule indawo ngqo.
3. Qhagamshelana negunya lokusingqongileyo loluntu oluzimeleyo okanye uMphathiswa, oya kuvavanya imeko kunye nokulungelelanisa izenzo eziyimfuneko.
4. Kuphephe ukuthutha inkunkuma yezityalo kwaye usebenzisane nokwazisa ngokusingqongileyo kunye neenkqubo zokubeka iliso.

Indima yabemi ingundoqo ekunqandeni ukusasazeka kweentlobo zezityalo ezihlaselayo, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezinexabiso eliphezulu leekholoji.

Uluhlu olwandisiweyo lwezinye iintlobo ezifanelekileyo ezihlaselayo eSpain

• I-Opuntia ficus-indica (chumbera): i-cactus eyaziswa ukusuka eMelika, ininzi kwiindawo ezomileyo nezibharhileyo. Ikhuphisana nezihluma zendalo kwaye kunzima ukuyiphelisa ngenxa yeengcambu zayo eziqinileyo kunye nokukhula kwezityalo.
• Eleagnus angustifolia (Umnquma waseRashiya): umthi okanye ityholo elikwaziyo ukumelana nembalela, oveliswe njengento yokuhombisa neyokunqamla umoya, uthanda ukusasazwa kweentaka.
• IPrunus serotina (itsheri yamva): umthi ohlala amahlathi, ngakumbi asemantla, ususa iintlobo zendalo.
• Icandelo leChenhenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper): Umdiliya wokuhombisa onokugquma kwaye ugqume imithi yemveli namatyholo.
• Azolla filiculoides: I-fern yasemanzini edadayo ehlala eMelika, igubungela umphezulu wamachibi kunye nemilambo, ivimbe iintlobo ezingaphantsi kwamanzi zokukhanya kunye neoksijini.

Ezi ntlobo zenza umzekelo iintlobo ngeentlobo zezoyikiso zezityalo ezichaphazela iindawo zokuhlala zaseSpain, ukusuka kwimigxobhozo ukuya kwindawo eyinkqantosi neyedolophu.

Izibonelelo kunye nemibutho yokubonisana ngeentlobo ezihlaselayo

Amaqumrhu asemthethweni alawula kwaye asasaze ulwazi malunga neentlobo ezihlaselayo eSpain ngala:

• UMphathiswa weNguqu kwindalo kunye noMngeni weDemographic (MITECO): unayo Ikhathalogu yeSpanish kunye nezibonelelo ezihlaziyiweyo zokuchonga nokulawula.
• Uthungelwano lweZilumkiso zeNgingqi: Iinkqubo zokubeka iliso kokusingqongileyo ukwazisa nokulungelelanisa izenzo kwinqanaba lengingqi.
• IiNGO kunye nemibutho yendalo esingqongileyo ezifana ne-WWF, ephuhlisa amaphulo okwazisa kunye nemisebenzi yamavolontiya ukususa iintlobo ezihlaselayo.
• Amaziko ophando kunye neeyunivesithi, abazixhasayo ngezifundo zenzululwazi kunye neendlela zovavanyo lomngcipheko.

Ukubonisana nemithombo ethembekileyo kunye nokuhlala unolwazi kubalulekile ekuphenduleni umngeni wezityalo ezihlaselayo eSpain.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Indlela yokuphelisa izityalo ezihlaselayo ngokwendalo nangempumelelo kwigadi yakho

Izityalo ezihlaselayo aziguquli nje kuphela ubume bomhlaba kunye ne-ikhosistim, kodwa zikwamela umngeni oqhubekayo kulondolozo lweentlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo, intlalo-ntle yoluntu kunye noqoqosho. Ulwazi kunye neentshukumo ezilungelelanisiweyo phakathi kwee-arhente zikarhulumente, uluntu lwenzululwazi, kunye nabemi zezona zixhobo zibalaseleyo zokukhusela ilifa lethu lendalo kuhlaselo lwezityalo kwixesha elizayo.