I-beech (Fagus sylvatica) ngomnye weyona mithi ibonakalisa ukuvuthuluka kumahlathi apholileyo aseYurophu. Ikhula ngokucothayo, kodwa ubomi bayo bungagqitha iinkulungwane ezininzi, ilungelelanisa kwaye ilawule umhlaba wonke ngenxa yecanopy yayo exineneyo kunye neengcambu ezinzulu ezifuna ukufuma rhoqo. Ayixatyiswanga ngenxa yobukhulu nobuhle bayo kuphela, kodwa nangomgangatho womthi wayo, ixabiso layo lezinto eziphilayo, kunye nobukhulu bamahlathi e-beech ekwindla. Ukutyala isiqhamo sawo, i-beechnut, kulucelomngeni kubathandi bendalo kunye nabathandi begadi, njengoko kufuna ukulandela amanyathelo ambalwa abalulekileyo ukuze ujabulele ukuzalwa komzekelo omtsha.
Iimpawu zeBotanical kunye nendalo ye-beech
I-beech yaseYurophu (Fagus sylvatica) ngumthi omkhulu ofikelela kwi-40 yeemitha ubude, kunye namaxolo agudileyo, angwevu kunye namasebe abeka isithunzi esishinyeneyo phantsi kwecanopy yawo. Amagqabi aneentyatyambo, ayatshintshana, alula, a-elliptical okanye ovali ngokwemilo, anemida yonke, enamaza kancinane. Ziluhlaza kakhulu entwasahlobo kwaye zijika zibe golide kunye nobhedu ekwindla. La magqabi anophawu lwe-fuzz elunxwemeni xa eselula.
Iintyatyambo zenzeka entwasahlobo kwaye luhlobo oluthile lwe-monoecious: Iintyatyambo zenkunzi nemazi zivela kumthi omnye, ihlanganiswe kwii-catkins okanye i-inflorescences encinci. Ukudluliselwa kwepoleni yi-anemophilous, okuthetha ukuba kuxhomekeke emoyeni.
Umthi we-beech ukhetha umhlaba opholileyo, onzulu otyebileyo kwizinto eziphilayo, kunye nokufuma okuphezulu. Iyaziqhelanisa nemihlaba yomibini eneasidi kunye ne-alkaline kancinane, ukuba nje ingenamanzi. Iingcambu zayo ezingenzulwanga kodwa ezinabileyo zenza ukuba ibenovelwano kwimbalela kunye nokugangatheka komhlaba. Umthi we-beech ukhula kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ukusuka kwinqanaba lolwandle ukuya kwi-2000 yeemitha., nangona kwimozulu efudumeleyo inciphisa ubukho bayo kumathambeka eentaba anomthunzi.
Umphumo we-alelopathic oveliswa ngamagqabi awo awileyo kunye namasetyana athintela ukuntshula kwezinye iintlobo ezijikelezileyo, ekhetha iindawo zehlathi ze-monospecific (amahlathi e-beech).
Iintlobo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-beech
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zokuhombisa Ifagus sylvatica, ezikhethelwe umbala kunye nokumila kwamagqabi awo okanye inkangeleko yawo ebalaseleyo:
- I-Fagus sylvatica f. injongo: Amagqabi a-Purplish-green ajika ubhedu ekwindla; ilungele iipaki.
- IFagus sylvatica 'Tricolor': Amagqabi amfusa ane cream kunye ne pink edges.
- I-Fagus sylvatica 'Pendula': Umthi omile okwesambrela onamasebe ajingayo, owaziwa ngokuba yi-weeping beech.
- IFagus sylvatica 'Dawyck': Ikholamna kunye neempawu ezenziwe ngesitayile.
- IFagus sylvatica 'Aspleniifolia': Amagqabi ahlulwe kakuhle, afana ne-fern.
- IFagus sylvatica 'Rotundifolia': Amagqabi amancinci, ajikelezileyo anombala oluhlaza kakhulu.
- Fagus sylvatica 'Riversii': Amagqabi amfusa kakhulu.
- IFagus sylvatica 'Pyramidalis' y 'Igoso'Eyokuqala inesithsaba sepiramidi kunye neyesibini ngamasebe atyumkileyo, axabiswa kakhulu ngenxa yokunqaba kwawo.
La iinkuni beech Ixatyiswa kakhulu ekwenzeni ikhabhathi, ukuchwela, ifenitshala, izixhobo zomculo, nokwenza amaphepha. Ukongezelela, iinkuni zayo kunye ne-creosote efunyenwe ngokuxutywa kwe-distillation isetyenziselwa iinjongo zokubulala intsholongwane.
Las amagqabi Zineempawu zonyango, ngokwesiko zisetyenziselwa ukuphefumla kunye neemeko zesisu, ngelixa i- imasti yeebhitshiZityebile ngesitatshi neeoli, ziye zasebenza njengokutya kwezilwanyana zasendle, imfuyo nokuveliswa kweoli.
Sinjani isiqhamo somthi webeech kwaye kufuneka sivunwe nini?
Isiqhamo somthi we-beech sibizwa ngokuba yi-hayuco.Lindongomane elincinane, elingunxantathu eligqunywe kwidome elinomthi eligqunywe ngemicu emhlophe okanye izikhonkwane ezithambileyo, ezithi xa zivuthiwe ziqhekeke zivuleke zibe zizivalo ezine, zikhuphe isiqhamo.
I-beechnut ilinganisa phakathi kwe-1 kunye ne-2 yeesentimitha kwaye iqulethe ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu eziqinileyo, iimbewu ezimdaka ezimenyezelayo ezinecandelo elingunxantathu. Ezi mbewu ziyatyiwa kodwa zincinci, njengoko ukuzigqithisa kunokubangela ukuphazamiseka kokutya.
Ukuvunwa ngokufanelekileyo kwee-beechnuts kwenzeka ekwindla., kanye xa iidomes zivuleka kwaye isiqhamo sivuthwa ngokupheleleyo. Kwiindawo ezisezintabeni, ukuvuthwa kusenokuba ngaphambili okanye kamva kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zemozulu.
Inkalo ebalulekileyo kukuba i-beech luhlobo oluthile, oko kukuthi, asiyiyo minyaka le ivelisa isiqhamo esilinganayo. Kuqhelekile ukufumana iminyaka yemveliso ephantsi ilandelwa zizivuno ezininzi. Inketho engcono kakhulu kukuqokelela i-beechnuts ngokuthe ngqo emthini okanye kumasebe aphantsi ngaphambi kokuba ziwe phantsi; ngale ndlela, siyawunqanda umonakalo ovela kwizilwanyana zasendle, iifungi, okanye iiparasites, kwaye sinciphise ubukho bembewu engenanto.
Ixesha lokutyala kunye neemeko ezifanelekileyo zokuhluma i-beechnuts
Umthi we beech kufuneka uhambe kwixesha elibandayo (i-stratification) ukuze imbewu yawo intshule.Ngokwendalo, i-beechnuts iwela ekwindla kunye nasebusika kumhlaba obandayo, omanzi, iphula i-dormancy yabo ngamaqondo aphantsi aphantsi. Ngoko ke, elona xesha lifanelekileyo lokutyala kukwindla okanye ekuqaleni kobusika, xa amaqondo obushushu ehlala ehla ngaphantsi kwe-10°C.
Ukuba uhlala kwindawo epholileyo, apho iqabaka ithambile kwaye ngamanye amaxesha, kuyacetyiswa ukulinganisa ezi nkqubo ekhaya:
- Beka i-beechnuts kwisitya esimanzi kunye ne-coconut fiber, i-peat, okanye i-vermiculite ngaphakathi kwesitya se-Tupperware esitywinwe ngokuqinileyo, uze uyigcine efrijini (icandelo lemifuno) kwiiveki ezisi-8 ukuya kwezi-12.
- Ngexesha le-stratification, susa isitya kanye ngeveki ukuze uhlaziye umoya kwaye ukhangele ukuba i-substrate ihlala ifumile kodwa ingenamanzi.
Kwiindawo ezinemozulu ebandayo yendalo, ukuhlwayela ngokuthe ngqo ngaphandle (kwi-seedbed okanye i-tray enemingxuma) kwanele, nje ukuba i-substrate ihlala ifumile kwaye ikhuselwe kwiqabaka enzima. Oku kulinganisa istratification yendalo.
Ukulungiswa kunye nokusebenza kwembewu ye-beech
Ukwandisa amathuba okuphumelela kokuntshula:
- Vumela iidomes eziqokelelweyo zome iintsuku ezimbalwa kwindawo engena umoya. Xa zivula, zikhulule ii-beechnuts.
- Khetha imbewu esebenzayo ukuwantywilisela kwiglasi yamanzi iiyure ezingama-24: ezo zitshonayo zihlala zigcwele kwaye zilungele ukutyalwa; ezo zidadayo zihlala zingenanto okanye zonakele, nangona ngamanye amaxesha ezinye zinokuntshula.
- Ungayihlamba imbewu ngenkqubo ye-fungicide phambi kokutyala ukuthintela usulelo lomngundo.
Indlela yokutyala isiqhamo se-beech inyathelo ngenyathelo
Inkqubo yokutyala i-beechnut ilula ukuba ulandela izikhokelo ezifanelekileyo. Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili, ngokuxhomekeke kwimozulu yakho:
- Ukuhlwayela ngembiza okanye kwitreyi (imozulu ebandayo okanye yelizwekazi):
- Gcwalisa imbiza okanye i-tray nge-drain substrate ecebileyo kwizinto eziphilayo (ifiber ye-coconut, i-peat, okanye umxube kunye ne-perlite).
- Beka iimbewu zihlulwe kakuhle kwaye uzigubungele ngoluhlu olulula lwe-substrate, i-centimeter enye okanye ezimbini ubukhulu.
- Beka ibhedi yembewu ngaphandle kwindawo enomthunzi, ekhuselekile kwimvula enkulu kunye neqabaka egqithisileyo.
- Ukuhlwayela kwiTupperware kunye ne-stratification kwifriji (imozulu epholileyo okanye yeMeditera):
- Beka umaleko wekhokhonathi ifibre emanzi emazantsi eTupperware.
- Lungiselela imbewu kwi-substrate kwaye uyigubungele ngolunye uluhlu oluncinci.
- Vala i-container kwaye uyibeke efrijini, apho iya kuhlala malunga ne-8 ukuya kwiiveki ze-12, utshintshe umoya ngeveki kwaye ujonge ukufuma.
Kuzo zombini iindlela, kunqanda ukunkcenkceshela kwaye usebenzise amanzi angenayo iklorin ukunkcenkceshela. Kubalulekile ukugcina ukufuma rhoqo kwi-substrate ngalo lonke ixesha lokuhluma kunye nokuntshula.
Ukunyamekela emva kokuhlwayela kunye nokuntshula
Ukuntshula ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka ekupheleni kobusika okanye ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, xa amaqondo obushushu enyuka ngaphezu kwe-10-12 ° C kwaye iintsuku ziba nde. Ukususela kulo mzuzu ukuya phambili, kubalulekile ukunikela ingqalelo kwiinkalo ezininzi eziphambili:
- Ukukhanya: Izithole ze-Beech zifuna indawo eqaqambileyo kodwa ngaphandle kwelanga elithe ngqo, elinokomisa kwaye lithintele ukukhula kwazo. I-semi-shade kunye nokhuseleko lomoya lufanelekile.
- Ukufuma: I-substrate kufuneka ihlale ifumile, kodwa ingaze ibe namanzi, ukuthintela ukubola kweengcambu. Iinyanga ezimbalwa zokuqala zibalulekile.
- I-Fungicide: Kuyacetyiswa ukuba kunyangwe ngenkqubo yokungunda rhoqo emva kweentsuku eziyi-10-15 kunyaka wokuqala, ngakumbi ukuba ibhedi yembewu evaliweyo isetyenziswa.
- Unkcenkceshelo: Xa isityalo sele siqinile, nciphisa ukunkcenkceshela kancinci kodwa ungaze uvumele umhlaba wome ngokupheleleyo.
- Ukufakelwa kwakhona: Xa isithombo sifikelele malunga ne-10-15 cm kwaye inamagqabi amaninzi okwenyaniso, yifake kwindawo yayo yokugqibela egadini okanye embizeni enkulu, uqaphele ukuba ungonakalisi ingcambu engundoqo.
- Khuselo: Khusela izithole elangeni elinamandla, kwiqabaka kade kunye nezilwanyana ezitya utyani.
Umthi we-beech unovelwano kwimbalela kunye nobushushu obugqithisileyo kwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala.Kucetyiswa ukuba i-mulch substrate nge-organic matter igcine ukufuma kwaye ithintele ukuguquguquka okukhawulezileyo kobushushu. Gcina imo engqongileyo ipholile kwaye ifumile ngexesha lasehlotyeni, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezishushu okanye ezomileyo.
Ixesha lokuhluma kunye nezinto ezinempembelelo
Ukuntshula kwee-beechnuts ngokuqhelekileyo kuthatha phakathi kweeveki ezi-8 kunye ne-12 ukusuka ekuqaleni kokuhluma., nangona inokwandisa ukuya kwiinyanga ezi-3 okanye ngaphezulu, kuxhomekeke kumgangatho wembewu, imozulu, ukutsha kunye nempumelelo yenkqubo yohlulo.
Amazinga okuntshula ayahluka unyaka nonyaka kwaye anokuchatshazelwa zezi:
- Umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kwee-beechnuts (ukuphepha imbewu endala okanye ezo zisuka kwiminyaka yemveliso ephantsi).
- Ukufuma kunye neemeko zobushushu ngexesha lokuhluma kunye nokuhlwayela.
- Ubukho befungi ye-pathogenic kwi-substrate.
- Ubunzulu obuchanekileyo bokutyala kunye nokuvezwa kokukhanya okulandelayo.
Phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, amazinga okuntshula angaphezu kwama-75% anokwenzeka. Nangona kunjalo, kuqhelekile ukuba ezinye iimbewu zingantshuli okanye ezinye izithole zibe buthathaka kwaye zisilele ukukhula (inkqubo yokhetho lwendalo).
Emva kokunyamekela kunye nokutshintshwa kwindawo yayo yokugqibela
Xa imithi emincinci ye-beech ifikelela kubukhulu obufanelekileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo ekupheleni konyaka wokuqala, inokutshintshwa kwintsimi okanye ehlathini. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba uzityale kwiindawo apho zinokukhula ngokukhululekileyo, zinesithuba esaneleyo phakathi kwesampulu (ubuncinane beemitha ezili-10-15 kumasimi abanzi), nakumhlaba onzulu, opholileyo okhuselweyo kwimbalela nelanga elibukhali.
Kwiminyaka emibini okanye emithathu yokuqala emva kokutshintshwa:
- Gcina ukunkcenkceshela rhoqo, ngaphandle kokukhukula, ngakumbi ngexesha lehlobo.
- Khusela isiqu esincinci ngomnatha okanye ngetyhubhu ukunqanda umonakalo kwiimpuku okanye kwizilwanyana zasendle.
- Qhubeka nonyango lothintelo lokungunda ukuba iimeko zifumile.
- I-Mulch eneendiza okanye izithinteli zamagqabi ukugcina ukufuma kwi-substrate.
- Susa naluphi na ukhula olusingqongileyo ukunqanda ukhuphiswano lwezondlo namanzi.
Umthi we-beech umisela inkqubo yawo yeengcambu ngokuthe chu kodwa, xa sele usunguliwe, uyaxhathisa kwaye uhlala ixesha elide.Kumahlathi aqolileyo, inokufikelela kwiimitha ezininzi ukuphakama kwaye iphile iinkulungwane ezininzi, idala imbonakalo yomhlaba entle kakhulu kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Izinambuzane, izifo kunye neengxaki eziqhelekileyo kwi-beech germination
I-beech ngumthi oqinileyo, kodwa Imbewu kunye nezithole ezincinci zisengozini yokungunda njenge powdery mildew, Fusarium okanye iPhytophthoraOku kunokubangela ukubola kweengcambu kunye nentamo, ukubuna, okanye ukufa kwembewu phambi kokuba intshule.
Ukuthintela oku, qiniseka ukuba:
- Ukubulala iintsholongwane kwisubstrate phambi kokuhlwayela (oku kunokwenziwa ngemichiza ethile yokungunda).
- Musa ukuqokelela amanzi amaninzi kwi-seedbed okanye kwisikhenkcisi ngexesha lokuhluma.
- Faka umoya kwisikhongozeli kanye ngeveki.
Phakathi kwezi zinambuzane zilandelayo: ntwala kumagqabi athambileyo, oqongqothwane defoliating yaye, kwimeko beeches American naseYurophu, izifo ezifana i-beech canker okubangelwa kukudibana kwezinambuzane kunye nomngundo (Cryptococcus fagisuga kunye neNeonectria spp.) Isifo samagqabi e-Beech kutshanje echazwe kuMntla Merika.
Njengomthetho jikelele, imithi ye-beech ekhuliswe kwiigadi, kude nemithombo yosulelo kunye nolawulo olululo lwezolimo, ayifane ibonise iingxaki ezinzulu zezinambuzane kunye nezifo ukuba nje indawo engqongileyo ifanelekile.
Iingcebiso, izinto ezinomdla kunye neengcebiso zokugqibela
- I-Beech ilungele iigadi ezinkulu, iipaki, kunye neeprojekthi zokutshalwa kwamahlathi kwindawo enemozulu epholileyo nefumileyo.
- Inokukhuliswa kwiimbiza kwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala, nanjengebhonsai, nangona ifuna ukutshintshwa kwexesha kunye nokufuma okuphezulu.
- Kuphephe ukutyala imithi ye-beech kumhlaba oxineneyo okanye apho kukho amanzi amileyo ixesha elide.
- I-beechnut iyatyiwa, kodwa ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo akukhuthazwa.
- Khusela izithole kwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala ukuqinisekisa impumelelo kunye nokukhula ngamandla.
- Iindidi zokuhombisa zisetyenziselwa uthango, imiqolo kunye nemithi enye.
Ukutyala isiqhamo se-beech ngamava atyebisayo kunye nemfundo, kokubili kubathandi begadi kunye nakwabo bafuna ukubuyisela indawo yokuhlala okanye ukonwabela umjikelo wendalo womthi owahlukileyo. Ngokulandela ukuvuna okufanelekileyo, ukwahlula, ukutyala, kunye nezikhokelo zokhathalelo lwasemva koko, ungonwabela umthi we-beech owomeleleyo kwigadi yakho okanye uncede ekulondolozeni ezi zimo zendalo zehlathi.
