Izityalo eziguquguqukayo zivelisa ingxoxo kuba ziyadibana i-biotechnology entsha nemiba yokusingqongileyo, impilo kunye nentlalo-qoqosho. Injongo yalo kukwazisa imizila yemfuza esuka kolunye uhlobo kwisityalo ukuze idibanise iimpawu eziluncedo: ukunyamezela izinambuzane, ukuxhathisa i-herbicide, ukuphuculwa kwesondlo okanye ubomi obude emva kokuvuna, phakathi kwabanye.
Ziintoni yaye zifunyanwa njani?
Isityalo se-transgenic (okanye into ephilayo eguqulwe ngokwemfuza) idibanisa imfuza enye okanye ngaphezulu kwigenome yayo isebenzisa ubuchule bobunjineli bemfuza. Ezi zofuzo, ebizwa iitransgenes, inokuvela kwiibhaktheriya, iintsholongwane, ezinye izityalo okanye i-extremophile organisms, kwaye yaziswa ukunika iimpawu ezifana nokumelana nezinambuzane okanye ukunyamezela kwimbalela kunye netyuwa.
Ukongeza kwiindlela zenguqu yeklasikhi (umzekelo, Igciwane okanye i-bioballistics), namhlanje kunokwenzeka ukuba uhlele imfuza yakho ngezixhobo ze ukuhlela ngokuchanekileyo njenge CRISPR. Xa kuthelekiswa nokuzala okuqhelekileyo, obu buchule bunciphisa amaxesha kwaye buvumele utshintsho oluthile, kunye nolawulo lwangaphambili lwe khu seleko kunye nokusebenza kwe-agronomic.
Izibonelelo eziphambili
- Ukumelana nezinambuzane (Bt): Ukwaziswa kwe Bacillus thuringiensis genes encoding Cry proteins ivumela isityalo ukuba sivelise esaso isibulali-zinambuzane esithile, ukunciphisa ilahleko yezinambuzane kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane ezibanzi.
- Ukunyamezela imichiza yokhula: Iindidi ezilungiselelwe ukumelana nemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula ziququzelela ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula, ngokuphathwa okulula kwaye, kwiimeko ezithile, umhlaba uhlawulwe kancinci.
- Ulawulo Lwezifo: nge-antisense i-RNA, ukuthuliswa kofuzo okanye ukubonakaliswa kweeproteni zentsholongwane ezingosuleliyo, ezinye izityalo phazamisana nokuphindaphinda ukusuka kwiintsholongwane kunye nezinye iintsholongwane, ukunciphisa inkunkuma.
- Ukusebenza okukhulu kunye nokuzinza: ngokongeza ukunyamezela (isomiso, ityuwa, iqhwa), izityalo zigcina yazo mveliso kwiimeko ezimandundu, ukunyusa izibonelelo ezifana namanzi kunye nezichumisi.
- Ukuphuculwa kwezondlo: Imizekelo efana “nerayisi yegolide” ibonisa indlela isityalo esinokwenza ngayo bazityebise ngemicronutrients (i-vitamin A precursor) ukunciphisa ukunqongophala kwezondlo.
- Umgangatho wasemva kokuvuna: Ukumodareyithwa kwee-enzymes zokuvuthwa (njengakwitumata, enciphisa umsebenzi we-polygalacturonase) kwandisa ubomi obuluncedo, kunye nenkcitho encinci yokutya.
- Ukuncitshiswa kwezingcolisi zendalo: Kumbona, ukulawula izinambuzane ezingcono kunciphisa ukosuleleka ngumngundo ovelisayo imicotoxins, ngenzuzo enokubakho kwimpilo yoluntu.
- Izicelo ezingezizo ukutya: izityalo ezifana bioreactors ukufumana izitofu zokugonya kunye nezilwa-buhlungu (i-plantibodies) okanye njengezixhobo zoku I-phytoremediation ukutshabalalisa umhlaba.
Ezi nzuzo zibonwa xa uphawu lwe-transgenic ludityaniswe kwi-a ulawulo lwezolimo olunenkathalo: ukujikeleziswa kwezityalo, iisheltha zokucothisa ukuxhathisa kunye nokuhlolwa kwezinambuzane, phakathi kwezinye izenzo.
Ukungalungi kunye nemingcipheko enokwenzeka
- Iziphumo kwizinto ezingajoliswanga: umungu kunye Cry iiproteni okanye iinkcubeko ezibonisa enzymes ezifana chitinases okanye iiglucanases zinokuchaphazela izinambuzane eziluncedo ngaphandle kovavanyo olungqongqo lwendalo esingqongileyo; uyilo lweempawu lufuna ukunciphisa lo mngcipheko.
- Ukuchasana kunye "nee-superpests/superweeds": Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu ngaphandle kokujikeleziswa kweempawu ezifanayo zokumelana ukhetho lwabemi abaxhathisayoIsicwangciso seendawo zokuhlala kunye nokujikeleziswa kweendlela zokusebenza ngundoqo.
- Ukuhamba kwemfuza: ukuwela kunye nezalamane zasendle ngokusebenzisa Poland Ingasasaza ii-transgenes kwaye yenza nzima ulawulo lwezityalo nezilwanyana zasekhaya; imigama, imiqobo, kunye nokwahlulwa kwemimandla kuyawunciphisa lo mcimbi.
- Udluliselo oluthe tye: Iijeni zamakishi (umzekelo, ukunganyangeki kwe-antibiotic) baye baphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nokudluliselwa kwabo okucingelwayo iintsholongwane zomhlabaUbungqina bubonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka okuphantsi kakhulu ngenxa yezithintelo zomzimba kunye ne-genomic, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe ezinye iziphawuli.
- Ukungazinzi kwemfuza kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga: Ukufaka okanye ukuhlela iijini kunokuvelisa iziphumo zepleiotropic; ngoko ke, iimvavanyo zentsimi kunye nokwakheka ziyenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe uzinzo kunye nokulingana okukhulu.
- Ukwalana: Ukwazisa iiproteni ezintsha kufuna ukuvavanya amandla e-allergenicIzikhokelo zokulawula zifuna uvavanyo lwemodeli kunye nohlalutyo lokufana kunye nezilwanyana ezaziwayo.
- Inkunkuma kunye nokusingqongileyo: Ukumelana nemichiza yokhula kunokukhokelela ukwanda kokusetyenziswa Ukuba ayilawulwa kakuhle, inokuchaphazela umhlaba namanzi; Ulawulo oluhlanganisiweyo lokhula lubalulekile.
- Imilinganiselo yentlalo-ntle: Amalungelo awodwa abenzi kunye nezivumelwano zomsebenzisi zinokuchaphazela ulongamo lokutya kunye nokufikelela kumafama amancinci; Ukongeza, kukho iindidi ezinezithintelo zokuzala (ubuzali) ezithi zithintele ukugcinwa kwembewu.
- Ukungafihli kunye nokuleyibhile: Ulwazi olucacileyo luvumela ukhetho; iimveliso zihlala zilebhile xa zigqithile imida esemthethweni kumxholo oguqulwe ngokwemfuza, okomeleza ukuzithemba kwabathengi.
Imizekelo kunye namatyala amele
Umbona we-Bt kunye neembotyi zesoya ezikwaziyo ukunyamezela ukhula zezona zityalo zixhaphakileyo ze-transgenic, kunye neentlobo ezidibanisa ukuxhathisa izinambuzane kunye nokhula. Kumbona, impilo engcono iyancipha imicotoxinsKwiimbotyi zesoya, ukunyamezelana kunceda ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula.
La Ipapaya enganyangekiyo yintsholongwane kwavumela amasimi ukuba ahlaziyeke kwiindawo apho esi sifo sabangela ukuba angakwazi ukuphila. Kwisondlo, i irayisi biofortified kunye ne-vitamin A precursors ngumzekelo wendlela yezempilo yoluntu.
Ngomgangatho emva kokuvuna, enye yeetumato zokuqala zorhwebo nge i-RNA echaseneyo ukunciphisa ukuthambisa ngexesha lokugcina. Kukho kwakhona izityalo zokuhombisa ngemibala yenoveli kunye neetumato ezimfusa ezityebileyo nge-anthocyanin.
Kwi-symbiosis, imigca ehambelana kakhulu iyaphononongwa. I-Rhizobium ukuqinisa ukulungiswa kwenitrogen kwiinkqubo ezinxulumeneyo, kunye nofuzo olusuka kwizinto ezixhathisayo zisetyenziselwa ukuphucula ukunyamezela uxinzelelo thermal, saline okanye amanzi.
Ngaphandle kwehlabathi lezityalo, iimeko ezifana isalmon yokukhula ngokukhawuleza okanye ukusetyenziswa kwamahomoni kwiinkomo zobisi kwamanye amazwe (ayisoloko idibene ne-GMOs). Nangona inolwazi, le mizekelo yahlukile kwi izityalo eziguquguqukayo ngokwabo.
Ulawulo, ukwamkelwa kunye nomxholo wejografi
Ukhuseleko lokutya kunye novavanyo lokusingqongileyo lulandela imigaqo uhlalutyo lomngcipheko ngezigaba ezininzi. Kwimekobume yaseYurophu, izigunyaziso zifuna izimvo zenzululwazi kunye nokuleyibhile xa zigqithile imida yomxholo.
ESpeyin eyona nto iphawulekayo Umbona weBt Njengesityalo sorhwebo esinembali yobukho phantsi kolawulo kunye nokubekw' esweni. Ukuleyibhile kuvumela abathengi kunye nabaqhubi ukuba bahlule iimveliso ngokwemvelaphi yazo.
EMelika, amazwe afana neArgentina kunye neBrazil amkele ngokubanzi izityalo zeGM, ezineempembelelo ezinkulu kwezoqoqosho. Kwiingingqi ezininzi ezisaphuhlayo, obu buchwepheshe bunokuba negalelo isivuno kunye nokongiwa kwamagalelo, nangona imingeni yokufikelela, iziseko zophuhliso noqeqesho isaqhuba.
Ukusungula izinto ezintsha kunye nokuzinza
Ukuhlelwa kweGenome kunye ulandelelwano oluphambili ukukhawulezisa ukufunyanwa kwemfuza eluncedo kunye nokudalwa kweempawu ezidibeneyo. Ngaxeshanye, indibaniselwano nezolimo ezichanekileyo kunye nolawulo oluhlangeneyo lomeleza nokuzinza yeenkqubo ezinemveliso.
Kwimpilo, i amajoni omzimba kunye nezitofu zokugonya ezisekelwe kwizityalo ziqhubela phambili kunye nolawulo phezu kwe-glycans kunye neempendulo ezinokuthi zenzeke. Kwimekobume, i-phytoremediation ikhulisa izityalo ezenzelwe ukuba zingashukumi okanye zithobe umgangatho Izinto ezingcolisa umoya.
Xa ujongene nokutshintsha kwemozulu, izityalo ezinyamezelayo kwimbalela, ityuwa okanye iziganeko ze-thermal zinegalelo ukhuseleko lokutya kunye nobulungisa bemozulu, ngaphandle kokuba zikhatshwa yimigaqo-nkqubo yokufikelela ngokulinganayo, uphando loluntu kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwabavelisi.
Ukuba luncedo kwezityalo eziguquguqukayo kuxhomekeke kwindlela, phi kwaye njongoni zisetyenziselwa yona: xa iimpawu zivavanywa kusetyenziswa imigaqo yenzululwazi, zidityaniswe kwimisebenzi emihle kwaye zilawulwa ngokuphandle, zinokuba negalelo. izibonelelo zezolimo nezentlalontle; ukungayihoyi imingcipheko, kwelinye icala, kwandisa amathuba okuba neempembelelo ezingafunekiyo kwizityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo, ulawulo lokuxhathisa, okanye ukulingana kwinkqubo yokutya.
