Impukane emhlopheI-scabious beetle, ilungu losapho lwe-Aleiroididae, sesinye sezona zinambuzane ziyingxaki kwezolimo kunye negadi yasezidolophini. Ukukwazi ukuhlasela yonke into ukusuka kwi-horticultural ukuya kwizityalo zokuhombisa, kudibaniswa nokuzala kwayo ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuchasana nezitshabalalisi ezininzi, kwenza kube ngumngeni oqhubekayo. Ukuyifanisa, ukuthintela ukubonakala kwayo, kunye nokulwa nayo ngokufanelekileyo kufuna ulwazi oluchanekileyo nolutsha, ukudibanisa iindlela zenkcubeko, zebhayoloji, zomzimba kunye nemichiza.
Yintoni i-whitefly kwaye kutheni iyingxaki?
Iimpukane ezimhlophe zizinambuzane ezincinci ezinomzimba omhlophe ukuya kumthubi kunye namaphiko amhlophe ngokulinganayo agqunywe ngombala obhityileyo, owenziwe nge-waxy umbala wazo. Zilinganisa phakathi kwe-1 kunye ne-3 mm kwaye zihlala zifumaneka ngaphantsi kwamagqabi, apho zitya ngokufunxa incindi yesityalo. Imilomo yayo efunxayo kubangela umonakalo othe ngqo kwaye, ngokukhupha i-honeydew, ukukhuthaza ukubonakala kwe-sooty mold kunye nokutsala iimbovane. Ukongeza, banoxanduva ukusasazwa kweentsholongwane ezininzi zezityalo, okwandisa kakhulu umonakalo.
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi kweli qela, kodwa ezona ziphawulekayo neziyingozi kwizityalo kwindawo enemozulu epholileyo neshushu. bemisia tabaci (icuba whitefly) kunye I-Trialeurode vaporariorum (greenhouse whitefly). Zombini zinokuhlalisana, kwaye enye inokude isuse enye ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zokusingqongileyo kunye nohlobo lwesityalo.
Ukuchongwa kwe-Whitefly: Iimpawu kunye noMjikelo woBomi
Ulawulo olusebenzayo lweflyfly luqala ngokuchongwa ngokufanelekileyo. Iimpawu eziphambili ziquka:
- Amagqabi anobutyheli, ikhubazekile, igobile okanye yomile, ethi ekugqibeleni iwe ngaphambi kwexesha.
- Ubukho bemolasi ecwebezelayo, encangathi kwindawo engaphantsi kunye nomphezulu wamagqabi, okukhuthaza ukubonakala kwefungi emnyama (i-sooty mold).
- Amagqabi kunye neziqu ezigqunywe luthuli olunamanzi eveliswa ngabantu abadala kunye nama-nymphs.
- Ubukho besibindi, umaleko omnyama wefungal onciphisa i-photosynthesis kunye nempilo yezityalo jikelele.
- Ukuba udlulisa isandla sakho okanye ushukumise isityalo, unokubona abantu abadala bebhabha "kwilifu elimhlophe."
Umjikelo webhayoloji: Ubomi bayo bukhawuleza kwaye buguquguquka ngokuxhomekeke kwiintlobo kunye nokushisa, ukugqiba malunga ne-3 ukuya kwiiveki ze-4. Ibandakanya ezi zigaba zilandelayo:
- Amaqanda: Ifakwe kwi-underside yegqabi, ihlelwe kwizangqa okanye i-semicircles ngokuxhomekeke kwiintlobo. Zinde, zibe mhlophe kwaye zibe mnyama ekuhambeni kwexesha.
- I-nymph ehambayo (inkanyezi yokuqala): Ukukhanya okutyheli ngombala, ifuna indawo eyiyeyona ifanelekileyo egqabi ukuze inamathele.
- Iingxilimbela ezizinzileyo (amanqanaba amva): Zigqunywe yincindi enencindi kunye nencindi yobusi, zinamathela kuzo zize zitye incindi.
- I-Pupa: Ilizwe elingashukumiyo nelixhathisayo kakhulu, likwagqunywe ziimfihlo ezininzi.
- Abantu abadala: Ukulungele ukubhabha kunye nezityalo ezitsha, iimazi zinokubeka phakathi kwama-80 kunye nama-350 amaqanda, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nohlobo.
Iintlobo eziphambili zeempukane ezimhlophe kunye nezityalo ezichaphazelekayo
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ze-whitefly ezineendlela ezahlukeneyo zesenzo kunye nokuxhathisa, nangona zabelana ngeendlela zokulawula kunye nokuthintela:
- bemisia tabaci: Ixhaphake kakhulu ngaphandle, ichaphazela iitumato, iipepile, isitshalo seqanda, umqhaphu, izucchini kunye necuba, phakathi kwezinye. Iqondwa ngamaphiko ayo ahambelanayo xa iphumle kunye ne-pupa ene-wavy margin, ibeka amaqanda aphakathi kwama-80 nama-300 ngokuxhomekeke kumninimzi.
- I-Trialeurode vaporariorum: Ixhaphake kakhulu kwiindawo zokugcina izityalo, ngakumbi kwiitumato, iikomkomere, iimelon, ii-eggplants, kunye neembotyi eziluhlaza. Yahlulwa ngamaphiko ayo anxantathu, ahlukeneyo kwaye izalela umyinge wamaqanda angama-350 kumjikelo ngamnye.
- Citrus cottony whitefly: Ihlasela imithi yesitrasi (iorenji, ilamuni, igrapefruit, ikalika) kunye neminye imithi yeziqhamo efana negwava kunye nelucuma, ivelisa izixa ezikhulu zobusi kunye nomngcipheko wokungunda kwesooty.
Ezinye izityalo kunye nezityalo zokuhombisa zihlaselwe:
- Imifuno: i-zucchini, i-anyanisi, iklabishi, iimbotyi eziluhlaza, i-tomato, isitshalo seqanda, ikhukhamba, i-pepper, i-melon, i-watermelon, phakathi kwabanye.
- Imihlobiso: i-geraniums, i-petunias, i-begonias, i-hibiscus, i-roses kunye ne-carnations.
- Imithi yeziqhamo: i-citrus, ipesika, iplamu, phakathi kwabanye.
- Izityalo ezininzi zezolimo: umqhaphu, irapeseed, ujongilanga, umbona kunye nerayisi.
Umonakalo owenziwe kunye nezifo ezisasazwa ziimpukane ezimhlophe
Umonakalo owenziwe sesi sitshabalalisi zininzi:
- Ubuthathaka ngokubanzi yezityalo ngokufunxa incindi.
- Ukunciphisa iphotosynthesis ngokugquma komnde wobusi kunye ne-sooty mold, ethi icothise okanye imise ukukhula kwaye inokubangela ukubola okukhulu.
- Udluliselo lwentsholongwane yonakalisa (ngaphezu kwe-70 ezahlukeneyo), kuquka nabaziwayo Intsholongwane yeTomato Yellow Leaf Curl (TYLCV) kunye nentsholongwane yeNew Delhi, phakathi kwezinye, ezibangela ukungahambi kakuhle kunye nokunciphisa isivuno kunye nomgangatho.
- Ubukho be-honeydew buthanda izitshabalalisi zesibini ezifana ne-mealybugs kunye namangolwane, kwaye kwandisa ukwanda kweimbovane ezikhusela i-whitefly kwiintshaba zendalo.
Izifo ezixhaphakileyo zosulelo:
- Umjikelo wamagqabi kunye nentsholongwane ye-mosaic: iziphene, dwarfism, ipateni yemosaic emthubi okanye emdaka.
- Umthubi dwarfism: kubangela ukutyheli kunye nokuncipha kobungakanani bamagqabi.
- Usuthu lwetumato: kubangela amabala kunye nombala ongaqhelekanga kwiziqhamo.
UThintelo lwe-Whitefly: Imilinganiselo yeNkcubeko kunye neBiointegrated
Uthintelo ngundoqo Ukuthintela uhlaselo olumandundu kwizityalo nakwigadi, awona manyathelo acetyiswayo ngala:
- Inspection rhoqo: Qwalasela amagqabi angaphantsi alungele abantu abadala, amaqanda, okanye ihoneydew.
- Ulawulo lokhula: Susa ukhula kunye nenkunkuma yokutyala ejikeleze izityalo ezinokubonelela ngekhusi kwizitshabalalisi.
- Izithintelo ngokwasemzimbeni: Sebenzisa izikrini zezinambuzane, iingcango eziphindwe kabini kwiindawo zokugcina izityalo, kunye neendawo ezivaliweyo ezifanelekileyo.
- Ulawulo lwembovane: Inciphisa iikholoni zabo, kuba zikhusela kwiimpukane ezimhlophe kwaye ziququzelele ukwanda kwazo.
- Ukujikeleziswa kwezityalo kunye nonxulumano lwezityalo: Iintlobo ezinokuthi zichaphazeleke kwaye zisebenzise izityalo ezigxothayo ezifana ne-marigold, basil, mint okanye rosemary.
- Ukuthena kunye nokufaka umoya: Prune ukukhuthaza ukungena komoya, ukuphelisa ukuhluma okugqithisileyo, kunye nokuthintela ukuhlaselwa.
- Kuphephe ukuchumisa kakhulu initrogen: Amandla amaninzi atsala izinambuzane.
Ulawulo lwebhayoloji: Amaqabane endalo ngokuchasene neempukane ezimhlophe
El ulawulo oludibeneyo yale nkathazo ibeka phambili ukusetyenziswa kweentshaba zendalo kwaye inciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali, ngakumbi kwi Ukulima izinto eziphilayoEzi zilwanyana zilandelayo kunye neeparasitoids zivelele:
- Amblyseius swirskii (inkwethu).
- Eretmocerus mundus y Eretmocerus eremicus (oonomeva be-parasitoid abakhethekileyo kwi-whitefly).
- Encarsia formosa (unomeva osetyenziswa kakhulu kulawulo lwebhayoloji).
- Macrolophus caliginosus, I-Nesidiocoris tenuis y Cales Noacki (amarhamncwa asebenzayo).
- Amitus spiniferus: I-Parasitoid yezilwanyana ezincinci.
- Amarhamncwa e-coccinellid kunye ne-lacewings: I-Clistotethus arcuatus, I-Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, I-Chrysoperla carnea y IConwentzia psociformis, zombini kwisigaba sombungu kunye nabadala.
La intshayelelo ekhethiweyo Ukusetyenziswa kwezi ntshaba zendalo kwizityalo kunceda ukugcina iimpukane ezimhlophe ziphantsi kolawulo, ukuthintela ukungalingani kwebhayoloji. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba uphephe ukusebenzisa amayeza okubulala izinambuzane abanzi angahambelaniyo nala mahlakani.
Iindlela zenyama kunye namayeza asekhaya okulawula i-whitefly
- Ukususwa ngesandla: Susa amagqabi ahlaselwe kakhulu, coca abantu abadala kunye namantshontsho ngelaphu elimanzi okanye ishawa yamanzi xa uhlaselwa kancinci.
- Imigibe yeChromatic: Imigibe encangathi etyheli itsala abantu abadala, ivumela ukuba kubekwe iliso kunye nokunciphisa inani labemi.
- Ukuhlamba ngesepha ye-potassium: Ithambisa i-cuticle yezinambuzane, ibenze buthathaka kwaye ikhuthaze isenzo solunye unyango, ngelixa ihlonipha izilwanyana ezincedisayo.
- Ioli yeNeem: Iqinisa amajoni omzimba ezityalo kwaye isebenze njenge-repellent kunye ne-pest controller, ngokukodwa ngokubambisana nesepha ye-potassium.
- Amalungiselelo egalikhi: Ukufakwa kwegalikhi okanye ukuzityala kufutshane nezityalo ezinokuthi zichaphazeleke zisebenza njengezigxothi zendalo ezisebenzayo.
- Ioyile yemifuno kunye nezisombululo zesepha: Suffocate abadala kunye ne-nymphs ngokutshiza umxube (1 ilitha yamanzi, i-10 ml yeoli yeoli, amaconsi ambalwa e-detergent); sebenzisa ngokukhethekileyo ngorhatya kunye needosi eziphantsi.
Iimveliso zorhwebo zokulawula kunye nonyango
Xa uhlaselo ludlula umda womonakalo wezoqoqosho, kuyimfuneko ukubhenela kwizisombululo ze-phytosanitary:
Izitshabalalisi zebhayoloji eziqinisekisiweyo
- I-Botanigard® kunye ne-Botanigard® 22 WP: Isekwe Beauveria bassiana Uxinzelelo lwe-GHA, basebenza ngokudibana kwaye baqinisekisiwe ngokulima ngendalo. Isebenza ngokuchasene neempukane ezimhlophe, ithrips, aphid, kunye nezinye, azikwazi ukumelana neemeko zemozulu ezahlukeneyo kwaye zikhuselekile kwiimveliso zeDemeter.
- Breaker® Max: I-bio-rational insecticide eyenziwe ngepyrethrin yendalo, ivelisa ukukhubazeka okukhawulezayo kunye nokufa kwesinambuzane. Ibhaliselwe imveliso yendalo.
- Majestik®: Ngokusekelwe kwi-maltodextrin, yenza ngokuqhagamshelana, ngokukhawuleza ukukhupha i-pest, efanelekileyo kwiinkqubo ezidibeneyo zokuvelisa ngenxa yokhuseleko ngokubhekiselele kubancedisi.
- Neudosan®: Iityuwa ze-Potassium zezityalo ezinamafutha e-acids ezonakalisa i-cuticle kunye nenkqubo yokuphefumula ngokukhawuleza kwaye zihlonipha isityalo kunye neentshaba zendalo.
Amayeza okubulala izinambuzane abhalisiweyo
- I-Mospilan® Max (esekelwe kwi-Acetamiprid): Isebenza kwiidosi eziphantsi kwaye iqhubeke kwiimeko zemozulu ezahlukeneyo, ithintela inkqubo ye-nervous system.
Kubalulekile ukutshintsha iimveliso kunye nokuhlonipha iidosi kunye namaxesha okhuseleko aboniswe kwileyibhile. Unyango lwamachiza kufuneka lube yinto yokugqibela kwaye kufuneka isetyenziswe kuphela ukuba ezinye iindlela azisebenzi ngokwaneleyo.
Izenzo ezilungileyo zolimo kunye neengcebiso ezongezelelweyo
- Yenza ukuthena umoya kwaye iphelisa amagqabi amaninzi ezityalo.
- Hlawula ngendlela elungeleleneyo ukuphepha ukuchumisa kakhulu kwenitrogen.
- Kuphephe ukusetyenziswa kwezinambuzane eziyingozi kwiintshaba zendalo njengaye Cales Noacki kwaye ikhuthaza i ulawulo lwebhayoloji lwakudala ngokuqhelanisa nabancedisi.
- Iintsholongwane izixhobo rhoqo ukuthintela ukudluliselwa kweentsholongwane kunye neentsholongwane phakathi kwezityalo.
- Beka esweni rhoqo ukuqaphela ukuqhambuka kwangethuba kunye nokunqanda ukusasazeka kwesibetho.
- Sebenzisa iintlobo ezixhathisayo xa ikhona kwaye ubonisane neengcaphephe zezolimo ukukhetha imathiriyeli efanelekileyo yezityalo.
