I-Sessile oak (Quercus petraea): Iimpawu, i-ikholoji kunye nokusetyenziswa
I-oki epholileyo, ngokwenzululwazi eyaziwa ngokuba UQuercus petraeaNgumthi ongumfuziselo obonakala kumahlathi aseYurophu nakwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yePeninsula yase-Iberia. Ukubaluleka kwe-ikholoji kunye noqoqosho lwayo kuyaphawuleka ngenxa yokomelela kwemithi yayo, ukuqina kwayo, kunye nexabiso elinikezelwa yi-ecosystems ehambelana nayo.
Inkcazo yezityalo ye-oki ye-sessile
El UQuercus petraea Yeyosapho lwe-Fagaceae kwaye yaziwa njenge-oki ye-sessile, i-oki ye-sessiliflorous, i-oki ye-Cornish, okanye i-oki yaseDurmast. Inkangeleko yayo ibeka, kwaye inokufikelela ukuphakama ukuya kwi-45 yeemitha phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, nangona ixhaphake ukukhula malunga ne-30-35 yeemitha kumahlathi aseSpain. Inobubanzi kunye nesithsaba esiqhelekileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo i-oval okanye i-rounded in shape, kunye ne-a isiqu esithe nkqo ligqunywe lixolo elithi, kwisampulu esele likhulile, liqhekeke kakhulu kwaye libe greyi okanye libe mdaka ngombala.
Lo mthi ubonakaliswa nguwo ubomi obude, kunye nemizekelo ekhoyo kwiinkulungwane eziliqela ubudala. inkqubo yeengcambu ezinamandla Inika uzinzo olukhulu kunye namandla okuthatha ithuba lobutyebi bamanzi kunye nezimbiwa kwimihlaba eguquguqukayo.
Amagqabi kunye neempawu ze-morphological
Las amagqabi oki oki Zilula, ziyatshintshana kwaye zinobude obuphakathi kwe-5 kunye ne-21 cm kunye nobubanzi obuyi-2 ukuya kwi-15 cm. Zine-lanceolate okanye i-obovate shape, kunye imida ejikelezileyo kunye nengqukuvaI-petiole yala magqabi idume ngokude kakhulu, ifikelela kwi-2,5 cm, eyenza enye yeendlela. Umahluko ophambili kunye nezinye iintlobo zohlobo lweQuercus njenge-oki eqhelekileyo (UQuercus robur), amagqabi awo anepetiole emfutshane kakhulu.
Umphezulu wamagqabi ungowe-a bunzulu, buluhlaza obugudileyo, ngelixa i-underside i-paler kwaye ngamanye amaxesha i-pubescent, ngakumbi kwi-junction ye-veins yesibini. Isiseko samagqabi sikholisa ukubunjwa bubumbene, asinazo ii-auricles (i-basal projections), enye impawu eluncedo yokuyahlula kwiintlobo ezinxulumeneyo.
Intyatyambo, iziqhamo kunye nomjikelo wokuzala
La ukudubula kwe-oki ye-sessile Ngokuqhelekileyo idubula entwasahlobo. Iintyatyambo zesiduna ziqokelelwe kwi-catkins ezijingayo ezimthubi, ngelixa iintyatyambo zasemazi zingabonakali kwaye zibekwe kumasebe, zihlala zodwa okanye zingamaqela amancinci. Into engaqhelekanga ye-oki ye-sessile kukuba zombini iintyatyambo zasetyhini kunye neziqhamo (ii-acorns) Bakhula behleli kumasebe okanye kwii-peduncle ezimfutshane kakhulu, ngokungafaniyo ne-oki eqhelekileyo i-acorns yayo i-stalked ngakumbi.
El isiqhamo seQuercus petraea I-acorn, i-ovoid ukuya kwi-ellipsoidal ngobume, kunye neqokobhe le-scaly. I-Acorns ithatha malunga neenyanga ezintandathu ukuvuthwa emva kokutyatyamba kwaye ijike ibe tyheli-ntsundu xa indala. Zingumthombo wokutya osisiseko wezilwanyana zasendle, ngakumbi iihagu zasendle, amaxhama kunye noonomatse.
Iindidi kunye neentlobo
phakathi kweentlobo UQuercus petraea Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili ze-subspecies:
- I-Quercus petraea subsp. petraea: Amaqabunga amancinci, ama-5 ukuya kwi-15 cm ubude kunye no-2 ukuya ku-9 cm ububanzi, kunye ne-5-8 izibini zemithanjeni yesibini.
- I-Quercus petraea subsp. huguetiana: Inamaqabunga amakhulu, ukuya kwi-21 cm ubude kunye no-15 cm ububanzi, kunye ne-7-12 izibini zemithanjeni yesibini.
Zombini i-subspecies zinokuhlalisana kwaye zihlala zixubana ngokulula nezinye ii-oki, okukhokelela ekubeni a iyantlukwano enkulu yemfuza phakathi kwamahlathi apho akhoyo.
I-Ecology, indawo yokuhlala kunye nokusabalalisa ngokwejografi
El i-oki epholileyo Iqhelekile intaba kunye neendawo ezisezantsi, echumileyo kumahlathi acwengileyo naxubene nezinye iintlobo ze<em>beech (Ifagus sylvatica), iipayini zaseScots (UPinus sylvestris), iibhitshi (UBetula), holly (Ilex aquifolium), kunye neminye imi-oki.
Ikhetha imihlaba ene-siliceous okanye eneasidi, nangona ingafumaneka nakwimihlaba ene-calcareous, nje ukuba ikhululekile kwaye ingena kakuhle. Ibalasele ngenxa yayo ukunyamezela okukhulu kwimbalela kunye nemihlaba engekho mgangathweni kwizakhamzimba xa kuthelekiswa ne-oki eqhelekileyo, ewuvumela ukuba ukhule emathambekeni, kwiindawo ezinamatye, kwindawo ezinamatye kunye nokuphakama phakathi kwe-300 kunye ne-1.800 yeemitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle.
KwiPeninsula yaseIberia, i i-oki epholileyo Igxininise kakhulu emantla, apho iyinxalenye yamahlathi eeNtaba zeCantabrian kunye neePyrenees, kwaye iphinda idlulele kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zeSistim ePhakathi, udederhu lweentaba zaseCuenca, iSierra de la Demanda, udederhu lweentaba zeMoncayo, kunye neendawo ezahlukeneyo ezikumantla-mpuma kunye neziko lePeninsula yase-Iberia. Ukusasazwa kwayo kugubungela inxalenye enkulu yentshona nombindi Yurophu kwaye ifikelela nakwintshona yeAsia. Nangona kunjalo, ubukho bayo buyintsalela kwimida esemazantsi, apho yenza amaqonga aqhekezayo okanye imixube kunye nezinye iintlobo.
Ukuqulunqwa kwe-sessile oak groves
Los Amahlathi e-oki ahlala phantsi Zii-ecosystems ezintsonkothileyo apho iintlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana zihlala kwindawo ezahlukeneyo:
- Isitrato somthi: Ilawulwa ngu UQuercus petraea, nangona sikhatshwa zezinye iintlobo ezifana UQuercus robur, I-Quercus pyrenaica, betula alba, Ifagus sylvatica, Ilex aquifolium y ICastanea sativa.
- I-Stratum ye-Shrub: Amaqunube afunyenwe (I-vaccinium myrtillusscorodonia (I-Teucrium scorodonia), imithi yerowan (I-Sorbus aria, S. aucuparia), phakathi kwabanye.
- I-Herbaceous stratum: Iifeni, I-Melampyrum pratense, Lathyrus montanus, hay eqhelekileyo (I-Deschampsia flexuosa), IGalium rotundifolium, kunye nezinye iintlobo ezilungelelaniswe kwindawo epholileyo kunye nefumileyo.
Kwiindawo ezonakaliswe okanye ezichatshazelwa yimisebenzi yabantu, le mithi ye-oki inokuguqukela kuyo amatyholo gorse, amasimi omtshayelo (ICytisus, UGenista) kunye nezilwanyana (Erica), utshintsho oluchaphazela amandla eecosystem.
Ukubaluleka kwendalo
El i-oki epholileyo yenza i- isiqwenga esibalulekileyo kwizinto eziphilayo zamahlathi aseYurophuAmahlathi ayo ahlala kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana. Imithi yawo yomthi we-acorn ibonelela ngokutya kwezilwanyana ezininzi ezanyisayo (ihagu zasendle, amaxhama, oonomatse) neentaka, ngoxa uphahla lwalo lubonelela ngekhusi nendawo yokuhlala kwinkitha yezinambuzane, iintaka, neentlobo zezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezincinane.
Emhlabeni, ukubola kwamagqabi awo kunegalelo ekutyebiseni kunye nesakhiwo se-substrate yehlathi, ukukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kwefungi kunye ne-microorganisms ebalulekileyo kwi-ecological balance.
Ukusetyenziswa kweenkuni kunye nezinye izibonelelo
La iinkuni zomthi oki isuka umgangatho ophezulu, iqinile, ixinene, kwaye yomelele. Oku kuyenza ixabiseke kakhulu kwiinkalo ezininzi:
- Ukuchwela kunye nokudibanisa: Ukwenziwa kwefanitshala, umgangatho, iingcango kunye neefestile.
- Umzi-mveliso waselwandleNangona yayigqwethiwe ngobungangamsha ngamaplanga eminye imi-oki, lo m-oki wawusetyenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezikhephe ngenxa yokumelana nokufuma.
- Intsebenziswano: Ilungele ukwenziwa kwemigqomo, ii-casks kunye nemigqomo yokuguga kwewayini kunye nemimoya, ngenxa yokukwazi ukubonelela ngamavumba kunye nokuxhathisa ukuthotywa.
- UKUQALA: Sebenzisa kwiindawo zokulala zikaloliwe, imiqadi kunye nezakhiwo ezinzima, ngenxa yokomelela kwayo.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwefula nemfuyo: I-acorns kunye namagqabi asetyenziswa njengesondlo semfuyo.
- I-TanneryAmaxolo ayo, aneetannins ezininzi, asetyenziselwa ukwenza ulusu.
I-Etymology kunye ne-taxonomy
Igama UQuercus livela kwisiLatini kwaye libhekisela kwi-oki ngokubanzi kunye neenkuni zabo. Igama elithi "petraea" libhekisela kubudlelwane bayo bendawo enamatye. Iintlobo ezincinci IsiHuguetian Ithiywe ngembeko yombhali webhayoloji uEmilio Huguet del Villar.
Kulo lonke uluhlu lwayo, inamagama ahlukeneyo eelwimi zomthonyama ngokuxhomekeke kummandla kunye nolwimi: i-oki ye-sessile, i-oki ye-sessiliflorous, i-oki yeentaba, i-oki emnyama, i-oki, phakathi kwabanye. Ezinye izithethantonye zebhotani zembali ziquka I-Quercus sessiliflora, I-Quercus latifolia y I-Quercus mas.
Ulondolozo kunye nezoyikiso
I-oki ye-sessile ithathwa njengeentlobo ze inkxalabo encinci yi-IUCN, nangona ubukho bayo bulinganiselwe kwiindawo ezithile, ngakumbi kwi-Peninsula yase-Iberia, apho amahlathi angaphazanyiswa anqabile kwaye aqhekeka. Abanye abantu, njengabo baseCastilla-La Mancha, e-Extremadura, eMadrid, nakwimimandla ethile yaseCatalonia, bakhuselwe ngumthetho wengingqi, banikwa ukubaluleka kokulondoloza le mixokomelwano yendalo phantsi koxinzelelo lokugawulwa kwemithi, utshintsho lwemozulu, ukuqhekeka kweendawo zokuhlala, kunye nokusasazeka kwamasimi okulima isityalo esinye. Ukufunda ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemithi esengozini kunye nendlela yokukhusela amahlathi, bona kwakhona.
Uhlaziyo lwendalo luchatshazelwa lukhuphiswano neentlobo ezihlaselayo, ukutya okuziinkozo okugqithisileyo, kunye nokungabikho kolawulo oluzinzileyo lwamahlathi. Kukho amaphulo kunye neenkqubo ze ukubuyiselwa kunye nokukhuselwa kwemithi ye-oki, ngokukodwa kwiindawo zexabiso eliphezulu lezinto eziphilayo ezifana nehlathi le-Muniellos e-Asturias, i-Vilarello de Donís, i-Ancares intaba yeentaba, phakathi kwabanye.
Indlela yokwahlula i-oki ye-sessile kwezinye ii-oki
El i-oki epholileyo Inokubhidaniswa lula kunye nezinye ii-oki, ngakumbi nge UQuercus robur (oki eqhelekileyo okanye holm oki). Nangona kunjalo, kukho izitshixo zokulungisa ukuchongwa:
- I-petiole ende: Amagqabi ka UQuercus petraea babe petiole ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2,5 cm, ngelixa ezo ze UQuercus robur Ngokuqhelekileyo baphantse bathule.
- I-lobes ejikelezayo: Kwi-oki ye-sessile, i-lobes yamagqabi ingqukuva kwaye isiseko samagqabi asinazo ii-auricles. Ukuze ufumane isazisi esingaphaya, nceda ujonge kwakhona ukhathalelo lomthi wejunipha.
- Ukuhlala ii-acorns: I-acorns ye-oki ye-sessile "ihleli" okanye ine-stalk emfutshane kakhulu, ngokungafaniyo neentlobo eziqhelekileyo, ezine-acorns ezine-stalk ende.
- Imofoloji ngokubanzi: I-oki ye-sessile idla ngokuba nenkangeleko ethe tye kwaye incinci xa ithelekiswa ne-oki.
Imiba yeSilvicultural kunye nokulinywa kwe-oki ye-sessile
Ukulima kwe UQuercus petraea Ifuna ukukhuselwa kwezithole ezitsha edlelweni kunye nokuqinisekisa ulawulo lwezityalo ezikhuphisanayo. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa okufanelekileyo kwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala, ngakumbi malunga nokunkcenkceshela ngamaxesha omileyo kunye nokukhusela kwizinambuzane okanye izifo.
Unxibelelwano lwendalo kunye nexabiso lezilwanyana zasendle
Emahlathini ayo unokujonga iintlobo zezityalo ezinje ngeblueberries, iiferns kunye nezityalo eziziimbotyi ezahlukeneyo, ezenza uluntu olutyebileyo lwebhayoloji.
Amahlathi amakhulu e-oki ahlala kwi-Iberian Peninsula
Imithi ye-oki ye UQuercus petraea Babonisa i-mosaic yamahlathi acocekileyo kunye nomxube. Iindawo ezifana ne:
- Ihlathi laseMuniellos (Asturias): Elinye lawona mahlathi e-oki amakhulu eYurophu.
- Vilarello de Donís kunye nodederhu lweentaba zeAncares (iLugo neLeón).
- Demanda Uluhlu lweentaba (iBurgos kunye neLa Rioja).
- Oroz-Betelu Massif (Navarre).
- Iintaba zeAlbera kunye neRibes Valley (eCatalonia).
- Iintaba zeValdemeca (Cuenca): Umda osemazantsi weentlobo kwi-peninsula.
Kuzo zonke ezi zityalo, i-oki ye-sessile yabelana ngesithuba kunye nezinye iintlobo kwaye yenza i-ikhosistim ekhethekileyo enomdla omkhulu wolondolozo.
IiCuriosities kunye nexabiso lenkcubeko
I-oki ye-sessile kudala ingumxholo weentsomi kunye nezithethe zaseYurophu nakwiPeninsula yase-Iberia. Inxulunyaniswa nobomi obude, amandla, kunye nobuhandiba. Iinkcubeko ezininzi ziye zasebenzisa iinkuni zayo ukwenza izinto zesithethe, iitotems, kunye nezitya zeziselo zesintu. Ukongeza, ii-oki ezininzi kunye nemizekelo yezikhumbuzo ziye zabhengezwa imithi eyodwa okanye ekhuselweyo ngexabiso layo elikhulu lembali kunye nebhayoloji.
Amagama eelwimi zomthonyama ahluka ngokubanzi: ngesiCatalan, "roure de fulla gran," ngesiGalician, "carballo negro," ngesiBasque, "haritz kandugabea," phakathi kwabanye. Konke oku kubonisa unxibelelwano olunzulu lwe-oki ye-sessile kunye nenkcubeko kunye nembonakalo yomhlaba.
Ixabiso lokuhombisa kunye negadi
Ndiyabulela amandla ayo Ngamagqabi awo anomtsalane, i-oki ye-sessile isetyenziswa kwiipaki ezinkulu, iigadi, kunye neendawo zokubuyiselwa komhlaba. Ibonelela ngomthunzi, izinzisa amathambeka, kwaye iphucula indalo eyohlukeneyo yendalo esingqongileyo, ibe ngumthombo wendalo wobuhle obuphezulu kunye nexabiso lokusebenza.
Ukulinywa kwayo kwiindawo ezinkulu kuyacetyiswa ngenxa yophuhliso lwalo lwasemoyeni kunye neengcambu, kwaye ukubandakanywa kwayo njengezityalo zemveli kwiiprojekthi zokubuyiselwa kwendalo kuthanda ukulondolozwa kwendalo yengingqi.
I-oki epholileyo (UQuercus petraea) ibalasele njengomnye wemithi emele amahlathi apholileyo, enembali etyebileyo yendalo, inkcubeko kunye nezoqoqosho. Ubukho bayo buqinisekisa ukuzinza kunye nokuhlukahluka kwamahlathi ahlala kuyo, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo okuzinzileyo kuyaqhubeka nokubonelela ngezixhobo eziphambili kunye neenkonzo kuluntu.
