Isini IHelianthemum, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi "sunflower", "mountain jarilla" okanye "mirasol", yinxalenye yosapho lweCistaceae kwaye ibandakanya iintlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo eziye zatsala umdla kwiingcali zezityalo kunye nabathandi begadi ngenxa yazo. Ulungelelwaniso lwendalo, iintlobo ngeentlobo, iintyatyambo ezimangalisayo kunye nokufaneleka kokusingqongileyo. Eli nqaku sisikhokelo esibanzi esichazayo Iimpawu ze-morphological, i-taxonomy, ukuhlelwa kwangaphakathi, indawo yokuhlala, ukuhanjiswa, uluhlu oluhlaziyiweyo lweentlobo, ukubaluleka kwazo kwi-ikholoji kunye nokusetyenziswa kokuhombisa kunye namayeza.
Imvelaphi ye-Etymological, imbali yebhotani kunye nomxholo wokuzivelela
Igama IHelianthemum Kuvela kwi-greek helios (ilanga) kunye iianthemos (intyatyambo), ibhekisa kubuchule bezi zityalo ukuqhelanisa nokuvula iintyatyambo zazo kuphela phantsi kwentshukumo yelanga, into eyaziwa ngokuba phototropism elungileyoAmagama amaninzi eelwimi zomthonyama kwiilwimi ezahlukeneyo, anjenge "mirror" okanye "rock rose" ngesiNgesi, ayaluqinisa olu lwalamano lwelanga. Nangona kunjalo, nangona iintlobo ezininzi zine iintyatyambo ezityheli ezifana neenkwenkwezi zelanga, kukho iintlobo ezinemibala emhlophe, epinki, e-orenji kunye nemfusa, egxininisa uluhlu lwe-chromatic ngaphakathi kwe-genus.
Kwimbali yezityalo, IHelianthemum Yachazwa nguPhilip Miller ngenkulungwane ye-18 kwaye ukusukela ngoko yaba ngumxholo wezifundo ezinzulu zetaxonomic ngenxa ukuhlukahluka kwe-morphological, ukuxutywa rhoqo kunye nokungeniswa kunye nobunzima bokuchaza iintlobo ezizinzileyo kwimixholo yeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ngakumbi kwindawo yeMeditera.
Ukwabiwa kwejografi kunye neendawo zokuhlala eziphambili
Iindidi zohlobo IHelianthemum bonisa a usasazo olubanzi kuwo wonke umhlaba osemantlaZifumaneka ukusuka eNtshona Yurophu ukuya kutsho kuMbindi weAsia naseIndiya, zinwenwela ukuya kutsho eMacaronesia (iziqithi zeAtlantiki ezifana neZiqithi zaseCanary), kuMntla nophondo lweAfrika, kuSingasiqithi weArabia, kwanemimandla ethile yoMntla noMbindi Merika. Ummandla weMeditera ngowona mmandla wezityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo, ukubamba izilwanyana ezihlala zikho nezisasazwe ngokubanzi.
Iindawo zokuhlala eziqhelekileyo:
- Iindawo zokuhlambela kunye neegarrigues, iguqulelwe kwimozulu eyomileyo neshushu.
- Amadlelo engca avulekileyo kunye namadlelo ahlala ixesha elide kumhlaba ompofu, onamatye, kunye ne-calcareous kunye ne-siliceous.
- Iintanda zamatye kunye neekwari ezishiyiweyo, apho benza ikoloni kwaye bazinzise ama-substrates athotyiweyo.
- Amahlathi acinyiweyo kunye neentaba zeentaba, rhoqo kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ngaphezu kweemitha ezingama-2000.
- Imihlaba etyebileyo udaka okanye ikalika, ezivumela iintlobo ezithile ukuba zihlale kwindawo ehlala indalo nengaxhatshazwanga zezinye izityalo.
Kulo Peninsula yaseIberia, IHelianthemum Imele indawo ebalulekileyo yezityalo zomthonyama, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezinemozulu yeMeditera kunye nenkqubo yendalo yeentaba. Ubukho bayo kwiindawo zokuhlala ezohlukeneyo zisalathiso sokomelela kwendalo kunye namandla okuziqhelanisa.
Inkcazo ye-morphological kunye neempawu eziqhelekileyo
I-genus Helianthemum ibonisa a uluhlu olubanzi lwemikhwa ebalulekileyoukusuka imifuno yonyaka, iminyaka emibini kunye neyonyaka phezulu i-succulents kunye nezihlahla ezincinciUninzi lweentlobo zabelana ngeempawu ezahlukileyo ezenza kube lula ukuzibona:
- Iziqu: I-Woody kwisiseko, inyuka okanye iguqe, ihlala i-branched kunye ne-stoloniferous, evumela ukuba benze amancinci. ingca okanye iikholoni ezibanzi.
- AmaSpredishithi: Ichasana, ngamanye amaxesha iyatshintshana ngasentla, iphelele, incinci ngokubanzi, i-elliptical ukuya kwi-linear-lanceolate, eluhlaza ngaphezulu kwaye ihlala i-tomentose-greyish ezantsi ngenxa yokugquma kweenwele.
- Inflorescence: I-Cymose-racemose, exengaxenga ngokubanzi, enamasebe aphuhlileyo okanye anqamlezileyo acwangciswe ngokweentyatyambo ezilula okanye ezidityanisiweyo. Inani leentyatyambo kwi-inflorescence nganye liyahluka, lifikelela ngaphezu kwe-15 kwezinye iintlobo.
- I-Sepals: Ezintlanu, ezineezintathu ezingaphakathi ezinkulu kwaye zineembambo ezicacileyo, kunye nezimbini ezincinci zangaphandle ezilinganisa i-epicalyx.
- Amagqabi: Ezintlanu, zishwabene ngenkangeleko, ngemibala eqaqambileyo: tyheli, i-orenji, mhlophe, ipinki okanye mfusa, zihlala zinamabala egolide ezantsi.
- Stamens: Zininzi kakhulu, zicwangciswe kwii-whorl ezininzi, nangona kwiintlobo ze-autogamous inani linokuba ngaphantsi (ukusuka kwi-7 ukuya kuma-22).
- Isiqhamo: I-Ovoid okanye i-ellipsoid capsule, ngokubanzi i-trivalve, i-dehiscent, iqulethe imbewu ngaphandle kwe-raphe.
- Imbewu: Incinci (malunga ne-1,1 mg ngaphakathi Nummularium), bubomvu-bumdaka kwaye ubukhulu becala ukusasazwa kwendawo.
Ezi mpawu, kunye nabo iintyatyambo ezivuleka kuphela kukukhanya kwelanga kunye ne-phototropism ephawulweyo, zenza imiba ephambili ekuchongeni nasekulawuleni ukulima kunye nokubuyisela inkqubo yendalo.
Ukuhlelwa kwangaphakathi: subgenres kunye namacandelo
Iingcali zezityalo ziye zahlulahlula iHelianthemum isubgenres ezimbini eziphambili, ngokusekelwe kwizifundo ze-floral morphology kunye ne-molecular genetics:
- I-Subgenus Helianthemum Isigidi.
- I-Subgenus Plectolobum Willk.
Isubgenre nganye yahlulwe amacandelo leliphi iqela leentlobo ezinemfuza kunye nemorphological affinities. Phakathi kwezona zibalulekileyo:
- Argyrolepis: Umzekelo: H. squamatum
- Lavandulaceum: Umzekelo: H. syriacum
- Helianthemum: Umzekelo: H. apenninum, H. squamatum, H. nummularium, H. aegyptiacum, H. almeriense, H. violaceum, phakathi kwezinye
- Brachypetalum: Umzekelo: H. papillare, H. ledifolium, H. salicifolium
- Caput-felis: Umzekelo: H. caput-felis
- I-Pseudocistus: Umzekelo: H.ulondicum, H. marifolium
- IAtlanthemum: Umzekelo: H. sanguineum
Enkosi kulo mbutho, i ukuchongwa kweentlobo kunye nofundo lwendaleko ngaphakathi kohlobo luba lula, luququzelele uphando lwezityalo kunye nolondolozo.
Uhlobo oluthile kunye ne-taxonomy eneenkcukacha
Ngaphezulu kwe-100,000 ichazwe kwiincwadi zesayensi. Iintlobo ze-500 ngaphakathi kwe-genus Helianthemum, nangona zimalunga namashumi amathandathu kuphela ezamkelwa njengezityalo ezisebenzayo. Eli nani liphezulu libangelwa ukuguquguquka okungaqhelekanga kunye nokuxutywa rhoqo phakathi kwabantu, kunye nokungabikho kohlobo lwemathiriyeli kwiinkcazo ezininzi zembali.
La i-taxonomy yanamhlanje Isekelwe kwiimpawu ze-morphological, uhlalutyo lwe-phylogenetic, kunye nezifundo zentsimi. Uninzi lweerhafu ezikhankanyiweyo zihambelana nezityalo zePeninsula yase-Iberia kunye ne-Meditera basin, nangona ubukho babo bunokufikelela kwezinye iindawo zase-Eurasia nase-Afrika.
Ukumila kweentyatyambo okwahlukileyo: Iintlobo ziyahluka ngobukhulu beentyatyambo (ngaphantsi kwe-1 cm ukuya kwiisentimitha ezininzi), ukumila kunye noboya be-sepals kunye namagqabi, umbala kunye nokucwangciswa kweepetals, inani le-stamens, kunye nesakhiwo sangaphakathi se-capsules.
Uluhlu oluhlaziyiweyo lweentlobo ze-Helianthemum ezamkelweyo
Okulandelayo, a uluhlu lweentlobo ezamkelweyo ngokwenzululwazi, phantsi kohlaziyo oluqhubekayo, olubonisa ubutyebi be-morphological and geographical of the genus:
- H. egyptiacum
- H. aganae
- H. aguloi
- H. almeri
- Alpine
- H. arenicola
- H. argenteum
- H. atriplicifolium
- H. bicknellii
- H.buschii
- eKhanada H.
- H. canariense
- H. caput-felis
- H. carolinianum
- H. Chihuahuan
- H. ciscaucasicum
- H. ikhonsoli
- H. corymbosum
- H.colteri
- Cretaceum
- H. croceum
- H. dumosum
- H. ellipticum
- H.georgianum
- H. imfazwe
- H. glomeratum
- H. grandiflorum
- H. greenei
- H. grosii
- H. helianthemoides
- H. helianthemum
- H. kahiricum
- H. lasiocarpum
- H. lavandulifolium
- H. ledifolium
- H.lippii
- H.nashii
- H. nitidum
- Nummularium
- H. amantongomane
- H. empuma
- H. ovatum
- H. papillare
- H. pergamaceum
- H. polyanthum
- H. pomeridianum
- H. pringlei
- H. ipropinquum
- Pugae
- H. pyrenaicum
- H. rosmarinifolium
- H. rossmaessleri
- H. ruficommum
- H. rupifragum
- Salicifolium
- H. isanguineum
- H. isikoparium
- H. songaricum
- H. stevenii
- H. syriacum
- Tomentosum
- H. iviolaceum
- H. viscarium
Ukongeza, ezininzi ziyaziwa imihlanganiselwa yendalo kunye nemihlanganiselwa yokuhombisa kwiindawo zokuhlala kunye neegadi, ngakumbi ukusuka Nummularium y H. ipenninum.
I-Helianthemum nummularium: inkcazo eyandisiweyo yeentlobo ezimele kakhulu
I-Helianthemum nummularium, yaziwa njenge i-retriever, yeyona nto idumileyo nesetyenziswa kakhulu ekulimeni. Ibonisa:
- Ukuphakama: Ukususela kwi-5 ukuya kwi-45 cm, kunye nomkhwa ukufuthanisela kunye neziqu ze-procumbent okanye ezinyukayo, i-setose okanye i-glabrous.
- AmaSpredishithi: I-ovate-lanceolate ukuya kwi-linear-lanceolate, ngokuqhelekileyo eluhlaza kumphezulu ophezulu kunye ne-tomentose-greyish ngaphantsi, kunye ne-stipules emide kunye ne-bracts efanayo.
- Iintyatyambo: I-inflorescence elula okanye enqabileyo, kunye neentyantyambo ezifikelela kwi-15-18. Iipetals ze-Obovate, 8-13 mm, zihlala zityheli, i-orenji, zipinki okanye zimhlophe, ngamanye amaxesha zinamabala.
- Isiqhamo: I-Ovoid-globose capsule, enoboya obuxineneyo kunye ne-polyspermous.
- Imbewu: Incinci, isasazwe ekuhlaleni, ngaphandle kokulungelelaniswa kokusasazwa komgama omde.
- U sasazo: Ukusuka kumantla esiqingatha sePeninsula yase-Iberia ukuya kuyo yonke iYurophu neNtshona Asia.
- Indawo yokuhlala: Amasimi e-Thyme, amatyholo, ingca eyomileyo kunye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi, kumhlaba wekalika okanye umhlaba we-siliceous.
- Iintyatyambo: Ixesha elide, ukususela ngoMeyi ukuya kuSeptemba.
I-morphology eyahlukileyo: Amagqabi alula, i-blade i-10-35 mm ubude, i-sepals yangaphakathi ibanzi kwaye i-setose-hispid, i-petals ukuya kwi-13 mm ubude, kunye ne-capsule encinci kune-calyx. Abemi bayo basendle banxulunyaniswa namanye amacandelo e-mesoxerophilous meadows kunye ne-scrublands ephantsi.
Ukusetyenziswa okuphambili kweHelianthemum: ukuhlobisa, i-ecological kunye neyeza
I-genus Helianthemum ixabiswa ngokubanzi ngenxa yayo ukuhlobisa, i-ikholoji kunye, kwinqanaba elingaphantsi, ukusetyenziswa kweyeza, iyenza ibe sisixhobo esineenkalo ezininzi kwiigadi, ukubuyiselwa kokusingqongileyo, kunye nezithethe zabantu.
Ukusetyenziswa kokuhombisa
- Ilungele iigadi zamatye, imida, amathambeka kunye ne-xeriscaping ngenxa yokumelana kwayo nembalela kunye nemihlaba engekho mgangathweni.
- Ixabiso lobuhle: Ixesha elide leentyantyambo (ukususela entwasahlobo ukuya ehlotyeni) lizalisa izitiya kunye neendawo eziluhlaza ngombala we-shades of yellow, orenji, isalmon, obomvu obumnyama, opinki, nomhlophe.
- Ukugcinwa okuphantsi: Zifuna kuphela umhlaba ongenamanzi kunye nokuvezwa kwelanga ngokupheleleyo. Ziyanyamezela ukuthenwa kancinci kwaye azifuni kuchumisa kakhulu.
- Inani elikhulu lemihlanganisela: Ingakumbi malunga Nummularium, ngaphezu kwe-200 yezityalo zentengiso ezinomahluko ngobukhulu, umbala kunye nokuqina.
Umsebenzi we-ikholoji kunye nokubuyisela
- Umthombo wepollen kunye nencindi kwiinyosi, amabhabhathane kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo ze-pollinators.
- Indima kwikhonkco lokutya: Imibungu yeLepidoptera njenge Bucculatrix helianthemi o Bucculatrix regaella zixhomekeke ngokukodwa kwiindidi ezithile ze IHelianthemum ukutya kwabo.
- Iintlobo zoovulindlela kwi-colonization kunye nokubuyiselwa kwemihlaba eyonakalisiwe, igalelo ekuzinzisweni kwe-substrate kunye nokuveliswa kwekhabhoni yeengcambu.
- Symbiosis kunye truffles entlango (Terfeziaceae): Ezinye iintlobo ze IHelianthemum Benza imibutho ye-mycorrhizal kunye ne-truffles, efana nebizwa ngokuba yi "turmera" okanye "tormera".
- Ukubaluleka kwiphytosociology: Zizityalo ezohlukeneyo zoluntu ezifana neFestuco-Brometea (imimandla enengca etyebileyo ngeziseko).
Ukusetyenziswa kweyeza kunye ne-ethnobotanical
- I-Diuretic infusions: Iintlobo ezifana IHelianthemum yasesyriacum Ziye zasetyenziswa ngokwesiko ekufakweni ukunyanga ukugcinwa kwamanzi.
- Unyango lwesisu: El IHelianthemum glomeratum Iyaxabiswa eMexico naseMbindi Melika ngenxa yeziphumo zayo ngokuchasene nezifo zokugaya, ikholera kunye ne-salmonella, exhaswa ngezifundo ze-ethnobotanical kunye ne-pharmacological.
- Iintyatyambo zeBach: I-Helianthemum nummularium Iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeyeza "lokuHlangula" kwi-Bach flower therapy, isicelo soxinzelelo kunye noloyiko.
- Kuncinci ukusasazeka kwi-phytotherapy yaseYurophu: Nangona ukusetyenziswa kweCistaceae kumayeza angekho qatha kangako njengakwezinye iicistaceae, isekho kwezinye iindawo ezisemaphandleni.
IHelianthemum glomeratum: uhlobo lomdla wamayeza
IHelianthemum glomeratum Ibalasele ngenkangeleko yayo eme nkqo (i-15 ukuya kwi-60 cm), ingcambu yenkuni, amagqabi atshintshileyo okanye angqukuva kwaye ashinyeneyo aphuphumayo anothuthu. iintyatyambo ezityheli, ezidityaniswe ngokwee-inflorescences zeyunithi ezi-3 ukuya kwezisi-8, kunye nokuhanjiswa kwayo ukusuka eTexas naseBaja California ukuya eGuatemala, kuyinike ixabiso lezinto eziphilayo kunye neyeza lonyango kwindawo epholileyo ukuya kwimozulu eyomileyo. Ngokwemveli isetyenziselwa usulelo lokwetyisa, izifundo zibonise ukusebenza kakuhle ngokuchasene nezifo ezinje ngekholera kunye nesalmonella.
I-Helianthemum kunye ne-biodiversity: ubudlelwane kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo
Iintlobo zohlobo lweHelianthemum zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-ikhosistim ezihlala kuzo:
- Ukutya kwimibungu ye-lepidopteran (amabhabhathane namanundu) ezikhethekileyo (fam. Bucculatricidae, Lasiocampidae, Coleophoridae).
- Ukunxibelelana ne-mycorrhizae kunye ne-truffles: Kwimihlaba eyomileyo, i-mycorrhizae ye-truffles yasentlango iseka i-symbiosis kunye neengcambu ze-Helianthemum, igalelo kwisondlo esifanayo kunye nokwakheka komhlaba.
- Ukusebenzisana neentlobo zeCytinus kunye neVella ukugqiba umjikelo wabo wobomi igalelo kwizityalo nezilwanyana zasekuhlaleni.
- Ulwakhiwo kuluntu lwezityalo olunexabiso elikhulu kulondolozo, njengamathafa engca, amathafa awomileyo namadlelo atyebileyo ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo.
Izalathi zokuphazamiseka zibonisa ukuba iHelianthemum iyakumela ukuchetywa kwamadlelo manqaphanqapha, ukutyiswa okuphakathi, kunye nokuphazamiseka komhlaba ongaphezulu kakuhle, nto leyo eyivumela ukuba ikhule kakuhle kwimimandla yezolimo kunye nemimandla ephantse ilingane nendalo.
Ukukhula kunye nokukhathalela iHelianthemum kwigadi
Ukukhulisa iintlobo zeHelianthemum kulula ukuba ulandela iimfuno zazo ezisisiseko:
- Umboniso: Ilanga elipheleleyo, kunye nomthunzi omncinci wokuvuselela iintyatyambo.
- Isiseko: Ikhanyiswe kakuhle, ingcono ibe yisanti okanye ilitye, ene-pH engathathi hlangothi okanye enealkaline.
- Unkcenkceshelo: Ambalwa okanye aphantse angabikho isithuba xa sele simisiwe; bayayinyamezela imbalela, kodwa kubalulekile ukuphepha ukugcwala kwamanzi.
- Ukuprintwa: Nciphisa kancinci emva kokudubula kwentyatyambo ukugcina isityalo sihlangene kwaye sikhuthaze amasebe amatsha.
- Ukuphindaphinda: Ngembewu entlakohlaza, ukwahlukana kwe-clumps okanye i-semi-woody cuttings.
- Izibetho kunye nezifo: Ezi zityalo azifane zichaphazeleke, nangona ngamanye amaxesha zinokuhlaselwa yintwala okanye ngundo kwindawo efumileyo.
Ukugcinwa kwazo okuphantsi kunye nokunyamezela imbalela ephezulu kuzenza zibe ziinketho eziphambili zolondolozo, izitiya zendalo.
Ukubaluleka kwezinto eziphilayo kunye neenkqubo zolondolozo lweHelianthemum
Iintlobo zeHelianthemum zi oovulindlela kwi-ikhosistim etshintshileyo (iikwari, umhlaba owonakeleyo, amathambeka) kwaye inegalelo elibonakalayo ukuzinziswa komhlaba kunye nokusekwa kwakhona kwezityalo, esebenza njengabaququzeleli bokwenziwa kwamakholoni kwezinye iintlobo zezityalo.
- Bakhuthaza iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukukhonza njengokutya kunye nekhusi kwizinambuzane ezininzi, iintaka kunye nezilwanyana ezincinci.
- In situ kunye ne ex situ ulondolozo: Nangona iintlobo ezininzi zisasazeke ngokubanzi kunye nabemi abomeleleyo, ezinye zezasekhaya okanye zikho kwaye zinokuba sengozini yokwanda kwezolimo, uphuhliso lwedolophu, kunye nokuguqulwa kwendawo.
- Ixabiso kubuyiselo lwendalo: Ukusetyenziswa kwayo ekubuyiseleni ukuthambeka, ukulawula ukhukuliseko, kunye nokukhuliswa kwezityalo kwiindawo ezonakeleyo kubalulekile.
- Ukuhlonelwa kwabemi basendleKucetyiswa ukuba ungaziqokeleli ngokungakhethi; Ukusasazwa kwiindawo zokugcina izityalo kunye neegadi kunceda ukugcina ilifa labo lemfuza.
Uthungelwano lweNatura 2000 kunye noHlelo lwe-EUNIS lweNdawo yokuHlala luqaphela iindawo ezininzi zezityalo apho iHelianthemum iluhlobo lweempawu.
