La ifotosinthesis Yinkqubo ebalulekileyo ethi ngayo imithi, njengazo zonke ezinye izityalo, ivelise ukutya kwayo ize igcine ubomi obulungeleleneyo emhlabeni. Ngokuguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kumandla ekhemikhali, imithi ayikhuli kwaye iphuhlise kuphela, kodwa idlala indima ebalulekileyo ukulawulwa kwemozulu, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe izondlo kunye nokuveliswa kweoksijini.
Yintoni iphotosynthesis kwaye kutheni ibalulekile kwimithi?
La ifotosinthesis Yiyo inkqubo yezinto eziphilayo evumela i-autotrophic organisms, ikakhulu izityalo, i-algae kunye nezinye iibhaktheriya, ukuguqula amandla okukhanya kumandla ekhemikhali agcinwe kwiimolekyuli eziphilayo, ngokuyintloko iglucose. Lo matshini ubalulekile kuba:
- Ngokuhambelana ne isiseko samandla yoninzi lwezixokelelwano eziphila emhlabeni namanzi.
- Ivumela ukubanjwa kunye nokulungiswa kwe ikhabhoni yomoya, ukunciphisa i-greenhouse effect.
- Qalisa ioksijini, ebalulekileyo kubomi bezilwanyana nabantu.
- Inegalelo ekubunjweni kwemihlaba echumileyo kwaye ikhusela iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Kwimeko yemithi, i-photosynthesis ingundoqo ekukhuleni kwayo, ukubunjwa kwe-biomass (amagqabi, iinkuni, iingcambu) kunye nokukwazi ukuchaphazela indalo.
Yenzeka phi iphotosynthesis emithini?
Inkqubo yephotosynthesis iqhutywa ikakhulu kwi amagqabi, nangona nakwezinye iindawo eziluhlaza zomthi, njengamasebe amancinci kwaye, kwezinye iintlobo, kwiziqu. Isizathu soku kubukho be ii-chloroplast ngaphakathi kweeseli zala malungu. IiChloroplast ziqulathe chlorophyll, i-pigment ejongene nombala oluhlaza kunye nokufunxa ukukhanya kwelanga okuyimfuneko ukuqalisa inkqubo.
- AmaSpredishithi: Izakhiwo ezilungelelaniswe kakhulu ukubamba ukukhanya kwelanga ngenxa yendawo yazo enkulu kunye nokubhitya. mesophyll, izicubu zangaphakathi zegqabi, zigcina ezona ntlobo zininzi zekloroplasts.
- Iinaliti: Kwiintlobo ze-coniferous (iipayini, iifirs), amagqabi afana nenaliti abizwa ngokuba ziinaliti. Ezi ziyakwazi ukumelana nokulahleka kwamanzi, kodwa zisebenza ngokulinganayo kwi-photosynthesis.
- Amasebe aluhlaza kunye neziqu ezincinci: Bathatha inxaxheba okwesibini kwi-photosynthesis, ngakumbi kwiintlobo ezisuka kwimozulu eyomileyo okanye ezo ziye zanciphisa umphezulu wamagqabi ukuthintela ukulahleka kwamanzi.
El phloem kunye xylem Ziyizicubu ezinoxanduva lokuthutha iimveliso eziveliswa yi-photosynthesis kunye namanzi afunxa emhlabeni, ngokulandelanayo.
Isebenza njani inkqubo yephotosynthesis emithini inyathelo nenyathelo?
Ifotosynthesis emithini iqulathe izigaba ezibini eziphambili zahlulwe kakuhle kwaye zicwangcisiwe:
1. Isigaba sokukhanya (iimpendulo ezixhomekeke ekukhanyeni)
- Kwenzeka kuphela xa kukho ukukhanya kwelanga.
- Kwenzeka kwi thylakoid inwebu iikloroplasts ngaphakathi kweeseli ze-mesophyll.
- La chlorophyll kunye nezinye ii-pigments zifunxa amandla okukhanya kwaye zivuyise ii-electron ezihanjiswa ngetsheyini yothutho ye-electron.
- Iyenzeka ukufotowa kwamanzi, ukuvelisa iiprotons (H+), ioksijini (ekhutshwa kwindawo) kunye nee-electron.
- Iimolekyuli ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zidityaniswa kwisigaba esilandelayo: I-ATP (i-adenosine triphosphate) y NADPH (yanciphisa i-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate).
2. Isigaba esimnyama okanye umjikelo kaCalvin (ukusabela okuzimeleyo kokukhanya)
- Iyenzeka kwi istroma yekloroplasts kwaye ayixhomekekanga ngokuthe ngqo ekukhanyeni, nangona ixhomekeke kwiimveliso ezenziwe kwisigaba sangaphambili.
- El CO2 i-atmospheric ilungisiwe kwaye iguqulelwe kwiimolekyuli eziphilayo ngenxa ye-enzyme RuBisCO.
- El I-ATP kunye NADPH Zisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa i-carbon compounds kunye nefom iswekile, i-molecule yamandla engundoqo eyenziwa.
- Umjikelo unezigaba ezithathu: ukulungiswa kwekhabhoni, ukunciphisa y Ukuhlaziywa yemolekyuli eyamkelekileyo (RuBP).
El ibhalansi jikelele yephotosynthesis inokushwankathelwa kwinxaki ngokubanzi:
- 6 CO2 + 6H2O + amandla okukhanya → C6H12O6 + 6 OKANYE2
Oku kuthetha ukuba ukusuka carbon dioxide kunye namanziNgombulelo kumandla elanga, imithi ivelisa iglucose (umthombo wamandla kunye nezinto eziphilayo) kwaye ikhuphe ioksijini emoyeni.
Iintlobo zephotosynthesis kwimithi nakwezinye izityalo
Izityalo zinokusebenza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zephotosynthesis ngokuxhomekeke ekuziqhelaniseni nokusingqongileyo:
- Ifotosynthesis yeoksijini: Iqhutywa zizityalo ezininzi, kuquka nemithi. Isebenzisa amanzi njenge-electron donor kwaye ikhupha i-oksijini njengemveliso, iyenza ibaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni amanqanaba e-oxygen emoyeni.
- I-Anoxygenic photosynthesis: Uhlobo lwezinye iibhaktheriya. Basebenzisa ezinye izinto ngaphandle kwamanzi (ezifana nehydrogen sulfide) kwaye abavelisi ioksijini. Ayenzeki emithini, kodwa inika umdla kwimbono yendaleko.
Kwihlabathi lezityalo, kukho kwakhona iinguqu ezifana C3, C4 kunye ne-CAM photosynthesis, ezivumela iindidi ezahlukeneyo ukuba zivumelane neemeko ezithile zokukhanya, ubushushu, kunye nokufumaneka kwamanzi. Imithi ngokuqhelekileyo yenza iC3 photosynthesis, esebenzayo phantsi kokukhanya okuphakathi kunye neemeko zokushisa kunye nokufumaneka kwamanzi amaninzi.
Utshintshiselwano lwegesi: i-CO ingena njani2 kunye namanzi
Amagqabi emithi axhotyiswe nge stomata, imingxuma emincinci okanye imingxunya ebekwe ngokubanzi kwicala elingaphantsi kwegqabi. Ngabo, i ukutshintshiselana ngegesi:
- Igalelo leCarbon dioxide: I-CO2 Ingena kwi-stomata kwaye ifikelele kwiiseli ze-mesophyll apho iya kulungiswa ngexesha le-photosynthesis.
- Imveliso yeoksijini: I-O2 imveliso ye-photolysis yamanzi igxothwa ngaphandle.
- Ilahleko yamanzi: Iveliswa yinkqubo ebizwa umbilo, kubalulekile ekuphakameni kwamanzi ukusuka kwiingcambu ukuya kumagqabi kunye nokulawulwa kwe-thermal.
Imithi ilawula ukuvulwa kunye nokuvalwa kwe-stomata ukulungelelanisa imfuno yokubamba i-CO2 kwaye kuthintelwe ukulahleka kwamanzi ngokugqithisileyo, ngakumbi kwiimeko zembalela.
Uthutho lwangaphakathi: indlela amanzi, izondlo, neeswekile ezihamba ngayo
Ukuze iphotosynthesis isebenze, umthi unenkqubo yezothutho ephucukileyo:
- Xylem: Ukuthutha amanzi kunye neetyuwa zeminerali ukusuka kwiingcambu ukuya emagqabini. Le ntshukumo inokwenzeka enkosi kwi umbilo kunye umanyano-ukunamathela yeemolekyuli zamanzi.
- Phloem: Uxanduva lokusasaza iiswekile kunye ne-organic compounds eziveliswa kumagqabi ukuya kwesinye isityalo, kuquka iingcambu, amasebe kunye neziqhamo.
Amanzi afunxwa ziingcambu aphakama ngenxa yokumahluko woxinzelelo oveliswa kukuphuma komphunga emagqabini kunye nokudityaniswa kweemolekyuli zamanzi, ngokungathi umthi wawusebenza njengesipontshi esiqinileyo.
Izinto ezichaphazela iphotosynthesis emithini
La ukusebenza kakuhle kwephotosynthesis Kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo kunye ne-physiological:
- Ubunzulu bokukhanya kunye nomgangatho: Inqanaba elilelona lokukhanya linyusa izinga lephotosynthetic. Ukukhanya okuninzi okanye okuncinci kakhulu kunokunciphisa inkqubo okanye kubangele umonakalo.
- Ubukho bamanzi: Ukunqongophala kwamanzi kunciphisa ukuvuleka kwesisu, kubangela ukufunxa okuncinci kweCO.2 kunye nokunciphisa iphotosynthesis.
- Concentración de CO2: Ukufumaneka okukhulu ngokubanzi kwandisa imveliso ye-glucose, ukuya kwimida ethile.
- Ubushushu: Kukho uluhlu olufanelekileyo; ngaphandle koku, i-enzymes ebandakanyekayo kwinkqubo ilahlekelwa ukusebenza kakuhle.
- Izondlo: Ngokukodwa i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, i-potassium, i-magnesium kunye nentsimbi, ibalulekile kwi-synthesis ye-chlorophyll kunye namacandelo eselula.
El uxinzelelo lwendalo esingqongileyo ezifana nembalela ixesha elide, amaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo okanye ungcoliseko nako kunokunqanda iphotosynthesis kwaye kuchaphazele ukukhula komthi.
Ukulungelelaniswa kwemithi ukwandisa i-photosynthesis
Imithi iye yakhula izicwangciso ezahlukeneyo zokuziqhelanisa ukuze uphile kwaye usebenze ngokufanelekileyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo:
- Ukuncipha kwendawo yamagqabi: Iintlobo zommandla owomileyo zikholisa ukuba namagqabi amancinci okanye iinaliti, ezinciphisa ilahleko yamanzi ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni umsebenzi wephotosynthetic.
- Ukutshintsha i-orientation kunye nokwakheka kwamaphepha: Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuphepha imitha yelanga egqithisileyo kunye nokukhusela izicubu zangaphakathi.
- Ukuvalwa kwesisu: Kwiimeko zoxinzelelo lwamanzi, imithi inokuvala i-stomata yayo ngokuyinxenye ukonga amanzi, nangona oku kuthintela okwethutyana ukufunxwa kweCO.2.
- Iingcambu ezinzulu: Bavumela ukufikelela kwiindawo zokugcina amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba ezingafikelelekiyo kwezinye izityalo.
- Ugcino kunye nokwabiwa kwakhona kwamanzi: Imithi emikhulu inokusebenza njengemithombo yamanzi, evumela umsebenzi we-photosynthetic ukuba ugcinwe ngexesha elifutshane lembalela.
Ngaphezu koko, xa ijamelene nembalela eqatha, eminye imithi ikhetha ukuphulukana namanye okanye amagqabi awo onke ebudeni beenyanga ezishushu, imise okwexeshana iphotosynthesis kodwa ilondoloza ubume bayo.
Ukubaluleka kwendalo kunye nokusingqongileyo kwephotosynthesis emithini
I-Photosynthesis ayibalulekanga nje kuphela ukuphila nophuhliso lwemithi, kodwa ikwabandakanya i-axis esembindini yokusebenza kwebhayosphere:
- Ukugcina ibhalansi yeegesi ze-atmospheric: Ioksijini ekhutshiweyo ihlawulela loo nto idliwe kukuphefumla nokutsha, inceda ukugcina umlinganiselo othe rhoqo weoksijini emoyeni.
- Ukubamba ikhabhoni: Bafunxa izixa ezikhulu zeCO2 ukunceda ukunciphisa iziphumo zokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokufudumala kwehlabathi.
- Isiseko samakhonkco okutya: Imithi likhonkco lokuqala, elivelisa i-biomass esebenza njengokutya okuthe ngqo okanye okungathanga ngqo kwizilwanyana zasendle.
- Ukhuseleko lomhlaba: Ukubola kwamagqabi kunye namasebe kuphucula umhlaba, ukuphucula isakhiwo kunye nokuchuma.
- Ukufumana imathiriyeli kunye namandla: Babonelela ngeenkuni, iphepha, amafutha kunye nezinto ezikrwada kwishishini, kunye neekhompawundi ezininzi zamayeza.
Ezinye izinto eziphilayo ezinxulumene ne-photosynthesis: izilwanyana kunye ne-symbiosis
Nangona iphotosynthesis ibonakala kwizityalo kunye ne-algae, zikhona iimeko ezizodwa kwizilwanyana:
- I-Emerald slug (Elysia chlorotica): Le mollusk enomdla ibandakanya i-algae chloroplasts kwizicubu zayo, ivumela ukuba yenze iphotosynthesis ngamaxesha athile, into eyaziwa ngokuba ikleptoplasty.
- Iikorale kunye ne-algae: Iikorale zigcina ubudlelwane be-symbiotic kunye ne-photosynthetic algae (i-zooxanthellae), evelisa iikhompawundi zamandla ekukhanyeni kwaye imbuyekezo ifumana ukhuseleko kunye nezondlo.
Le mizekelo ibonisa iyantlukwano yeendlela apho ifotosynthesis ichaphazela i-ikhosistim kunye nenzuzo kwiindlela ezininzi zobomi.
Ifotosinthesisi yindlela yendalo egcina i ulungelelwaniso lokusingqongileyo kunye neentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo Iplanethi. Ukuncitshiswa kwemimandla yamahlathi nokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi kusongela amandla esi sijikelezi-langa okufunxa ikharbon diokside, ukwandisa i<em>greenhouse effect, kuze kuphazamise umjikelo wobomi bezityalo, wezilwanyana nowabantu.
- Ukugcina amahlathi nemithi esempilweni kubalulekile ukuthomalalisa utshintsho lwemozulu kunye nokugcinwa kobomi.
- Ngaphandle kwephotosynthesis, umoya ojikeleze umhlaba ubungayi kugcina amanqanaba aneleyo eoksijini okanye ukhusele ubomi kwimitha yelanga.
- Ukukhusela imithi kunye nokukhuthaza izityalo yenye yeendlela ezilungileyo zokuqinisekisa iplanethi enokuhlalwa ekwaziyo ukugcina izizukulwana ezizayo.
