Isikhokelo esibanzi kwiindidi zamahlathi: iimpawu, izityalo, kunye nemozulu

Intshayelelo kuMahlathi: I-Ecosystems eyisiseko

Amahlathi yenye yezona zinto zibanzi, ezintsonkothileyo, zebhayoloji, kunye nebhayolomu ebalulekileyo ebomini emhlabeni. Zigubungela malunga nesinye kwisithathu somphezulu womhlaba weplanethi kwaye zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kulungelelwaniso lwendalo, impilo-ntle yabantu, kunye nokugcinwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo. Iimpawu zabo, izityalo, kunye neentlobo ziyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nemozulu, ubude, ukwakheka kweentlobo, kunye neqondo lokungenelela kwabantu.

Kweli nqaku uya kufumanisa yintoni ihlathi, i iintlobo eziphambili zamahlathi ezikhoyo, zabo ezona mpawu zichaphazelekayo, la izityalo nezilwanyana ezinxulumeneyo, i imozulu ephambili kudidi ngalunye, la Indawo yendalo yamahlathi amakhulu ehlabathi kunye nezinto zazo ukubaluleka kokusingqongileyo, kwezentlalo noqoqoshoUkongeza, uya kufunda malunga nezoyikiso abajongene nazo kunye nesidingo sokuzigcinela ixesha langoku kunye nekamva leplanethi yethu.

Yintoni ihlathi?

Un hlathini Yindawo ehlala umhlaba elawulwa yimithi eshinyeneyo kunye nezihlahlana, kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo ezinezityalo, imidiliya, ii-epiphytes, umngundo, izilwanyana kunye nezilwanyana ezincinci. Ngokweengcaphephe zezityalo, umthi uchazwa njengesityalo esinemithi, esihlala sihleli, esinesiqu esinye esingaphezulu kweemitha ezisi-7 ubude, ngelixa isihlahla sinomthi kwaye sihlala sihlala, kodwa asifane sibe ngaphezu kweemitha ezisi-7 kunye namasebe ukusuka kwisiseko.

Ngokwemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe efana ne-FAO, ihlathi libandakanya iindawo ezimalunga ne-0,5 yeehektare ubuncinane ezinophahla lwemithi olungaphezulu kwe-10%. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iinkcazo ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kubuninzi bemithi, uhlobo oluphambili, inqanaba longenelelo lomntu, kunye nokwakheka okuthe nkqo kwe-ecosystem (i-canopy, understory, kunye nomhlaba).

Ulwakhiwo olusisiseko lwehlathi lubandakanya iileya ezininzi:

• Ikhonkco okanye i-canopy: Umaleko uphezulu owenziwe yicanopy yomthi.
• umhluma: umaleko ophakathi owenziwe ngamatyholo, imithi emincinci, iiferns kunye nezithole ezincinci.
• I-Herbaceous stratum: Indawo yomhlaba ezaliswe ngamayeza, ubulembu, umngundo kunye neentsalela zezinto eziphilayo.

Isiqwenga ngasinye sibamba indawo yaso yezinto eziphilayo kwaye lenze imisebenzi ethile ye-ikholoji.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zamahlathi

Amahlathi achongwa ngoluhlu lweempawu ezahlukileyo ezahlula kwezinye iindidi zebhayom:

• Isigqubuthelo somthi esishinyeneyo nesihlutshiweyo: Imithi kunye nezihlahla njengezityalo eziphambili, ezenza i-canopy okanye uphahla oluluhlaza olulawula i-microclimate yangaphakathi.
• Iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziphezulu: Amahlathi yenye yezona ndawo zihlukeneyo zokuhlala eMhlabeni, ikhaya kuyo yonke into ukusuka kwizilwanyana ezincancisayo ukuya kwii-microorganisms kunye neentlobo ezininzi zezityalo.
• Ubuninzi bezinto eziphilayo: Umhlaba wamahlathi udla ngokutyeba ngezondlo ngenxa yokubola rhoqo kwamagqabi, iinkuni nobunye ubugoxo.
• I-microclimate yakho: Ubushushu bangaphakathi kunye neemeko zokufuma ziyahluka kwezo zingaphandle, zivumela ubukho bezinto eziphilayo ezilungelelaniswe ngokukodwa.
• Umjikelo we-Hydrological kunye nolawulo lwemozulu: Amahlathi agcina kwaye ahluze amanzi, anegalelo ekwakhekeni kwamafu, alawule imvula, athomalalise imbalela nezikhukula.
• Umsebenzi wokutshona kwekhabhoni: Bafunxa i-carbon dioxide (CO₂) kwaye bakhulule i-oksijini, inceda ukunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu.
• Ukwahlulwa okuthe nkqo: Ubukho bezityalo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo buvumela inani elikhulu le-ecological niches.
• Umthamo omkhulu wokuhlaziya: Ihlathi liyakwazi ukuchacha kuphazamiso lwendalo (imililo, izaqhwithi) ngenxa yogcino lwembewu yalo kunye nokulandelelana kwendalo.

Indalo, intlalo kunye nexabiso lezoqoqosho kumahlathi

Ihlathi lidlala indima engenakubuyiselwa kwindalo. Ithathwa njengowona vimba mkhulu wezityalo nezilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni, uxanduva lokucoca umoya kunye namanzi, ukubonelela ngeenkonzo ezibalulekileyo zezinto eziphilayo, ukusebenza njenge-carbon sink, kunye nokuba ngumthombo oyintloko wemithombo (umthi, ukutya, iyeza, i-fiber, i-fuel, iimveliso ezingezizo iinkuni, kunye nokunye).

Amahlathi agcina ubomi babantu abaninzi boMthonyama kunye noluntu lwasemaphandleni, abonelela ngeendawo zokuzonwabisa, ukhenketho, kunye nempilo yokomoya, kwaye abalulekile kwinkcubeko yehlabathi, uqoqosho kunye nokhuseleko lokutya. Noko ke, zisongelwa zizinto ezenziwa ngabantu ezinjengokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ungcoliso nokuxhatshazwa ngokugqithisileyo.

Ukuhlelwa kwehlathi

Ukuhlelwa kwehlathi kuntsonkothile ngenxa yeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo zamahlathi ezikhoyo. Nangona kunjalo, banokuhlelwa ngokweenqobo ezininzi: Imozulu kunye nobubanzi, uhlobo lwamagqabi, iintlobo zezityalo eziphambili, iqondo longenelelo lwabantu kunye neempawu zesakhiwo.

Amahlathi ngokwemozulu kunye nobubanzi bawo

• Ihlathi leBoreal I-Taiga: Ifumaneka kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kwi-hemisphere esemantla, ibonakala ngobusika obude, obubandayo, ihlobo elifutshane, kunye nezityalo ezibandakanya ngokuyinhloko i-evergreen conifers. Umhlaba wawo awuchumi, uneasidi, kwaye uhlala ugqunyelelwe ngamaleko weenaliti.
• ihlathi elipholileyo: Ifumaneka kumbindi-zibanzi, inamaxesha onyaka ahlukeneyo amane, imvula ephakathi, kunye nohlaza oluxubeneyo (amagqabi abanzi, amagqabi avuthulukayo, ane-coniferous, okanye axutyiweyo). Umhlaba uchume ngakumbi ngenxa yokubola kwamagqabi amaninzi.
• Amahlathi akwitropiki: Ibekwe phakathi kwetropiki kunye nemimandla epholileyo, ifumana imvula eninzi yamaxesha onyaka (amaxesha onyaka obalelayo namanzi emvula) kwaye inokufuma okanye yomile. Iintlobo eziqhelene nokutshintsha kokufuma kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu.
• Ihlathi leTropiki: Kufuphi ne-ikhweyitha, bafumana izixa ezikhulu zemvula kunye namaqondo obushushu ahlala aphezulu unyaka wonke. Zikwabizwa ngokuba ngamahlathi okanye amahlathi anemvula. Baqhayisa ngezona ntlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni kunye nokukhula kwezityalo. Ziquka amahlathi ashinyeneyo kunye namahlathi ashinyeneyo.

Ukuthelekisa imozulu phakathi kweentlobo eziphambili zamahlathi

Isici	Isidalwa	Wobulali	kwaye lifumile	Ngaphantsi
Ubicación	Izide eziphakamileyo N	imimandla epholileyo	Ecuador kunye neetropiki	Phakathi kwetropiki kunye neqondo lokushisa
temperatura	Kubanda, ubusika obude	Iphakathi	Ukufudumala unyaka wonke	Ukufudumala, ngexesha lonyaka
Ubungakanani	Phantsi ukuya phakathi	Iphakathi	Unyusiwe	Phakathi ukuya phezulu
Ixesha lexesha	Ubusika obude	AmaXesha amane oNyaka	Kuncinci kakhulu okuphawulweyo	Yomile/imanzi
Uhlobo lwezityalo	IConifers	Amagqabi abanzi, axutyiweyo	Igqabi elibanzi	Umxube
Iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo	Phantsi ukuya phakathi	Iphakathi	Phezulu kakhulu	Alta

Amahlathi ngokohlobo lwamagqabi

La amaxesha onyaka amagqabi ivumela amahlathi ukuba ahlulwe abe:

• Amahlathi avuthulukayo: Imithi yayo ilahlekelwa ngamagqabi ngexesha elithile lonyaka (ngokuqhelekileyo ekwindla okanye kwimozulu eyomileyo), ishiya ikhenopi ivuliwe kangangeenyanga eziliqela.
• Amahlathi ahlala eluhlaza: Zigcina amagqabi azo unyaka wonke, ziwavumela ukuba ahlale eluhlaza.

Amahlathi ngokwezityalo zawo ezibalaseleyo

• Amahlathi abanzi: Imithi ephambili yileyo inamagqabi amakhulu, abanzi, acwebileyo, aqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezifudumeleyo kunye nezifumileyo (amahlathi, amahlathi afumileyo, amahlathi e-laurel).
• Amahlathi eConiferous (inaliti-igqabi): Ukulawulwa ziintlobo zepayina, iifirs kunye nemisedare, ezilungele ukubanda kunye namagqabi amile njengenaliti.
• Amahlathi axubeneyo: Zibonisa indibaniselwano yamagqabi abanzi kunye neentlobo ze-coniferous, kwaye zidla ngokufumaneka kwiindawo zokutshintsha kwemozulu.

Amahlathi ngokweqondo lawo lokungenelela kwabantu

• Amahlathi asisiseko okanye emveli: Ezo zingatshintshwanga kakhulu yimisebenzi yabantu. Zigcina indalo yazo eyahlukeneyo yezinto eziphilayo kunye neenkqubo ze-ikholoji.
• Amahlathi aphakamileyo: Ukuhlaziywa emva kokugawulwa kwemithi, umlilo okanye ukuphazamiseka, kunye nokwakheka kunye nesakhiwo esahlukileyo kwihlathi lokuqala.
• Amahlathi angengowamvelo okanye amasimi: Idalwe ngabantu, ngokuqhelekileyo kunye neentlobo ezikhethiweyo zokuvelisa iinkuni, ukutya, okanye ukulondolozwa.
• Amahlathi anthropogenic: Zibandakanya zombini izibonelelo zesibini kunye nezo ziye zalungiswa okanye zilawulwa ngeenjongo zokuvelisa okanye ukusetyenziswa kwabantu.

Indawo kunye nokusasazwa kwamahlathi kwiplanethi

Amahlathi anabela kuwo onke amazwekazi ngaphandle kweAntarctica. Bahlala malunga ne-30% yomhlaba wehlabathi, emele malunga neebhiliyoni ezine zeehektare. Ukusasazwa kwazo kuxhomekeke kububanzi, imozulu, ukukhululeka, nodidi lomhlaba. Iindawo ezineekhosistim zamahlathi zinkulu zifumaneka:

• Russia (ingakumbi i-taiga kunye nehlathi le-boreal)
• Brasil (IAmazon, elona hlathi likhulu leetropiki)
• ECanada naseMelika (ihlathi elikhulayo kunye nelipholileyo)
• iTshayina
• Republic of Democratic Republic of Congo (Iikhweyitha zaseAfrika)
• Ostreliya
• I-Indonesia kunye nePeru (amahlathi ashinyeneyo kunye namahlathi afumileyo)
• Indiya

EYurophu, amahlathi ubukhulu becala anomoya opholileyo kunye ne-boreal, eneendawo ezibalulekileyo zamahlathi eMeditera, amahlathi e-laurel, kunye ne-scrublands.

Iintlobo eziphambili zamahlathi: iimpawu, izityalo kunye nemozulu

ihlathi le-boreal okanye i-taiga

Imozulu: Amaqondo obushushu aphantsi ixesha elininzi lonyaka, nobusika obubanda kakhulu (ukuya kuthi ga kwi -40°C) kunye nehlobo elifutshane (iinyanga ezi-3-4) ezinokufikelela kuma-30°C. Imvula iphakathi okanye iphantsi, ibe nekhephu elininzi ebusika.

Uhlaza: Ezona zibalaseleyo amakhonkco (iipayini, iifirs, larches, spruces), mosses, lichens, kunye ne-understory embi. Imithi ihlala iluhlaza kwaye ifana nenaliti, ilungele ukunqongophala kwamanzi kunye ne-acidic, imihlaba echumileyo. Imveliso yamagqabi iphantsi, nto leyo ethintela ukwakheka komhlaba ochumileyo.

kulona: Iingcuka, iibhere, ixhama, iilynx, iimpungutye, iintaka ezifudukayo, izikhova, iimustelids, iimpuku ezincinane neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinambuzane. Izilwanyana ezininzi ziqhelana nokubanda kwaye zineendlela zokufuduka okanye zokufukama.

Ihlathi elipholileyo

Imozulu: Inamaxesha amane onyaka, ihlobo elishushu kunye nobusika obubandayo. Imvula iphakathi kwaye isasazwe ngokulinganayo unyaka wonke.

Uhlaza: Bayafumanana Imithi yamagqabi abuthathaka (ii-oki, ii-beeches, iimephu, iipopulari, i-elms) nakwezinye iindawo, i-evergreen conifers (iipayini, imisedare, i-firs). I understory yenziwe ngamatyholo, iifern, kunye nezityalo ezikhula ngezityalo, kwaye umhlaba unomaleko otyebileyo wenkunkuma yamagqabi abolayo enze i-humus echumileyo.

kulona: Amaxhama, iihagu zasendle, iimpungutye, iimbila, oonomatse, iintaka zamahlathi, izinambuzane ezisasaza ipoleni, nezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini. Ukwahluka kwezilwanyana kuphezulu, nangona kungaphantsi kwamahlathi ashinyeneyo.

Ihlathi laseTropiki

Imozulu: Ubushushu, amaqondo obushushu azinzile unyaka wonke, kunye nemvula ephezulu (enokuthi idlule kwi-2.000 mm ngonyaka). Ixesha lonyaka lincinci, ngakumbi kwiindawo zamahlathi.

Uhlaza: Iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziphezulu kakhulu Imithi ye-Broadleaf (i-mahogany, palms, kunye ne-ceibas), iidiliya ezininzi, ii-epiphytes (ii-orchids kunye ne-bromeliads), ii-fern, i-mosses, kunye neentlobo ezininzi zezihlahla kunye nezityalo ezincinci. Icanopy isoloko ixinene kakhulu, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuba ukukhanya kufike kwindawo ephantsi. Umhlaba, nangona ubonakala uchumile, ukhawuleza upheliswe lukhuphiswano olumandla lweengcambu kunye nokubola ngokukhawuleza kwezinto eziphilayo.

kulona: Iinkawu, ii<em>lemur, ii<em>jaguar, ii<em>tapir, iintaka ezingaqhelekanga (ii<em>macaw, iitoucans), izilwanyana ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini, izirhubuluzi, izinambuzane, nezigidi zezidalwa ezingekafunyanwa. Yeyona ndawo yokuhlala enezona zilwanyana zininzi ziphila emhlabeni.

Ihlathi elingaphantsi komhlaba

Imozulu: Imi phakathi kwetropikhi kunye nemozulu epholileyo, inehlobo elide, elifudumeleyo, ubusika obupholileyo, kunye nemvula ephakathi ukuya phezulu (kodwa ngexesha lonyaka elomileyo kwezinye iimeko).

Uhlaza: Adla ngokuba ngamahlathi axubeneyo, aneentlobo ezivuthulukileyo nezihlala ziluhlaza, kwaye ezinye ziqhelana nembalela okanye utshintsho lwamaxesha onyaka. Imizekelo: Ihlathi leMeditera (i-holm oak, i-cork oak, i-pines, ihlathi le-laurel), ihlathi elomileyo le-subtropical.

kulona: Iindidi eziqhelaniswe nembalela yasehlotyeni, ezifana neehagu zasendle, iimpungutye, iintaka ezidla inyama, izirhubuluzi, kunye nenani elikhulu lezinambuzane kunye neepollinator. Imililo yasendle kunye noxinzelelo lwabantu zixhaphakile kwezi nkqubo zendalo.

Amahlathi ngokwemvelaphi yawo kunye nenqanaba lokungenelela

• Amahlathi asisiseko okanye emveli: Azizange zixhatshazwe okanye zitshintshwe yimisebenzi yabantu. Zingoovimba beentlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo kunye neenkqubo zokuqala ze-ikholoji.
• Amahlathi aphakamileyo: Ziye zavela emva kokugawulwa, ukutshiswa, okanye ukuphazamiseka kwamahlathi aphambili. Zineentlobo eziphantsi, kwaye iintlobo zazo zihlala zilungelelaniswa nokuvuselelwa.
• Amahlathi angengowamvelo okanye amasimi: Ityalwe kwaye ilawulwe ngokupheleleyo ngabantu, rhoqo ngeentlobo ezikhula ngokukhawuleza zamaplanga okanye ukubuyiselwa kokusingqongileyo.

Uhlaza kunye neentyatyambo uphawu lwamahlathi

Uhlaza lwasehlathini luyahluka ngokobubanzi, imozulu nokwakheka komhlaba., kubanakho ukwahlula phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo eziphambili:

• Amagqabi abanzi okanye imithi evuthulukayo: Zifumaneka kumahlathi ashinyeneyo, akweleenjiko nakweleenjiko, anje nge-oki, iibhichi, iimaphu, i<em>mahogany, nesundu, amagqabi azo abanzi azivumela ukuba zikubambe kakuhle ukukhanya kwaye zilawule ukuphefumla.
• Imithi enamagqabi enaliti okanye iiconifers: Ipayina, iifir, kunye nemisedare ziyafana nemozulu ebandayo kunye nomhlaba ombi. Amagqabi awo afana nenaliti anciphisa ukudlula kwaye amelane neemeko ezimbi.
• Izityalo ze-Epiphytic kunye ne-lianas: Zizizityalo ezikhethekileyo kwaye zibalaseleyo kumahlathi ashinyeneyo.
• I-Mosses, i-lichens kunye ne-ferns: Zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindidi zamahlathi, kodwa zixhaphake kumanzi afumileyo nanomthunzi.

Izilwanyana eziqhelekileyo zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamahlathi

Amahlathi Zilikhaya leentlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana: izilwanyana ezanyisayo, iintaka, izirhubuluzi, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, izinambuzane, ii<em>arachnids, ii<em>crustaceans, kunye nentaphane yezinto eziphilayo ezincinci. Izilwanyana ziyahluka ngokohlobo lwehlathi, imozulu yalo, kunye nesakhiwo sohlaza:

• amahlathi e-boreal: Iinyamakazi, iielk, iingcuka, iimpungutye, ii<em>otters, inyathi, iibhere neentaka ezifudukayo.
• Amahlathi apholileyo: Amaxhama, iimbila, iimpungutye, oonomatse, iintaka ezifana neenightingales, iinkumba, izinambuzane ezisasaza ipoleni kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini.
• Amahlathi eTropiki: Iinkawu, iijaguar, iitapir, iitoucan, iingwenya, amawaka eentlobo zeentaka, amasele, izinambuzane (amabhabhathane, iimbovane, ooqongqothwane), kwaneenyoka nezirhubuluzi ezahlukahlukeneyo.
• Amahlathi akwitropiki: Iihagu zasendle, iimpungutye, iilynx, iintaka ezidla inyama, izirhubuluzi kunye neentlobo ezilungele imbalela.

Ukubaluleka kokusingqongileyo kunye nemisebenzi yendalo yamahlathi

Amahlathi enza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yendalo eziphembelela impilo yeplanethi nobomi bomntu:

• Ukuveliswa kweoksijini kunye nokulungiswa kwekhabhoni: Ngephotosynthesis, imithi ifunxa iCO₂ kwaye ikhuphe ioksijini, inceda ukulawula umoya.
• Ukulawulwa komjikelo we-hydrological: Ukuhluzwa nokugcinwa kwamanzi, uthintelo lwezikhukhula, ukuzinzisa kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba, kunye nolawulo lokuhamba komlambo.
• Ukukhuselwa komhlaba kunye nokuthintela ukhukuliseko: Iingcambu zibamba umhlaba endaweni kwaye i-canopy ikhusela umhlaba kwimpembelelo ethe ngqo yemvula.
• Ugcino lweBiodiversity: Ihlathi ngalinye linguvimba wemfuza kunye ne-ikholoji yezityalo nezilwanyana, uninzi lwazo ezingekho ngaphandle kwendawo yokuhlala yamahlathi.
• Ukulawulwa kwemozulu yasekhaya neyehlabathi: Zithomalalisa ubushushu obugqithisileyo kunye nokufuma, kwaye ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yolungelelwaniso lwemozulu yehlabathi.
• Ukucoca umoya namanzi: Iinkqubo zemichiza nezebhayoloji zehlathi zifunxa izinto ezingcolisayo zize ziphinde zisebenzise izondlo.
• Izixhobo ezivuselelekayo nezingahlaziyekiyo: Babonelela ngokutya, ifayibha, iinkuni, amayeza kunye nezixhobo ezininzi zoluntu.

Ukubaluleka kwezoqoqosho nentlalo yamahlathi

Amahlathi ngowona mthombo ubalulekileyo wemithombo yobutyebi kuqoqosho lwehlabathi kunye nempilo-ntle yabemi basekhaya nabemveli:

• Iimveliso zokhuni: Iinkuni zokwakha, ifenitshala, iphepha namandla.
• Iimveliso ezingezizo iinkuni: Iziqhamo, iirasi, izityalo zonyango, umngundo, iifayibha, ioyile ezibalulekileyo, ubusi nokunye.
• Ukhenketho kunye nolonwabo: I-Ecotourism, imidlalo yendalo, kunye nemisebenzi yokuzonwabisa enefuthe eliphantsi.
• Inkxaso yeNkcubeko neyoMoya: Amahlathi amaninzi anexabiso elingcwele, lenkcubeko okanye lemveli kuluntu olwahlukeneyo.
• Ukuveliswa kwengqesho: Ushishino lwamahlathi luxhasa izigidi zemisebenzi ethe ngqo nengathanga ngqo.

Izisongelo zangoku kumahlathi

Ukuhla ngokukhawuleza kwindawo yehlathi Yenye yezinto ezixhalabisayo ngokusingqongileyo namhlanje. Ezona zoyikiso ziphambili zezi:

• Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi: Okubangelwa kukwandiswa kwezolimo, ukufuywa kwemfuyo, ukutsalwa kwemizi-mveliso kunye nokwakhiwa kweziseko ezingundoqo.
• Imililo yamahlathi: Zombini ezendalo nezenziwe ngabantu, zitshabalalisa imimandla emikhulu yamahlathi minyaka le.
• Ungcoliseko: Umoya ongcolileyo kunye namanzi achaphazela impilo yezityalo kunye nezilwanyana zasehlathini.
• Imo iyatshintsha: Ilungisa iipateni zokuna kwemvula, amaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo, ukufuduka kweentlobo zezilwanyana, kunye neziganeko zemozulu ezingaqhelekanga.
• Iintlobo ezihlaselayo kunye nezitshabalalisi: Zisongela impilo yamahlathi kwaye zinokuyiguqula ngokupheleleyo inkqubo yendalo.

Ukugcinwa kwehlathi kunye nokubuyiselwa

La ukulondolozwa kwehlathi Kubalulekile ukujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukulondoloza izinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo, nokugcina ubomi babantu. Ukukhusela amahlathi asisiseko, ukubuyisela iindawo ezonakalisiwe, amahlathi azinzileyo, kunye nolawulo lomhlaba olusekelwe kuluntu zizixhobo eziphambili. Ukutyala amahlathi amatsha kunye nokuvuselelwa kwendalo kunokuncedisa kakhulu ekubuyiselweni kwekhabhoni kunye nokubuyiselwa kwezinto eziphilayo.

Intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe, imfundo ngokusingqongileyo, ukukhuthazwa kweemveliso zehlathi ezizinzileyo, kunye nenkxaso yoqoqosho lwasekuhlaleni zizicwangciso ezicetyiswayo zokuphumeza ulawulo lwamahlathi olunenkathalo noluzinzileyo.

Amahlathi nge-biome kunye nezinye iintlobo zokuhlelwa

I-WWF kunye neminye imibutho yahlula amahlathi ngaphakathi kwebhayom ephambili yomhlaba kwaye iyahlula ngokokwakheka kunye nendawo:

• Amahlathi ashinyeneyo kunye namagqabi abanzi afumileyo
• Amahlathi ashinyeneyo omileyo kunye namagqabi abanzi
• Amahlathi aseTropiki kunye namahlathi e-coniferous
• Amahlathi athambileyo avuthulukayo naxubileyo
• Amahlathi e-coniferous aphakathi
• Amahlathi eBoreal/Taiga
• Amahlathi eMeditera kunye nama-scrublands
• Imihlume

Ukudibana kwehlathi kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo

Amahlathi azihlali zodwa: Zidityaniswe nezinye iibhayom ezifana namathafa engca, iintlango, amatyholo, kunye nemigxobhozo. Zisebenza njengeepaseji zebhayoloji eziququzelela ukufuduka kweentlobo, ukusasazwa kwembewu, kunye nokugcinwa kwempilo yemfuza yezilwanyana nezityalo. Ilahleko yabo ikhokelela ekuqhekekeni komhlaba, ukuncipha konxibelelwano lwendalo, kunye nokulahleka kweenkonzo ezibalulekileyo zokusingqongileyo.

Imiba yenkcubeko, yentlalo nenzululwazi yamahlathi

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, amahlathi ayenayo iintsomi eziphefumlelweyo, iintsomi kunye neenkolelo zonqulo kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kwihlabathi jikelele. Ziyindawo yemisebenzi yesintu efana nokuzingela, ukuqokelela, kunye nokutshintsha ukulima. Ulwazi lwemveli lwe-ikholoji yoluntu lwemveli lumele i-asethi exabiseke kakhulu kulawulo oluzinzileyo lwezi zixokelelwano zendalo.

Kwinqanaba lezenzululwazi, i i-ikholoji yehlathi, la amahlathi kunye namanye amacandelo afunda iipateni kunye neenkqubo zehlathi ngenjongo yokuqonda ubudlelwane beentlobo, amandla kunye nomjikelo wezondlo, amandla okukhula, kunye neendlela zokusebenzisa izixhobo ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni ikamva lazo.

Amahlathi kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu

Indima yamahlathi ebusweni bokutshintsha kwemozulu iphindwe kabini: Zinokubangela ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo (xa zigawulwe okanye zithotywa), kodwa zikwazezona zisombululo zinamandla, njengoko zifunxa izixa ezibalulekileyo zecarbon dioxide. Ukubuyisela nokugcina indalo ehlala emahlathini kubalulekile ekuphumezeni iinjongo zemozulu yehlabathi.

Imihlaba kunye neefoto zehlathi

Ehlabathini lonke kukho amahlathi ashinyeneyo anemithi emikhulu, amahlathi agqunywe yinkungu, iitaiga ezimagqagala, amahlathi ashinyeneyo ekwindla nemithi engaqondakaliyo yeMeditera.