Ukuba ufuna ukunika izityalo zakho esona siseko sihle, kufuneka wazi ukuba zeziphi izondlo. Iindidi zemiqolo ephantsi ilungele ukutyala. Kukho ezinye iindlela zendalo, amaminerali y zokwenziwa ezisetyenziswa zisulungekile okanye zixutywe, kwaye nganye inegalelo iimpawu zomzimba, iikhemikhali kunye nebhayoloji ezahlukeneyo. Apha ngezantsi uya kufumana isikhokelo esipheleleyo sokukhetha, ukuxuba, kunye nokusebenzisa umhlaba wokubumba ngogwebo lobuchwephesha.
Yintoni i-substrate kwaye kutheni ibalulekile?
Kwimigqomo yokulima, i-substrate yi inkxaso yomzimba evumela i-ankile yeengcambu kunye ne phakathi apho amanzi kunye nezondlo zigcinwa khonaNgokungafaniyo nomhlaba, ngokuqhelekileyo ngumxube ophuculweyo (organic and inorganic) oqinisekisayo umoya, ukukhupha amanzi kunye nokuzinza kuwo wonke umjikelo wesityalo.
I-substrate efanelekileyo kufuneka ibe uzinzile kwaye ululange i-porosity elinganayo, ubutyuwa obuphantsi kunye ne-pathogen-free. Kufuneka inikezele umthamo wotshintshiselwano ngecation (CIC) eyaneleyo xa sifuna ukuba igcine izondlo, okanye ibe ne-inert ukuba sikhetha ulawulo olupheleleyo kunye nokunkcenkceshela kunye nokuchumisa.
Iimpawu eziphambili ze-substrate
Enyameni sifuna i-porosity epheleleyo elinganayo (izithuba ezinomoya namanzi), ingxinano esezantsi ebonakalayo ukuququzelela ingcambu kunye a ukuhanjiswa kobungakanani besuntswana ethintela ukuxinana kwaye ivumela ukukhupha amanzi kakuhle.
Kwinkalo yeekhemikhali, omnye unomdla iCIC eyaneleyo (ukugcina iiyoni zezondlo), i-pH ilungisiwe kwisityalo, conductivity ephantsi (ukuthengisa okumbalwa ekuqaleni) kwaye kulungile Umthamo wesithinteli ukuthintela utshintsho olukhawulezayo.
Ngokwebhayoloji, i-substrate ifanelekile. i-pathogen-free kunye nembewu yokhula, kunye izinto eziphilayo ezizinzileyo ukuba ayiboli ngokukhawuleza, ukuphepha ukusetyenziswa okungafunekiyo kwe-oksijini kunye nezondlo.
Ukuhlelwa kweSubstrate: esebenzayo kunye ne-inert, i-organic and inorganic
Ngokusebenza kwabo kwakhona, siyahlula inert (isanti, igrabile, i-perlite, udongwe olwandisiweyo, uboya bamatye, i-polystyrene), engaboneleli ngezondlo kunye nokusebenza njenge ulwakhiwo kunye nokungenisa umoya, kwaye asethi (i-peat, i-composted pine bark, i-coconut fiber, i-vermiculite), enokuthi gcina kwaye ukhulule izondlo ngaphandle kwamanzi.
Ngenxa yemvelaphi yayo, kukho eziphilayo (i-peat, i-compost, i-humus, ixolo, i-coconut fiber, inkunkuma ye-lignocellulosic) kunye amaminerali (isanti, igrabile, umhlaba we-volcanic, i-perlite, i-vermiculite, udongwe olwandisiweyo, uboya bamatye). Ukongeza, kukho iipholima zokwenziwa ezifana ne-polystyrene eyandisiweyo, enciphisa ubunzima kunye nokwandisa umoya.
Uluhlu lwee-substrates ezininzi ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo
- Amanzi: kwiinkqubo ze-hydroponic zisebenza njenge indawo yokuthutha izondlo; ifuna inkxaso ye-inert kunye nolawulo lwe-pH / EC.
- Amahlokondiba ablonde namnyama: phezulu Ukugcinwa kwamanzi, i-acidic pH kunye nesiphumo antibacterial. Ukuguquguquka kakhulu ekuxubeni; qwalasela yabo mpe mbelelo kwaye ujonge ezinye iindlela xa kunokwenzeka.
- Udongwe olwandisiweyo: 2–10 mm iibhola, ukugcinwa okuphantsi kunye ne-drainage ebalaseleyo. Ilungile njenge umaleko ongasemva kunye nokwenza lula imixube.
- Isanti yomlambo: 0,5-2 mm, ukugcinwa okuphakathi kunye nesakhiwo eso iphucula amanzi. Iluncedo kwimixube yecacti kunye ne-succulents.
- I-Pine bark (i-compost egqwesileyo): kakhulu inyamakazi, inika umoya kunye nokuzinza; ibulelwe kwi iiorchid kunye nemixube yeetropiki.
- Ifayibha yekhokhonathi: i-pH kufuphi nokungathathi hlangothi, inokugcina 3-4 amaxesha ubunzima bayo emanzini kwaye inikeza okukhulu ioksijiniIsiseko esihle kakhulu sezityalo ezifuna ukungena komoya.
- Igrabile/ipumice: 5-15 mm; inegalelo isakhiwo, kunciphisa ukuxinwa kunye nokukhuthaza ukukhutshwa kwamanzi kwiimbiza ezinkulu.
- Umhlaba wentaba-mlilo: izinto zendalo kakhulu ezinemingxuma, idla ngokuba neasidi ngandlel’ ithile; inkxaso enkulu inert for i-cacti kunye ne-succulents.
- Uboya belitye: izinto zefibrous, ukugcinwa okukhulu kunye ne-aeration; i-alkaline pH encinci, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi hydroponics.
- Pearlite: ilitye lentaba-mlilo elandisiweyo, ukukhanya okukhulu kunye ne-pH engathathi hlangothi; iphucula i-aeration kunye nokugcinwa kwe-capillary ngaphandle kokufaka iityuwa.
- i-polystyrene eyandisiweyo: iiflocs ezimhlophe 4-12 mm; kakhulu kukhanya, inika umoya, ukugcinwa kakubi kunye ne-pH ingaphezulu kancinane kune-6.
- IVermiculite: laminar, igcina amanzi kunye nezondlo kwaye ilula i-substrates; inokubumbana ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Iisubstrates zeembiza zangaphakathi nangaphandle
Ii-substrates zendalo yonke ziyadibanisa isiseko sezinto eziphilayo (i-peat / i-compost / i-coconut) kunye nezixhobo ze-inert ezifana ne-perlite ukuphumeza umxube uluhlu oluza kusetyenziswa kunye nokufuma kokuqala kunye netyuwa ephantsi. Ngaphakathi, beka phambili ukukhanya kunye nomoya; ngaphandle, khangela ukumelana nokuchuma ngokwemozulu kunye nomthamo wembiza.
Kukho imiqulu ethile: ye iiorchid, umxube we-pine bark, i-mosses yasemoyeni kunye ne-charcoal, i-aerated kakhulu; ngenxa i-cacti kunye ne-succulents, isiseko samaminerali kunye nesanti / igravel kunye ne-organic encinci; ngenxa i-citrus kunye neMeditera, i-substrate encinci i-alkaline ngokuhambisa amanzi kakuhle; ngenxa izityalo acidophilic (i-azaleas, i-camellias, i-hydrangeas), i-pH ephantsi ye-peat / bark based mix; ngenxa wavuka amatyholo, i-substrate etyebileyo kuyo izinto eziphilayo ezizinzileyo kunye nokuhamba kakuhle kwamanzi; ngenxa ingca, isanti + izinto eziphilayo ezintle eziququzelela ukuntshula kunye nokulinganisa.
Ubungakanani bebhodwe bumisela umxube: i-volume encinci, i-substrate eninzi isetyenziswa. ikhupha ngakumbi kwaye inomoya; kwizikhongozeli ezinkulu ungasebenzisa ithuba lokuxutywa utyebile kwaye uzinzile ezigcina ukufuma ngaphandle kokugcwala kwamanzi.
Imixube ecetyiswayo ngokweqela lezityalo
Kwizityalo zasendlini ezitshisayo (monstera, calathea, alocasia, pilea): 1 inxalenye ye umgquba/umgquba + 1 inxalenye ye perlite + 1 inxalenye ye Peat + 1/2 ye ifayibha yekhokhonathi + 1/2 ye icarbón yemifunoUya kufumana ukugcinwa okuphezulu kunye oxygenation enkulu kunye ne-microlife eluncedo.
Kwi-cacti kunye ne-succulents: iinxalenye ezi-2 ze umhlaba wamaminerali nge-organic bass + 1 inxalenye ye ipumice okanye igrabile + 1/2 inxalenye ye isanti yomlambo. Khangela amanzi khupha ngokukhawuleza kwaye i-substrate ihlala ikhululekile.
Ngeepiphytic orchids: isiseko se ixolo lepine elivundisiweyo ngeepesenti ezincinci zamalahle kunye nobulembu obuphefumla kakuhle; iingcambu kufuneka ioksijini eninzi kwaye yomiswe phakathi kokunkcenkceshela.
Ukuba okuphambili kwakho kukuzinza, yehlisa i-peat kwaye ukhethe i-coconut + i-compost evuthiweyo kunye nezilungisi zeminerali ezifana neperlite okanye ipumice. Uya kugcina isakhiwo esihle kwaye i-pH elawulwayo.
Izilungiso kunye nezilungiso ezenza umahluko
El ilahle (biochar) iphucula ubume, ukungenisa umoya kunye ne-CEC, ilungisa ikhabhoni kunye nokunciphisa i-nutrient leaching. I Udongwe oluvuthayo lwe-Akadama Inika uzinzo kwaye ixabiseke kakhulu kwibhonsai ngenxa yayo ukukhupha amanzi kunye nokugcinwa ilungelelene.
Phakathi kwezichumisi eziphilayo kunye nezilungiso: iguano (ukufumaneka ngokukhawuleza), umbungu womhlaba (microlife kunye ne-soft-release izondlo) kunye imivalo yezichumiso (ubonelelo ngokuthe ngcembe). Ziqatywa kunkcenkceshelo (ifomathi yolwelo), en ukugquma komhlaba (iziqina okanye umgubo) okanye ixutywe kwinqanaba eliphezulu (iipellets).
Ukuba ufuna ukulungisa i-pH, sebenzisa izilungiso zecalcareous ukuyinyusa ngokucothayo okanye ukulawula izimuncumuncu ukuyithoba. Kukho imixube efakwe ngaphambili ukugubungela iiveki ezimbalwa zokuqala kunye neenketho i-porosity ephezulu (i-coconut ene-perlite) kwiingcambu ezifuna i-oxygen eninzi.
Ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kunye neendlela zokulondoloza
Ngaphambi kokuzalisa, iqhekeza amagada kwaye ususe ukungcola. Musa ukudibanisa kakhulu: iingcambu zifuna iindawo zomoyaEmva kokuba utshintshiwe, amanzi ngokunciphisa iintsuku ezimbalwa zokuqala; imixube emininzi sele iqulathe ukufuma okwaneleyo.
Lawula pH yamanzi ukuze ungalinganisi i-substrate kwaye ubeke iliso kwi conductivity kwizityalo ezinzima. Kwii-substrates ezifana ne-coco, unako Sebenzisa kwakhona emva kokuhlamba iityuwa kunye nokususa iingcambu, ukubuyisela inxalenye yezinto ezilahlekileyo zezinto eziphilayo kunye ne-inert.
Kuba ngaphandle, cinga ngemozulu kunye nokuvezwa: kubushushu kunye nomoya, uxuba kunye ukugcinwa okuphezulu; kwiindawo ezinemvula, iifomula ukukhupha ngaphezulu. Lungisa ishedyuli yokunkcenkceshela kwi-porosity yangempela ye-substrate kunye nomthamo webhodwe.
Ukukhetha kunye nokuxuba i-substrate efanelekileyo kuthetha ukuthatha isigqibo sokuba izityalo zakho ziya kuphefumla, zisele kwaye zizondle njani. Ngokuqonda iipropathi, izixhobo, kunye neendlela zokupheka ezisebenzayo, unokulungelelanisa imbiza nganye kwiintlobo, imozulu, kunye nemikhwa yakho yokunkcenkceshela, okukhokelela kwizityalo eziphilileyo, iingcambu ezinamandla, kunye neengxaki ezimbalwa zokubola okanye ukusilela.
