Ubusazi na ukuba kukho iintlobo ezininzi zemithi yamaqunube, nganye ineempawu ezikhethekileyo, ukusetyenziswa, kunye noncedo? Nangona inani elichanekileyo leentlobo linokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kumthombo we-taxonomic, phakathi kweshumi kunye neshumi elinesithandathu leentlobo eziphambili zibonwa ngaphakathi kwi-genus. morus, ikhaya leentlobo ngeentlobo zamaqunube asendle alinywayo nalawo asendle. Le mithi, yonke inamagqabi avuthulukayo, ngokwembali ibixatyiswa ngomsebenzi wayo wokuhombisa, imveliso yayo yeziqhamo ezityiwayo, kunye nendima yayo ebalulekileyo ekondleni imibungu yesilika.
Imithi ye-mulberry ikhona imimandla epholileyo ukusuka eAsia, eYurophu, kuMntla Merika naseAfrika. Ezona ntlobo zidumileyo kwiigadi nakwiindawo zasezidolophini yi-mulberry emhlophe (morus alba) kunye ne-black mulberry (UMorus nigra), nangona kukho ezinye iintlobo kunye neentlobo, ezinye zazo ngaphandle kweziqhamo, ezifana nezaziwayo 'ezingenasiqhamo'. Inkalo eqhelekileyo yeyabo izinga lokukhula eliphakathi, ngokuqhelekileyo i-20-30 centimeters ngonyaka phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo zokukhula, ezizenza zilungele iindawo zasezidolophini kunye nezitiya zasekhaya.
Imithi yamaqunube iyakwazi ukumelana nengqele kunye nobushushu, kwaye imelana namaqondo obushushu aphakathi kwe -20ºC kunye ne 40ºC, nangona iqabaka kade okanye amaza obushushu obugqithisileyo inokuchaphazela impilo yabo. Ukuziqhelanisa neemozulu ezahlukeneyo kunye nemeko yazo iimfuno zokugcina eziphantsi Oku kuchaza ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi kwizakhiwo zasezidolophini kunye neepaki. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukunyamekela iingcambu, ezinokuphakamisa iileyile, kunye nokuphatha iziqhamo, ezinokungcolisa umhlaba.
Imvelaphi, i-taxonomy kunye nokuhanjiswa kwemithi ye-mulberry
Isini morus yeyosapho I-Moraceae, ezinxulumene nezinye iintlobo ezifana UFicus, umkhiwane (UFicus carica), kunye nomthi wephepha (I-Broussonetia papyrifera). Igama elithi "morus" livela kwisiGrike ngaphezulu kunye neCeltic mfa, isalathiso kumbala omnyama weziqhamo ezivuthiweyo zezinye iintlobo.
Imithi yamaqunube ichuma ngokwendalo e-Asiya, e-Afrika naseMntla Melika, isasazwe ngabantu iwaka leminyaka ngenxa ye-sericulture (imveliso yesilika), efuna amagqabi amhlophe we-mulberry kuphela ukondla umbungu wesilika. Bombyx mori. Eyokuqala iimbekiselo ezibhaliweyo ngokubaluleka kwe-mulberry kunye nesilika zibuyela kwimibhalo yesiTshayina ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-4.500 eyadlulayo.
Su Indawo yokuhlala yendalo Ibandakanya imimandla epholileyo kunye ne-subtropical, nangona namhlanje ifumaneka ngokwendalo phantse kuwo onke amazwe anemozulu epholileyo ukuya kwephakathi. KwiMeditera, ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, ibilinywa ngokubanzi ukuze kufuyelwe intshulube yesilika kunye nokuhombisa nesondlo seziqhamo zayo.
Iimpawu zeBotanical kunye ne-morphological yemithi ye-mulberry
- AmaSpredishithi: Enye, ilula, inkulu (phakathi kwe-3 kunye ne-22 cm ngokuxhomekeke kwiintlobo kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo), isoloko i-lobed okanye i-heart-shaped, kunye nomda wamazinyo kunye ne-petiole ende. Umphezulu uqhele ukubengezela, kwaye umphantsi umbatshile okanye ugqabhuke kancinane.
- Iintyatyambo: Unisexual, encinci kwaye ingabonakali, iqokelelwe kwiicatkins. Uninzi lweentlobo ze morus Ziyakwazi ukuba monoecious okanye i-dioecious (kunye neentyantyambo zenkunzi kunye nemazi kumthi omnye okanye kwimithi eyahlukileyo).
- Iziqhamo: Ngokuqhelekileyo kuthiwa ama-blackberries (nangona awanxulumananga namaqunube amnyama ohlobo Irubus), ngokwenene i-inflorescences eyenziwe ngama-drupes amaninzi (i-soroses), enemibala eyahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwiintlobo: ezimhlophe, ezipinki, ezibomvu, ezimfusa, okanye ezimnyama. Zityebile kwiswekile, i-anthocyanins, kunye nevithamin C.
- Umboko: Idla ngokuthe tye, inexolo elirhabaxa kunye ne-branched ukusuka kwisiseko, ebonelela nge-canopy enamagqabi kunye nomthunzi obalaseleyo.
- Izindlu: Zinamandla kwaye zibanzi, zifuna indawo eyaneleyo kwaye zinokuphakamisa iipavumente ukuba azilawulwa ngokufanelekileyo.
- ILatex: Njengamanye amalungu e-Moraceae, ukusika amasebe okanye i-petioles ihlala ikhupha i-latex emhlophe, engenabungozi kodwa enexabiso elincinci lokuthengisa.
Iintlobo eziphambili kunye neentlobo zemithi ye-mulberry
1. morus alba (Amaqunube amhlophe)
Iqunube elimhlophe Ivela kumbindi nakwimpuma yeAsia. Inokufikelela kwi-15 ukuya kwi-18 yeemitha ukuphakama, nangona ekulimeni okuqhelekileyo idla ngokugcinwa ngaphantsi kweemitha ezili-10 ngokuthenwa rhoqo. Ibalasele ngenxa yamagqabi ayo aluhlaza okukhanya, ukukhanya okugqithisileyo kumphezulu ongaphezulu, ukuguquguquka okukhulu kobume (oval, lobed okanye heart-shaped) nokuba owona mthombo wokutya wombungu wesilika.
Iziqhamo zayo zinokuba mhlophe, zipinki okanye zibe mnyama ngokuxhomekeke kwimihlanganisela kunye nokuvuthwa, kwaye zithande ukuba mnandi kancinci kunezo UMorus nigraIintyatyambo zayo zivela phakathi ukuya ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo.
I-mulberry emhlophe isetyenziswe kakhulu njengeheji, ukulungelelaniswa kwedolophu, kunye nomthi womthunzi. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi kunye nemihlanganisela, kuquka:
- Morus alba var. engenasiqhamo: Umthi wamaqunube ongenaziqhamo, oxatyiswe kakhulu kwiindawo zasezidolophini ngokuthintela ukuveliswa kwamaqunube angcolisa umhlaba.
- UMorus alba 'Pendula': Ngamagatsha axhomayo, ifanelekile kwiigadi zokuhombisa ngenxa yembonakalo yokulila, efana ne-weeping willow kodwa ngokuxhathisa okukhulu kunye neemfuno zamanzi aphantsi.
- UMorus alba 'Macrophylla': Iphawulwa ngamagqabi ayo amakhulu kwaye abonisayo.
- Morus alba 'Multicaulis' kunye 'nePyramidalis': Imihlanganiselwa ekhethelwe ukusetyenziswa kwi-sericulture okanye imilo yazo ekhethekileyo yesithsaba.
2. UMorus nigra (Amaqunube amnyama okanye amaqunube amnyama)
Iqunube elimnyama Ivela kumazantsi-ntshona eAsia, ikhule kakhulu kwiMeditera ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo. Bafikelela phakathi kwe-10 kunye ne-13 yeemitha ukuphakama. Yahlulwe kwi morus alba ngenxa yamagqabi awo angqindilili, arhabaxa kwaye arhabaxa ngakumbi, aluhlaza bumnyama ngombala kunye nesiseko esinotshi.
Iziqhamo zayo ziyi-compound drupes zombala omnyama okanye omnyama omfusa, kunye ne ukunambitheka okukhulu, ziswiti kwaye zinevumba elimnandi, zigqalwa njengezona zixabiseke kakhulu xa zisetyenziswa ngokutsha, iijam, kunye neepastries. Isiqu sawo sifutshane kwaye iziqhamo zijinga kufutshane namasebe.
Isithsaba saso sihlala sincinci, kodwa ukhuni lwaso lomelele ngokumangalisayo kwaye lunomgangatho olungileyo, ngokwesiko lusetyenziswa ekujikeni kweenkuni nakwikhabhathi. Inyamezela ingqele kakuhle, kodwa ayifane ikhule endle.
3. morus rubra (Iqunube elibomvu)
Inzalelwane kwimpuma yoMntla Melika, i iqunube ebomvu Ibonakala ngamagqabi ayo amakhulu, anzulu aluhlaza, arhabaxa-to-the-touch, afikelela kwi-10 ukuya kwi-15 yeemitha ukuphakama. Iziqhamo, ezinobude obuziisentimitha ezi-3 ububanzi, zijika ukusuka kobomvu ukuya kumfusa omnyama xa zivuthiwe, zinencasa eswiti-muncu exatyiswa kakhulu xa isetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo nakwimveliso yewayini kunye neesyrups.
Imelana neemeko ezimbi kakuhle kwaye ingaxuba ngokwemvelo nge morus alba ngenxa yokuqaliswa kokugqibela eMelika.
4. Morus mesozygia (Amaqunube aseAfrika)
Ikhule kwiindawo ezishushu zaseAfrika, ikhula kumahlathi akumbindi nasentshona Afrika. Ifikelela kwi-15-20 yeemitha ukuphakama, kunye ne-canopy ukuya kwi-5 yeemitha ububanzi. iziqhamo ezibomvu kakhulu, ityiwa zizilwanyana zasendle ezahlukahlukeneyo njengeenkawu neemfene.
5. I-Morus microphylla
Enye yeentlobo ezincinci-ezishiyekileyo, ezizalelwa kwiindawo ezisezintabeni ezisemazantsi e-United States naseMexico, apho inokufikelela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezingaphezu kweemitha ezingama-20. Inyamezela ubusika obude, obubandayo kakhulu kunye nehlobo elipholileyo. Ngenxa yokuqina kwayo, iyathakazelelwa kwiiprojekthi zokwakheka komhlaba kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kunye nezitiya ezinobusika obunzima.
6. Ezinye iintlobo eziphawulekayo kunye nemihlanganiselwa
- UMorus australis: Inzalelwane yase-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia, incinci ngobukhulu.
- UMorus kagayamae (I-mulberry yaseJapan): Isetyenziswa kakhulu njengesityalo sokuhombisa ngenxa yobuhle bamahlamvu ayo.
- I-Morus celtidifolia: Inzalelwane kuMbindi noMzantsi Melika, ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-red mulberry.
- I-Morus insignis, M. laevigata, M. serrata kunye nabanye: Zonke zineempawu ezithile ngokobungakanani, ukuxhathisa, uhlobo lwesiqhamo okanye igqabi.
Umahluko phakathi kwamaqunube kunye namaqunube
Ukubhideka okuqhelekileyo kukulinganisa amaqunube e-mulberry (morus) kunye namaqunube (Irubus). Nangona iziqhamo zabo zifana ngokumila kunye nombala, Ngokwezityalo baphuma kwiintsapho ezahlukeneyoImithi yeMulberry yimithi kusapho lwaseMoraceae (kunye nemithi yamakhiwane kunye nemithi yejackfruit), ngelixa amaqunube amnyama ezihlahla zosapho lweRosaceae, ezinxulumene namaqunube kunye nemithi yeapile.
Amaqunube e-Mulberry made, inflorescences juicier, lo gama amaqunube amnyama ayingqokelela yeedrupes eziveliswa yintyatyambo nganye. Amaqunube athande ukuba neasidi ngakumbi kwaye ahlasela kakhulu endle.
Ukuchongwa kwamagqabi ngokweentlobo
- Iqunube elimhlophe: Amagqabi aguquguqukayo, ngokukodwa i-polymorphic, ukusuka kwi-oval ukuya kwi-lobed kakhulu, eluhlaza okhanyayo kunye nemiphetho edibeneyo.
- Iqunube elimnyama: Amagqabi amancinci, atyebileyo, arhabaxa, aluhlaza mnyama kwaye arhabaxa xa echukumisa; isiseko sinotshi kwaye i-apex ibukhali kancinci.
- I-mulberry ebomvu: Amagqabi amakhulu, arhabaxa, ngamanye amaxesha amile okwentliziyo kwaye agqabhukile ngakumbi kumacala omabini.
- I-mulberry yaseAfrika kunye ne-microphylla: Amahlamvu amancinci aqhelane nemozulu yembalela okanye ingqele egqithisileyo.
Kumahlumela amatsha, amagqabi ahlala ejijekile. Iindidi zokuhombisa zinokuba namagqabi amakhulu kakhulu okanye iimilo ezingaqhelekanga, ezilungele ukuchonga kwiigadi zebhotani.
Ukulima, umhlaba, ukunkcenkceshela kunye neemfuno ezisisiseko
- Ukukhanya: Ilanga eligcweleyo; umthunzi wehlisa iziqhamo kwaye unokuchaphazela impilo yomthi.
- Umhlaba: Bakhetha umhlaba onzulu, ochumileyo, ongenamanzi, okhanyayo, kunye nomhlaba oneasidi kancinane. Ziyakwazi ukunyamezela umhlaba ongathathi hlangothi kunye nokuba ne-calcareous kancinane.
- Unkcenkceshelo: Ziyinyamezela kakuhle imbalela, kodwa ziyakuxabisa ukunkcenkceshelwa okungaqhelekanga ehlotyeni, ngakumbi ngexesha leziqhamo. Kulumkele ukugcwala kwamanzi ukuthintela ukubola kweengcambu.
- Ukuprintwa: Kubalulekile ukulawula ukukhula. Kukho iindlela zokuthena ezilungisayo (ekuqaleni kobomi bomthi) kunye neendlela zokuthena zokugcina (ngonyaka ukulawula i-canopy kunye neziqhamo). Kungcono ukususa amasebe amancinci kwaye ugweme ukusika amasebe amakhulu amakhulu.
- Umbhalisi: Isichumiso esityebileyo senitrogen sikhuthaza ukukhula kwentwasa hlobo. Ukuvuselela iziqhamo, izongezo ze-phosphorus kunye ne-potassium zinokuba luncedo.
- Ukuphindaphinda: Ngembewu, izihlahla ezisikiweyo (malunga ne-20 cm entlakohlaza), i-air layering okanye i-bud okanye i-scion grafts, ngakumbi kwiindidi zokuhombisa.
Izifo eziqhelekileyo, izinambuzane, kunye neengxaki zemithi ye-mulberry
- I-mulberry canker: ebangelwa ngumngundo Gibberella baccata; ibonakala ngathi yi-brown pustules kwaye inokubulala amasebe onke. Ilawulwa ngokususa ngokukhawuleza iziqu ezichaphazelekayo.
- Woodlouse: Izinambuzane ezifunxayo ezikhetha amasebe amancinci.
- Pseudomoniasis: Usulelo lwentsholongwane (Pseudomonas mori) yamanxeba. Amabala amnyama anehalo emthubi kunye neziqu ezirhabaxa ziyavela. Akukho unyango, ngoko ukuthenwa kweendawo ezichaphazelekayo kuyacetyiswa.
- Iintwala, iintwala kunye ne-powdery mildew: Basenokuhlasela, ngakumbi kwiimeko zembalela okanye ukufuma okugqithisileyo.
- Iingcambu eziphezulu: Bayakwazi ukuphakamisa iithayile kunye nokuhamba. Ukuthintela oku, kucetyiswa ukuba ngamaxesha athile usike iingcambu zomhlaba ezijikeleze isiqu (20 cm ubunzulu).
- Iingxaki zesithsaba esigqithisileyo okanye isiqu esigoso: Lawula ngokuthenwa rhoqo kunye nokuba sesichengeni selanga kakuhle macala onke.
Ukuqokelela kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziqhamo kunye namagqabi
Las amaqunube emulberry Zivuthwa ukusuka phakathi entwasahlobo (in morus alba) kude kube phakathi okanye ekupheleni kwehlobo (in UMorus nigra kunye nezinye iintlobo). Iziqhamo zinokutyiwa zintsha, kwiipreserves, iimarmalades, iwayini, iijusi kunye neepastries. I-mulberry emnyama nebomvu zezona zixabiswa kakhulu ngenxa yazo incasaKwamanye amazwe, iimulberries ezimhlophe zomiswa ukuze zigcinwe ebusika.
Amagqabi, ingakumbi lawo e-white mulberry, abalulekile ekukhuliseni iintshulube zesilika, kodwa zikwasetyenziswa njengokutya kwemfuyo, ukwenza iti, kunye namayeza endalo, apho achazwa ne-hypoglycemic, antioxidant, laxative, kunye ne-anti-inflammatory properties.
Iipropati zonyango kunye nezondlo ze-mulberries
- Iivithamini kunye ne-antioxidants: Isityebi kwi-vitamin C, i-resveratrol, i-flavonoids kunye ne-polyphenols, eyenza i-antioxidant, i-anticancer kunye ne-anti-inflammatory effects.
- Ukwetyisa kunye nokulawula: Ifiber yabo inceda kwiintshukumo zamathumbu. Amaqunube amnyama avuzayo, logama angekavuthwa anokuthomalalisa.
- Iiarhente ze-Hypoglycemic: Amagqabi, ngakumbi i morus alba, uncedo lokulawula i-glucose yegazi, isetyenziswe njengencedisi kunyango lwendalo lwesifo sikashukela.
- Isithethe samayeza: Amagqabi, amagqabi, iziqhamo kunye neengcambu zisetyenziselwe ukunyanga umqala, ulusu, iimeko zokujikeleza kwegazi kunye ne-rheumatism, ukugxothwa kweentshulube kunye ne-tonic jikelele.
- Ukulumkela: Nangona izibonelelo zayo zibhaliwe, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kweyeza kufuneka kujongwe yingcali, njengoko ubuninzi bunokubangela ukuhla ngokukhawuleza kwe-glucose kunye nokuchasana nomzimba.
Ukusetyenziswa kokuhombisa, imveliso kunye nembali yemithi ye-mulberry
- Isihombiso: Ngenxa yecanopy enamagqabi kunye nomthunzi, ziyimithi efanelekileyo yeegadi, iipati, iindlela zokuhamba kunye nezitrato.
- Imveliso yesilika: morus alba Ibisoloko isisiseko soshishino lwesilika kangangeenkulungwane, ngakumbi eAsia nakwiMeditera.
- Iinkuni: Hardy, isetyenziselwa ukwenza izixhobo, imigqomo, amavili, izixhobo zomculo kunye nefanitshala yasemaphandleni. Ixabiswa ngenxa yokuqina kwayo kunye nokuchasana nokufuma.
- Idayi zendalo: Ijusi yamaqunube kunye nencindi ephuma kumagqabi kunye namasebe asetyenziswa njengokutya, izithambiso kunye nedayi ezilukiweyo.
- Uthango lwezoLimo kunye nomda: Ngokwemveli yayisetyenziselwa ukuphawula imida yeefama kunye nokukhusela izityalo emoyeni.
Ukuthena nokugcina umthi wamaqunube
- Uqeqesho lokuthena: Kwenziwa kwiminyaka yokuqala ukuchaza ubume bomthi kunye nobude. Ikuvumela ukuba wenze i-parasol, iglobose, okanye i-canopies evuzayo, njengoko unqwenela.
- Ukuthenwa kwesondlo: Ngonyaka, ukususa amasebe awomileyo, anqamlezileyo okanye lawo abeka esichengeni imilo kunye nempilo yomthi. Kubalulekile ukugcina i imveliso yeziqhamo kufutshane nesiqu kwaye kube lula ukuvuna.
- Kuphephe ukuthenwa okungqongqo: Kumasebe atyebileyo kakhulu, njengoko inokuwenza buthathaka umthi kwaye ikhuthaze ukungena kwezifo.
- Ukucudisa: Inceda ukukhuthaza i-branching kunye nokunciphisa ubukhulu bamagqabi kwizityalo ezifana ne-bonsai.
Iingcebiso zokuzala, ukuphindaphinda kunye nokutyala
- Ukwenzela ukusikwa: Eyona ndlela ilula nesebenzayo. I-Wood cuttings ethathwe ekupheleni kwebusika okanye ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ukulinganisa malunga ne-20-30 cm, ingcambu ngokulula.
- Ngembewu: Kuphela kwiindidi ezineziqhamo ezichumileyo. Kusenokuthabatha iminyaka ukuthwala isiqhamo, yaye iimpawu zisenokungafani kwisityalo esikhula kuso.
- Ngokwaleko komoya: Indlela yesiNtu yokuvelisa iisampuli ezifanayo, ngakumbi iintlobo zokuhombisa.
- Ngokuxhunyelelwa: Ukufumana iintlobo ezintsha, lawula imveliso yeziqhamo okanye usebenzise izithole zengcambu ezixhathisayo.
- Iingcebiso: Tyala elangeni eligcweleyo, kumhlaba onzulu, uphepha iindawo ezikufuphi nezakhiwo ngenxa yophuhliso lweengcambu ezingenzulwanga. Khusela kwingqele kunye nomoya kwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala ukuqinisekisa ukukhula okuthe tye.
