Um-oki (I-Quercus ilex), ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-chaparra, i-carrasca, okanye i-chaparro, ayingomthi nje oqhelekileyo okwiMeditera. Ithathwa njengenye yeentsika zezinto eziphilayo kwi-Peninsula yase-Iberia kunye nesimboli samandla kunye nokuphila ixesha elide, i-oki ye-holm ibe yi-protagonist yenkcubeko, uqoqosho lwasemaphandleni, kunye ne-gastronomy kangangeenkulungwane. Indima yayo idlulela ngaphaya kobukhulu bayo obuhlala buhlala buluhlaza: luhlobo oluqhelene nembalela, olukwaziyo ukumelana nokuhamba kwexesha, umthombo wemithombo yobutyebi, kunye nomfuziselo wozinzo. Apha ngezantsi, siphonononga nzulu izinto ezinomdla kuzo, iimpawu, iintlobo, ukusetyenziswa, ukubaluleka kwendalo, kunye nonxibelelwano lwayo kwizithethe eziphilayo.
Iimpawu eziphambili ze-oki ye-holm
I-holm oak ngumthi oluhlazaUmthi owomeleleyo, ongqukuva kunye nesithsaba esishinyeneyo esinokufikelela kubude obuphakathi kwe-8 kunye ne-25 yeemitha, nangona phantsi kweemeko ezilungileyo ungadlula i-30 yeemitha. Ukukhula kwayo kucotha, nto leyo enegalelo kubomi bayo obude, obunokuphila kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela de bufikelele kwiwaka leminyaka.
Umboko wayo ubanzi kwaye womelele, kwaye ekuhambeni kwexesha ixolo layo elingwevu liyaqhekeka libe ziipleyiti ezincinci ezimnyama-mdaka. Ingcambu engundoqo inzulu, i-branching ecaleni kwaye ihlola iindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba ongaphantsi ukuze zibambe amanzi kunye nezondlo nakwimihlaba eyomileyo, echaza ukuxhathisa kwayo kwimbalela.
Amagqabi Zinesikhumba, zingqindilili, kwaye ziqinile kakhulu, ukulungelelaniswa okubalulekileyo ukuthintela ukulahleka kwamanzi ngokudlula. Ngokuxhomekeke kwi-subspecies kunye nobudala, ziyahlukahluka kwimilo (i-oval, i-lanceolate, okanye i-rounded), kunye nemiphetho enokuthi igudiswe, i-serrated, okanye i-spiny, ngakumbi kwimizekelo emincinci okanye ezantsi komthi, njengokhuselo lwendalo kwizilwanyana ezidliwayo. Umphezulu unombala oluhlaza omenyezelayo omnyama, logama umphantsi ungwevu okanye bumhlophe ngokukhanyayo, ugqunywe ngumaleko ophantsi onciphisa ukuvela komphunga.
I-oki ye-holm iyanikezela iintyatyambo ezingaqhelekangaIintyatyambo zobudoda zenza iicatkins ezijingayo ezityheli okanye eziorenji; iintyatyambo ezizimazi zivela zodwa okanye ngambini kwi-pubescent pedicels. Iintyatyambo zenzeka entlakohlaza, kwaye i-pollination i-anemophilous, oko kukuthi, iqhutywe ngumoya.
Indawo yokuhlala, ukuhanjiswa kunye neentlobo ze-oki holm
I-oki ye-holm ngowona mthi ubalaseleyo kwimozulu yeMeditera, ixhaphake kwi-Iberia kwaye isuka kusingasiqithi ukuya kumazantsi eFransi, eItali, eCroatia, eAlbania, eGrisi, eTurkey, eSardinia, eCorsica, naseMntla Afrika. Iyaziqhelanisa neentlobo ngeentlobo zomhlaba, ukusuka kwilimestone ukuya kwi-siliceous, inqanda kuphela iindawo ezinamanzi okanye ezixineneyo, ezinodongwe, okanye imihlaba enetyuwa eninzi. Uluhlu lwayo lobude ukusuka kwinqanaba lolwandle ukuya kwiintaba eziphakamileyo, kwaye iyakwazi ukumelana neqabaka namaqondo obushushu aphezulu ehlotyeni.
ESpain, amahlathi e-oki e-holm anokuhlala malunga nezigidi ezithathu zeehektare, enze amahlathi ashinyeneyo okanye adityaniswe nenkqubo ekhethekileyo ye-agroforestry. idlelo, apho ahlala kunye namadlelo kunye nemfuyo, ngakumbi iihagu neenkomo zaseIberia. Inokufumaneka ezintabeni, kumathambeka anelanga, iinduli, kunye namadlelo kulo lonke elaseMeditera, nangona ithanda imihlaba ene-alkaline enemvula yonyaka phakathi kwe-400 kunye ne-700 mm.
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zesubspecies eziphambili, ezinomahluko obonakalayo:
- I-Quercus ilex NONE ilexIdla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-coastal holm oak, ikhula kwindawo ezifumileyo kwaye inamagqabi amakhulu, amade anencam ezinemiqolo. I-acorns yayo idla ngokuba krakra, kwaye ifumaneka ikakhulu kumantla nasempuma ye-Iberia Peninsula, kunye nakummandla weMeditera yaseYurophu.
- I-Quercus ilex NONE Ivoti o rotundifoliaYi-continental holm oak, eyona ixhaphakileyo ngaphakathi nakumazantsi-ntshona e-Iberian Peninsula. Amagqabi awo angqukuva, mancinci, kwaye angqindilili, kwaye ivelisa i-acorns eswiti ngendlela emangalisayo, exatyiswa zizilwanyana zasendle kunye nemfuyo.
I-holm oak ibalulekile ekuyilweni kwe-ecosystems yexabiso eliphezulu le-ikholoji, kwaye amahlathi e-holm oak alawulwa kwaye akhuselwe kwimimandla emininzi ngegalelo lawo kwizinto eziphilayo, ukulawula ukhukuliseko kunye nokugcinwa komhlaba.
Isiqhamo som-oki: i-acorn
I-acorn Luphawu lwesiqhamo esomileyo som-oki we-holm, kunye nembewu enye ebiyelwe ngokuyinxenye kwi-scaly dome (ikhoba okanye i-mantle). Xa ikhula, i-acorn iluhlaza, ijika ibentsundu ngokumnyama njengoko ikhula, ngokuqhelekileyo phakathi kuka-Oktobha noDisemba. Ubungakanani bayo obuqhelekileyo bu malunga ne-2 ukuya kwi-4 centimeters, kwaye incasa yayo ingaba mnandi okanye ikrakra kuxhomekeke kwi-subspecies.
I<em>Holm oki iqalisa ukuthwala iziqhamo ezininzi xa ineminyaka eli-15 okanye engama-20 ubudala, nangona eminye imizekelo ikwenza oko ngaphambilana, ngesivuno esinokufikelela kuma-20 eekhilogram ngexesha lonyaka kwimithi esele ikhulile. I-acorns kukutya okuyimfuneko kwizilwanyana zasendle (ihagu yasendle, ixhama, i-partridges, onogwaja, amahobe, njl.njl.) kunye nemfuyo yasekhaya, kwaye ixabiswa ngokukodwa ngokutyebisa iihagu zase-Iberia ngexesha le-montanera (i-free-range), inqanaba eliphambili kwimveliso ye-acorn eyaziwayo eyondliwe i-ham yase-Iberia.
Kumaxesha amandulo, ii-acorns zazityiwa ngabantu, zicolwe zibe ngumgubo, kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukwenza isonka, i-liqueurs kunye nezinye iimveliso. Nangona i-astringent kwaye ikrakra kwincasa, ii-acorns eziswiti zinesondlo, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwazo kokupheka kuvuselelwa kwi-gastronomy ezinzileyo.
Ukuzala kunye nokomelela kwizifo
I-oki ye-holm ivelisa ngokulula ngembewu, ngakumbi ngokuwa kwendalo kunye nokungcwatywa kwe-acorns, nangona inokuthi ihlume kwiingcambu kunye nezikhondo emva komonakalo (njengalowo ubangelwa ngumlilo okanye ukugawulwa kwemithi). Oku kuhluma kwamahlathi kuchaza ubukho bamahlathi oki oki kangangeenkulungwane.
Nangona amandla abo, i-oki ye-holm inokusongelwa zizifo kunye nezinambuzane. Enye ye-pathologies enzima kakhulu oki eyomileyo, ebangelwa ikakhulu ngumngundo IPhytophthora cinnamomi kwaye iququzelelwa zizinambuzane ezifana nenhlanzi Cerambyx cerdo, eyazaliswa ngamaplanga kunye neecorns. Iimpawu ziquka amagqabi atyheli kunye nokuwa, ukufa kwesetyana, kunye nokubola kweengcambu. Ezinye iifungi ezingenelelayo, ezifana IDiplodia y I-Hypoxylon mediterraneum, inokuchaphazela imizekelo ebuthathaka.
Phakathi kwezona zinambuzane zixhaphakileyo libhabhathane I-Tortrix viridana, imibungu yayo itshabalalisa amahlumela kunye namagqabi, kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zooqongqothwane. Ukumelana nomlilo Le yenye yeempawu zayo ezithandekayo, ekubeni emva komlilo unokuhlaziya indawo yomoya ngokusebenzisa amahlumela ukusuka kwisiseko okanye kwiingcambu.
Ukubaluleka kwendalo, ukusetyenziswa kwemveli kunye noxhatshazo
- Ukutya kwemfuyo nezilwanyana zasendleI-acorns imele umthombo ophambili wamandla kwihagu yase-Iberia (evelisa i-hams kunye neesoseji ezikumgangatho ophezulu), kodwa nakwiinkomo, iigusha, ixhama, iihagu zasendle kunye nazo zonke izilwanyana zaseMeditera.
- MaderaUmthi wom-oki lelinye lawona mahlathi anzima, axineneyo, kwaye ahlala ixesha elide, nangona kunzima ukusebenza. Ihlala isetyenziselwa izixhobo zezolimo kunye nezixhobo, amavili enqwelo, amakhuba, iiplanga, iintsika, i-parquet, imisebenzi ye-hydraulic, kunye nokwenza izibonda zemibhobho, ngenxa yamandla ayo kunye nokuqina, nangona xa ibonakaliswe kumswakama.
- I petroliIinkuni zom-oki kunye namalahle ngokwembali ibiyeyona nto iphambili yokubasa kumakhaya amaninzi kunye neefoji. I-Oak charcoal inexabiso eliphezulu kakhulu le-calorific, ilungele i-embers kunye ne-roasts; isaxatyiswa nanamhlanje ukuba isetyenziswe ekuphekeni kwesintu.
- ICortexItyebile ngetannins, ixolo lasetyenziswa kwaye lisasetyenziswa ukutshisa izikhumba kunye nokuvelisa ufele oluphezulu. Ikwanesakhono kwishishini lewayini, apho iimpawu ze-organoleptic zokuvuthwa kwewayini kwimiphanda ye-oki zijongwa.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwezonyangoNgenxa yobuninzi be-tannin, ixolo kunye namagqabi omisiweyo asetyenziswa ukususela kumaxesha amandulo njengeyeza lokunyanga isifo sohudo, i-hemorrhoids, ukukhupha iintsholongwane kunye nokunyanga ukuvutha.
- Iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo kunye nembonakalo-mhlabaAmahlathi e-oki aseHolm kunye namadlelo ayindawo yokuhlala enexabiso eliphezulu lezinto eziphilayo, indawo yokusabela kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo kunye nezilwanyana, kwaye zikhuselwe kwaye zilawulwa ngokusemthethweni iindawo zendalo.
Ukongeza, i-oki ye-holm inegalelo elikhulu kwi ukubamba i-carbon dioxide, ukunceda ukunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu. I-oki ye-holm esele ikhulile inokufunxa iitoni ezininzi ze-CO2 ngonyaka, kwaye ukufakwa kwayo kwiiprojekthi zokutshalwa kwakhona kwamahlathi ngundoqo ekubuyiseleni ihlathi kunye nokunciphisa i-carbon footprint.
IiCuriosities kunye nesimboli se-oki
- Uphawu lwamandla kunye nobomi obudeKwinkcubeko yamaCeltic namaGrike namaRoma, iholm oki yayihlonelwa njengomthi ongcwele, umfuziselo wamandla, ubulumko nokhuseleko. Amasiko neentlanganiso zeedruid neeshaman zaziqhutyelwa kwiziqu zayo.
- Ubukho kwintsomi kunye noncwadi: Kukhankanywa izihlandlo ezininzi kwimisebenzi yakudala efana noDon Quixote, nakwiintsomi ezidumileyo kunye namazwi, umzekelo loo ntsonkotha: "Ndazalwa ndingumfazi, ndiyindoda xa ndiselula kwaye, ngethamsanqa lam, ndaphinda ndaba ngumfazi" (ngenxa ye-acorn, ezalwa ikhuselwe yi-dome, emva koko iphume ngaphandle kwaye ekugqibeleni iwele emhlabeni ize).
- Owona mthi mkhulu kwaye uphila ixesha elideESpain, kukho imizekelo emikhulu, efana neHolm Oak enemilenze emithathu yaseMendaza eNavarre, eneziqu ezimalunga neemitha ezisi-7 ngokwesangqa kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba zingaphaya kwewaka leminyaka ubudala. Amabali, amabhunga, kunye neendibano zembali ziye zalukwa kule mithi yodwa.
- Ikhonkco elinetruffle emnyama: Phantsi kweengcambu zom-oki we-holm kukhula elinye lamakhowa afunwa kakhulu emhlabeni, Isiqulatho seTuber melanosporum okanye i-truffle emnyama. Inkangeleko yayo inxulunyaniswa nokwakheka kwe-symbiotic mycorrhizal phakathi kwefungus kunye nomthi, ubudlelwane obutyebisa zombini i-oki kunye nomhlaba apho uhlala khona.
- Ukuziqhelanisa nomlilo nembalelaI-oki ye-holm inokuhluma kwisiseko sayo okanye iingcambu emva kokutsha kwehlathi, iyenze isityalo se-phoenix ebusweni bokuphazamiseka okuphindaphindiweyo kwi-ecosystem yeMeditera.
- Umdla kwigadi kunye nebhonsaiNgenxa yobukhulu bayo kunye nokuphila ixesha elide, i-oki ye-holm iyalinywa njenge-bonsai, ibe luhlobo oluxatyisiweyo ngenxa yokuxhathisa kunye nobuhle beendlela zayo ezincinci.
Indima ye-oki ye-holm kwi-dehesa yase-Iberia kunye ne-landscape
Idehesa I-agrosilvostoral ecosystem ekhethekileyo, umzekelo wolawulo oluzinzileyo kwi-Peninsula yase-Iberia. IiHolm oki zezona mithi zibalaseleyo apha, kunye ne-cork oak kunye ne-kermes oak, kwaye zihlala kunye namadlelo kunye nokufuya imfuyo. Kangangeenkulungwane, le nkqubo iye yabangela ukuba amahlathi akwiMeditera asetyenziswe ngokusengqiqweni nangokulungeleleneyo, kulondolozwe umhlaba, izinto eziphilayo ezahlukahlukeneyo nobuncwane bamanzi, ngoxa ivelisa ukutya okukumgangatho ophezulu.
Phantsi komthunzi we-oki ye-holm, imfuyo ifumana ikhusi elangeni nasekutyeni, kwaye izilwanyana zasendle zifumana indawo yokuhlala kunye nokutya. Ukuwa kwamagqabi kunye ne-acorns kuphucula ukuchuma komhlaba kunye nokugcina umjikelo we-ecological. I-dehesa landscape ithathwa njengeNdawo yeLifa leMveli yeHlabathi, kwaye ubukho bayo buxhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo kwibhalansi phakathi kokungenelela kwabantu kunye nendalo.
Izinto ezinomdla ngakumbi kunye neenyaniso ezinomdla malunga ne-oki ye-holm
- Imbewu ye-oki yeHolm Ziyakwazi ukuntshula emva kokuba zithuthwe kwaye zingcwatywe zizilwanyana ezifana nejay, egcina i-acorns kwiindawo ezifihliweyo, ukukhuthaza ukuhlaziywa kwemvelo kwehlathi le-oki.
- Ixolo kunye neenkuni Ii-oki ze-holm zazikwasetyenziswa kwimveliso yedayi yendalo kunye neemveliso zokwenziwa ulusu, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwazo ekubuyiselweni kwemvelo kunye noshishino oluzinzileyo kusanda kuphandwa.
- Um-oki omdala Iyakwazi ukugcina amagqabi emasebeni ayo iminyaka emi-3 okanye emi-4, inika amagqabi ashinyeneyo, asisigxina alungele ukwenza umthunzi.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwe-acorn ekuphekeni Iyavela kwakhona kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo njengenxalenye ye-gastronomy yasekhaya, kunye nesonka sesintu kunye neeresiphi eziswiti ezisekwe kumgubo we-acorn.
- I-oki ye-holm Banguvimba wemfuza oyimfuneko, osebenza njengendawo yokusabela kwiintlobo ezininzi zezityalo nezilwanyana ezisengozini yokuphela.
- Kwiiprojekthi zokubuyiselwa kwehlathi, i-oki ye-holm ityalwe ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokunyamezela kwayo kwimbalela, ukubunjwa kwayo okucothayo kodwa okuqhubekayo kwe-biomass kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwayo nomhlaba kunye neemeko zemozulu ezahlukeneyo.
Umthi we-oki we-holm umele okungaphezulu kwento yokujonga umhlaba: luphawu lokwenyani lokomelela kweMeditera, enexabiso elingenakulinganiswa lendalo, ezoqoqosho, inkcubeko kunye nembali. Imbali yayo, ukusetyenziswa, kunye neemfihlakalo zihlala kwizithethe zasemaphandleni, i-gastronomy, uncwadi, kunye neeprojekthi zolondolozo kunye nozinzo. Ukukhusela kunye nokuqonda ngokunzulu zonke iimfihlo ze-holm oak kuqinisekisa ikamva lemihlaba yeMeditera, inkcubeko, kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo.
