Ngaba ukhe weva nge-African Hydnora? Ikwabizwa ngokuba "kukutya kukadyakalashe" okanye "iJakkalskos", esi sityalo simangalisa ngenkangeleko yaso, ibhayoloji yaso engaqhelekanga, ivumba laso, kunye nokuqhelana okunomdla. Ithathwa ziingcali ezininzi njengenye ye Izityalo ezinqabileyo kunye nezona zintsonkothileyo emhlabeni, iHydnora africana icela umngeni kubulumko obuqhelekileyo malunga nokuba isityalo kufuneka sibe yintoni na: sihlala phantsi komhlaba, asinamagqabi kunye nechlorophyll, sinezifunxi-gazi, kwaye intyatyambo yaso inokubhidaniswa ngokulula nomlomo wesidalwa sasemzini.
Eli nqaku libanzi liqulunqa kwaye landise lonke ulwazi oluyimfuneko nolunomdla malunga neHydnora africana: Iimpawu zeBotanical, imbali yendalo, i-morphology kunye nomjikelo wobomi, i-pollination, ukusetyenziswa kwemveli, iindawo zokuhlala kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zedatha yesayensi kunye neyothusayo nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibeyeyona mfihlakalo inkulu yebhotani engekatyhilwa.
Imvelaphi, ukuhanjiswa kunye nendawo yokuhlala yeHydnora africana
I-Hydnora africana yinzalelwane yase-Afrika kwindawo eyinkqantosi neyomileyo esemazantsi e-Afrika., ixhaphake ngakumbi kumazwe afana noMzantsi Afrika, iNamibia, iBotswana kunye neZimbabwe. Kukho neerekhodi zobukho bayo kwezinye iindawo zaseMadagascar kunye noSingasiqithi weArabia, ukuziqhelanisa ngempumelelo nendalo enzima neyomileyo apho. zimbalwa kakhulu izityalo ezikwaziyo ukuphila.
Indawo yayo ibonakaliswa ngu Imozulu embi kakhulu, umhlaba onesanti ongenazo izondlo, kunye nokunqongophala kwamanzi okungapheliyoUkuze uphile, iHydnora africana iphuhlise a ubudlelwane obukhethekileyo be-parasitic kunye nezityalo ezizibambayo, ngakumbi iintlobo ze-Euphorbiaceae kunye neentsapho ze-Fabaceae. Incamathela kwaye igqobhoze iingcambu zezi zityalo, ifumana amanzi kunye nezondlo ezibalulekileyo kuzo. Olu hlengahlengiso luyivumela ukuba ichume apho ezinye iindidi zingasilela khona.
Uninzi lwesityalo sihlala sifihliwe phantsi komhlaba ngexesha uninzi lomjikelo wobomi bayo, ebethelela ubunzima bokuyifumana nokuyifundisisa. Intyatyambo iphuma kuphela ngezihlandlo ezikhethekileyo nangexeshana elifutshane.
I-Taxonomy kunye nobudlelwane bendaleko
IHydnora africana Kubukumkani bePlantae (izityalo), icandelo iMagnoliophyta, iklasi yeMagnoliopsida, i-oda yePiperales, kunye ne-Hydnoraceae yosapho, nangona izifundo zamva nje ziyibeka kusapho lwe-Aristolochiaceae olusekwe kuhlalutyo lwemfuza. I-genus Hydnora ibandakanya iintlobo ezininzi, kodwa iintlobo zaseAfrika zezona zixhaphake kwaye ziyaziwa.
Kangangexesha elide, ukumila kakuhle kwesi sityalo kubangele ukuba ziqukwe kwamanye amaqela, njengeRafflesiales (ekwaquka iRafflesia edumileyo, ezona ntyatyambo zinkulu ehlabathini). Noko ke, imizila yemfuza yale mihla iyibeka kwindaleko isiseko kakhulu phakathi kwezityalo ezidubulayo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba igcina iimpawu zokuqala zenkqubo yendaleko ekhokelele ukuba ii-angiosperms zahlukane.
Obu budlelwane bukwabonakaliswa kwibhayoloji yabo yokuzala kunye neendlela zokuhambisa ipoleni, ezifana kakhulu nezo zezityalo zohlobo. UAristolochia.
Ibukeka njani i-African Hydnora? Imorphology kunye nomjikelo wobomi
IHydnora africana iyachasa nayiphi na ingcamango yokuba isityalo sikhangeleka njani. Phantse zonke izakhiwo zayo iphuhlisa phantsi komhlaba, kwaye kuphela intyatyambo iphuma phezuluYonke into ephilayo, yenziwe Iziqu eziphantsi komhlaba ezinenyama, iingcambu ezitshintshiweyo kunye namaqhuqhuva, igcina unxibelelwano olusondeleyo kunye neengcambu zesityalo esibambayo, esiyi-parasitize ngokufanelekileyo.
Umzimba ophambili awunamagqabi okanye i-chlorophyll, kwaye ibonakala njengengqokelela ye-tan, greyish, okanye i-brownish yamalungu, enomzimba wenyama kunye ne-crisscrossed warts kunye ne-angulations. Ezi zakhiwo, ziisentimitha ezimbalwa kuphela ubukhulu, zikho dibanisa neengcambu zomkhosi ngokusebenzisa i-haustoria, ukusebenzisa i-sap kunye nemithombo yayo.
Intyatyambo, elona lungu laziwayo, liyinyama, ubunzulu obubomvu okanye isakhiwo se-orenji ekuqaleni esasibanjwe kunye "namagqabi" (nangona ngokobuchwephesha zingamacandelo e-periant). Njengoko ikhula, intyatyambo ivuleka ibe yi-lobes ezintathu okanye ezine ezithe nkqo, okanye "iipetali," ezibonisa ingaphakathi. Imilo kunye nombala wayo ufana nenyama eveziweyo, enegalelo ekuthelekisweni kwayo umlomo owoyikekayo okanye ikhowa lasemzini.
Ngokuphathelele ubungakanani, intyatyambo inokulinganisa phakathi kwe-10 kunye ne-15 cm ubude kwaye malunga ne-4 ukuya kwi-5 cm ububanzi kwisiseko. Nangona kunjalo, eyona nto iphawulekayo kwesi sityalo siso ivumba elibi kakhulu, indibanisela yelindle kunye nenyama ebolileyo, ekhutshwayo ukuze itsale ii<em>pollinators ezifanelekileyo.
Yinto ephilayo ngaphandle kwephotosynthesis
Ngokungafaniyo nobuninzi bezityalo, iHydnora africana ayikwenzi iphotosynthesisAyinamagqabi kunye nebala elifana neklorofili. Ifumana onke amandla ayo kwizityalo eziziphetheyo. I-morphology yayo iyancipha kakhulu, ilahlekelwe lilungu ngalinye elingabalulekanga kwindlela yokuphila ye-parasitic: akukho magqabi, akukho ziqu zasemoyeni, kwaye akukho ngcambu zisebenza ngokuzimeleyo.
Kwiiseli zabo kusekho iintlobo ze-plastids (i-organelles uphawu lweeseli zezityalo), ezifana iiamyloplasts (isitatshi sevenkile) okanye iichromoplasts (imibala egciniweyo), kodwa azikho iikloroplasts ezisebenzayo.
Uphuhliso lwangaphantsi komhlaba kunye neentyatyambo
Umjikelo wobomi beHydnora africana ngokukodwa kwaye, ngamaxesha amaninzi, intyatyambo inako kuthatha unyaka wonke ukwenza phantsi komhlaba phambi kokuvela. Ngeli xesha lonke, ihlala ifihliwe kwaye ingaqatshelwa. Kuphela ngexesha leentyantyambo, ezihambelana namaxesha omileyo, apho "ihlumela" livela ngaphezu komphezulu ukuze likhuphe ivumba elibi kunye nokutsala i-pollinators.
Inkqubo ye-pollination: imigibe, ubushushu kunye nokulinganisa
Inkqubo ye-pollination ye-Hydnora africana ngumzekelo omangalisayo we-coevolution kunye nokulinganisa kwihlabathi lezityalo. Ibhayoloji yayo yokuzala iye yahlelwa njenge "indawo yokufuya ilinganisa nokuvalelwa", apho isityalo silinganisa iimeko zendawo efanelekileyo yokubeka amaqanda e-beetle, eyona nto ijongene nokuthunyelwa kwayo.
Ivumba elimnandi Ivumba lentyatyambo lifana nevumba le-carrion okanye ubulongwe, elinomtsalane ngokungenakuthintelwa kwi-carrion kunye neenkuba-bulongo. Ukongeza kwivumba, intyatyambo iyakwazi velisa ubushushu ngeenkqubo zemetabolism ezingekaqondwa ngokupheleleyo, ukugxininisa inkohliso ngokulinganisa ubunzima bokwenyani obubolayo.
Xa izinambuzane zingena entyatyambo, yona avale azibambe intsuku enye okanye ezimbini ngokusebenzisa ibristles kunye nezakhiwo zangaphakathi ezomeleleyo, zibagcina bethinjiwe ngelixa besondla kwimizimba emhlophe ebolayo eveliswa sisityalo njenge "bait."
Kwiinzame zabo zokusaba, ooqongqothwane bahamba kumbindi we-perianth baze bagqunywe yipollen. Emva kwale nkqubo, intyatyambo iphinda ivuleke, izikhulule ukuze zikhangele ezinye iintyatyambo zize zigqibezele umjikelo wokuzala.
- Le ndlela yokuthunyelwa kwepoleni ithathwa njengenye yezona zihamba phambili kwaye zikhethekileyo phakathi kwezityalo ze-parasite., kwaye ifana ngokusondeleyo naleyo isetyenziswa ziindidi ze-Aristolochia.
Umjikelo wokuzala: iziqhamo kunye nembewu
Emva komvumvuzelwano, isityalo siyakhula iziqhamo eziphantsi komhlaba, i-spherical shape and variable to size (zinokufikelela kwi-8 cm ububanzi). Ezi ziqhamo ziveliswa kuphela ngexesha elomileyo kwaye, ngokungafaniyo nentyatyambo, ziyatyiwa kuzo zombini izilwanyana nakubantu.
Isiqhamo esinye sinokuqulatha ukuya kutsho kwiimbewu ezingama-20.000 I-Brown, ifakwe kwi-gelatinous, i-pulp enevumba elimnandi. Izilwanyana ezahlukahlukeneyo ezinjengeenkawu, imikhombe, oodyakalashe kunye neempuku ziyazifuna ngokukhutheleyo, zisasaza imbewu xa zidliwe.
Incasa yepulp ichazwa njengeswiti kakhulu, kunye neengcebiso zesitatshi. Esi siqhamo ngokwesithethe besisetyenziswa kwezinye iinkcubeko zase-Afrika njengokutya, kwaye sisetyenziselwa iinjongo zamayeza.
Iimfuno ezingaqhelekanga malunga ne-African Hydnora
- Intyatyambo yeHydnora africana ngokupheleleyo phantsi komhlaba de ivuthiwe, zivela kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, ezenza nzima kakhulu ukujonga kunye nokufunda kwindalo.
- Ivumba layo linamandla kangangokuba linokubonwa ukusuka kwiimitha ezininzi kude., ikwazisa ngobukho bayo kwakudala ngaphambi kokuba uyibone.
- Inkangeleko kunye nokufunda kwesi sityalo kuye kwavelisa iintsomi ezininzi kunye neentsomi eAfrika, ukuba yoyikwa, ihlonishwe kwaye isetyenziswe kwizithethe.
- Ithathwa njengenye yezona ntlobo zakudala kunye nezona ziphilayo zamandulo phakathi kwezityalo ezidubulayo., ngolungelelwaniso oluye lwatshintshwa kancinci kwizigidi zeminyaka.
Ukusetyenziswa kwemveli kunye nokusetyenziswa kweHydnora africana
Umthombo: curiosities.com
Ngaphandle kwembonakalo engathandekiyo kunye nevumba elimnandi, iHydnora africana inokubaluleka okuthile kwi-ethnobotany yaseAfrika:
- Isiqhamo sangaphantsi komhlaba sisetyenziswa njengokutya zizilwanyana zasendle nabantu, ngokuba ngumthombo weswekile kunye nesitatshi ngamaxesha okunqongophala.
- Las Iindawo zezityalo zingasetyenziselwa ukutshisa izikhumba (ii-ajenti zokulukwa zendalo), velisa amalahle kunye nesiseko sedayi.
- Kumayeza esintu isityalo, ngakumbi iingcambu, isetyenziswe njenge iyeza lendalo lorhudo kunye nokunyanga iimeko ezahlukeneyo zokwetyisa.
- Ezinye iinkcubeko ziye zayisebenzisa ukwenza iimveliso zamayeza ezisetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa ekuhlaleni.
Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kulinganiselwe kwiindawo ezithile zoluntu kwaye ayidlali indima ebalulekileyo kwisondlo sale mihla okanye iyeza elisemgangathweni.
Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba ne-African Hydnora ekhaya okanye egadini?
Ububodwa kunye nokunqaba kweHydnora africana kunokuhenda abaqokeleli kunye nabathanda izityalo ezingaqhelekanga ukuba bazame ukuyikhulisa ekhaya. Nangona kunjalo, yayo ukulima ekhaya kunzima kakhulu kwaye igcinelwe ukulinga iigadi zebhotani okanye iingcaphephe kulo mmandla.
Zininzi izizathu zobu bunzima:
- Isityalo ifuna umamkeli ophilayo ohambelanayo (idla ngokuba yi-Euphorbia yemveli) ukuze iphuhle, ebandakanya ukuncama inxalenye yesityalo esibambayo.
- Ivumba elibi lentyatyambo yenza ubukho bazo kwiindawo ezivaliweyo okanye ekwabelwana ngazo bungacebisi.
- Ukukhula kunye neentyatyambo icotha kakhulu, kwaye inokuthatha iminyaka ukuzibonakalisa Phezu komphezulu.
- Imbewu ekhoyo emarikeni inqabile kwaye kunzima ukuyintshula.
Ukuba umntu uthatha isigqibo sokuyizama, iingcali zincoma:
- Ukubonelela ngesubstrate enesanti kakhulu, ekhutshwe kakuhle kwaye iphantsi kwizinto eziphilayo.
- Linganisa indawo eyomileyo, efudumeleyo enokuguquguquka okunamandla kwe-thermal.
- Hlonipha ngokungqongqo unxulumano kunye nesityalo esibamba umkhosi kwaye uphephe ukufuma okugqithisileyo.
Hydnora africana: inyama okanye iparasitic?
Kwangexesha elide, iHydnora africana yachazwa kupapasho kunye nangabantu abathanda ukuzilibazisa "njengesityalo esitya inyama" ngenxa yobuchule bayo bokutya. bamba izinambuzane ekuqaleni kwayo. Nangona kunjalo, ayizondli kuzo, akawetyi yaye akafumani izondlo emizimbeni yawo. Ukuphela komsebenzi wayo kukuqinisekisa ukusasazeka kwe-pollination.
Ngoko ke, kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo a i-parasitic, isityalo esingatyiyo, nangona indlela yayo yomvumvuzelwano ithwele ukufana okuthile okungaphaya "kwimigibe" yezityalo ezitya inyama yokwenene.
Imfihlakalo yenzululwazi yeHydnora africana
Ngaphandle komdla okhulayo kwiHydnora africana, kusenjalo Kusekho izinto ezinkulu ezingaziwayo ezingasonjululwanga malunga nolu didi: indlela olukhetha ngayo olu ndwendwe lwalo, indlela oluvelisa ngayo ubushushu xa ludubula, eyona nkqubo ichanekileyo yokulahleka kwechlorophyll, kunye nokuvela komjikelo wobomi bayo. Nkqu nophononongo lwegenome yayo (ingakumbi iplastome yezinye iintlobo kwi-genus) inokubonelela ngemikhondo ebalulekileyo yokuqonda ukuvela kwe-plant parasitism phakathi kwezityalo ezidubulayo.
- Kuphela yi-1% yezityalo ezidubulayo ezizifunxi-gazi., kunye neHydnora africana imele owona mzekelo unomtsalane kunye nowakudala phakathi kwabo.
IHydnora africana yinto enqabileyo yokwenyani yebhotani imingeni kuzo zonke izithethe ezimiselweyo zebhayoloji yezityaloUmjikelo wobomi okhethekileyo, ukuziqhelanisa, ivumba, ukumila, kunye nobudlelwane kunye nokusingqongileyo kuyenza ibe yindidi eyimifuziselo yokufunda ngendaleko, iintsholongwane, kunye nokusebenzisana kwezityalo nezilwanyana. Kwaye nangona iimpawu zayo ezikhethekileyo zingakukhuthazi ukulinywa kwayo ekhaya, ukujonga intyantyambo yayo kwindalo ihlala ingomnye weyona miboniso mikhulu kunye nentsonkotha yehlabathi lezityalo.