Guillomo (Amelanchier ovalis) sisihlahla esibaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwezityalo zeMeditera nakwilizwekazi laseYurophu, eliphuma kusapho lakwaRosaceae, apho labelana ngendawo yebhotani kunye neentlobo ezixatyiswe kakhulu ezifana nemithi yama-apile, ipere kunye necherry. Nangona igama layo elidumileyo lisenokubonakala lingaqhelekanga okanye lingaziwa kwabaninzi, le shrub yasendle iqokelele iinkulungwane zokusetyenziswa kwabantu, zombini ngezondlo, amayeza kunye neenjongo ze-ethnobotanical, kunye nomsebenzi wasemaphandleni, ngaphezu kokudlala indima ebalaseleyo yendalo kwindawo ehlala iintaba kunye namatye. Ubukho bayo bubonisa i intlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo Kwaye isiqhamo saso esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-mnyama besiyinxalenye yokutya okuqhelekileyo kwezilwanyana zasendle kunye noluntu lwasemaphandleni kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Kweli nqaku, sinikezela ukujonga okubanzi kunye neenkcukacha kwiimpawu zayo zebhotani, iipropati, indawo yokuhlala, ukuhanjiswa, ukulima, ukusetyenziswa kwemveli okuxabisekileyo, kunye neenzuzo zempilo eziye zayenza isityalo sokuma phakathi kweentlobo zendalo zase-Iberia kunye neYurophu.
Inkcazo yezityalo kunye neempawu eziphambili ze-guillomo (Amelanchier ovalis)
Guillomo Sisihlahla esinamagqabi avuthulukayo sobukhulu obuguquguqukayo, esihlala sifikelela phakathi kwe-1,5 kunye ne-3 yeemitha ukuphakama, nangona sinokufikelela kwi-4 yeemitha kwiindawo ezithandwa kakhulu. Amasebe alo acwangciswe ngolungelelwaniso oluthe tye okanye ngandlel’ ithile, aguquguqukayo, omelele kwaye abomvu ngokubanzi xa eselula. Kuyinto ephawulekayo ukuba amasebe amancinci ahlanganiswe neenwele ezimhlophe ezimhlophe, ezinyamalala ngokukhula, zishiya ixolo eligudileyo kunye nobomvu-mdaka ngethoni.
Amagqabi Amagqabi e-guillomo a-oval okanye i-elliptical, aqala ngobude ukusuka kwi-2 ukuya kwi-6 cm, kunye nemida ecolekileyo kwaye ehlala rhoqo, ngamanye amaxesha aphantse aphelele kwiisampuli ezithile. I-apex ikholisa ukungqukuva okanye i-obtuse kancinane, kwaye isiseko sithande ukubanesimo sentliziyo okanye esibukhali. Umphezulu wegqabi unombala oluhlaza okhanyayo, ogudileyo okanye unoboya obuncinci, ngelixa umzantsi, ngakumbi kumagqabi amatsha, bumhlophe kwaye bunoboya, uphawu oluthanda ukunyamalala ngokukhula.
Intyatyambo ye guillomo Le yenye yeempawu zayo ezinomtsalane: ivelisa i-panicles okanye i-terminal cluster zeentyantyambo ze-hermaphrodite ezimbini ukuya kwelishumi, ezibonakala zibuthathaka kwaye zihombise kakhulu. Iintyatyambo ezimhlophe-zendlovu zineepetali ezintlanu ezimxinwa, ezinde kunye neestamens ezininzi ezityheli. Ixesha leentyantyambo liqala ekupheleni kobusika ukuya ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lihluka ngokobude kunye neemeko zemozulu.
Isiqhamo Liqunube elingqukuva elingqukuva, elifana kakhulu ngobukhulu kunye nombala weblueberry. Xa ivuthiwe, ifumana izithunzi ukusuka kwiblue blue ukuya kubluish-black. Iyatyiwa, inejusi, inevumba elimnandi, kwaye inencasa, nangona ihlala iqulathe iimbewu ezi-5 ukuya kwezili-10, ezinokungakhululeki ukuyitya kodwa ziyinike amandla aphezulu okuhlaziya kunye nokusasaza kwendalo. I-calyx iqhubekile ekupheleni kwesiqhamo njengesithsaba esinamanqaku amahlanu. Iziqhamo zinokutyiwa zintsha, zomisiwe, okanye kumalungiselelo ahlukeneyo okupheka esintu.
Kwezinye iindawo, iinkuni ze-guillomo Kudala isetyenziselwa ukwenza izixhobo ezilula, imitshayelo yokubhula, nanjengamafutha, ngelixa iziqu zithambileyo zisetyenziselwa ukwenza izitya zasemaphandleni. Kwigadi kunye nemifuno, ixabiso layo lokuhombisa, ukuqina kwayo, kunye nezinga layo eliphantsi leemfuno zenza ukuba ifaneleke kakhulu. uthango, imida kunye nokubuyiselwa kwezinto eziphilayo.
Ukusasazwa kwejografi, indawo yokuhlala kunye ne-ecology ye Amelanchier ovalis
Guillomo Ivela kumbindi-emazantsi nakumazantsi eYurophu, isuka kwiPeninsula yase-Iberia, iPortugal, unxweme lwaseCantabrian kunye nePyrenees, ukuwela intshona yeMeditera kwaye ifikelela kwimimandla yeentaba yase-Itali, emazantsi eFransi, kwiiBalkans nakwiMntla Afrika nakwimpuma yeMeditera. KwiiAlps, inokufumaneka ukuya kwindawo ephakamileyo kufuphi ne-2.100-2.500 yeemitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Ngaphakathi kwePeninsula yase-Iberia, ubukho bayo buphawuleka kwiintaba zombini emantla nasempuma nasezantsi, kubandakanya iiNtaba zeCantabrian, iNkqubo ye-Iberian, iSierras yaseCatalonia, udederhu lweentaba ze-Subbética eCórdoba kunye neentaba zeAndalusia esempuma. Kwiphondo laseMálaga, ifumaneka ubukhulu becala kwezona ndawo ziphakamileyo neziveliswe kakhulu emantla eTejeda, Almijara kunye neentaba zeAlhama.
indawo yokuhlala yendalo de Amelanchier ovalis Ezi ziquka iincam zamahlathi, iintshinyela ezivulekileyo, iintanda ezikwiindawo ezinamatye namatye, iiscree, imiwonyo enamathambeka, neencam zendlela okanye amathambeka. Ikhetha imihlaba enamatye, enekhalcareous, kunye nomhlaba ongaphuhliswanga kakuhle, rhoqo kwindawo epholileyo. Ininzi kakhulu kwithambeka elijonge emantla kunye neendawo apho ifumana ukufuma kunye neemeko zobushushu obufanelekileyo. Ayinankathalo kangako kuhlobo lomhlaba, nangona ikhetha ukukhula kumhlaba owomileyo, i-calcareous substrates ihlwempuzekileyo kwinitrogen, iqhelana nomhlaba wealkaline (pH ngaphezulu kwe-6) kunye nokumelana nembalela yasehlotyeni xa sele imisiwe. Ubungakanani obuthile bokufuma entlakohlaza ngundoqo ekudubuleni kwayo okufanelekileyo kunye neziqhamo.
Ngokwemeko yendalo, i<em>guillomo idlala indima ebalulekileyo njengenxalenye yoovulindlela ekubuyiselweni kwemihlaba eyonakeleyo, inika uzinzo kumathambeka neenduli. I-shrub enegalelo kwisakhiwo kunye nokuhlukahluka koluntu lwezityalo, ngokukodwa kwimeko ye-Eurosiberian kunye neMeditera enameva kunye namahlathi e-scrub (IBerberidion vulgaris). Ikwayinxalenye yeendawo zokuhlala zomdla woluntu ezibandakanyiweyo kwiNatura 2000 Network, enkosi kwindima yayo ekugcineni nasekubuyiseleni inkqubo yendalo eguqukayo phakathi kwehlathi kunye ne-scrubland.
Iintyatyambo ze-guillomo Ziye zifakwe ipoleni ngokuyintloko zizinambuzane (i-entomophilous pollination), ngelixa iziqhamo zazo zifunwa kakhulu ziintaka ezidliwayo kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezincinci ezincancisayo, ezisebenzisana ngokusebenzayo ekusasazeni imbewu yazo (endozochory). Umthamo wokuzala kunye nokusinda kwezithole ze-guillomo kwiindawo eziphazamiseke kancinci ziyamangalisa, zinegalelo ekusasazekani kwazo kwendalo kwiindawo ekunzima ukufikelela kuzo abantu.
Phakathi kweentlobo ezinokubhideka kunye ne-guillomo yi-durillo emnandi (Cotoneaster granatensis), nangona le yokugqibela ihlukaniswe ngokuvelisa imbewu ezimbini kuphela ngesiqhamo kwaye inamaqabunga anomda opheleleyo, xa kuthelekiswa nomda we-serrated kunye nenani eliphezulu lembewu ye-guillomo.
Ixabiso lendalo, ukhuseleko kunye nezigrogriso
I-guillomo ingundoqo kwi-biodiversity ye-ikhosistim apho ikhula khona, ibonelela ngokutya kwiintaka ezininzi, izinambuzane ezihambisa ipoleni, kunye nezilwanyana ezincinci ezincancisayo. Iziqhamo zayo, eziphakamileyo kwiswekile kunye ne-bioactive compounds, zibaluleke kakhulu kwizilwanyana zasendle ngexesha lokuvuthwa, ukukhuthaza ukusabalalisa okusebenzayo kweentlobo kunye nokubuyela ngokwemvelo kwiindawo ezithotyiweyo okanye ezinzima-colonize.
Kwiindawo ezithile, njengeAndalusia, I-guillomo iphantsi kokhuseleko lomthetho Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwayo kwezinye iindawo kunye nezoyikiso ezivela kutshintsho lwendawo yokuhlala yendalo (ukutshintsha kokusetyenziswa komhlaba, ukulahlwa kwezityalo, ukuqina kwezolimo, okanye amahlathi angengowamthonyama), ngoko ke ibandakanyiwe kuLuhlu lweeNtlobo eziphantsi koKhuseleko oluKhethekileyo kwaye idweliswe "njengengozi ekufutshane (NT)" kuLuhlu oluBomvu lwe-Vascular Flora yaseAndalusia. Ulondolozo lwayo yinto ephambili phakathi kwesakhelo solawulo oluzinzileyo lwezityalo nezilwanyana zeMeditera.
Amelanchier ovalis Iyinxalenye yomanyano lweBerberidion vulgaris kwaye idlala indima yobuvulindlela ekuhlaziyweni ngokutsha kwezityalo kumathambeka kunye namathambeka avulekileyo, ngenxa yerusticity kunye neemfuno ezisezantsi zendalo.
Izigrogriso ezikhoyo ngoku kolu didi ziquka ukuguqulwa kokusetyenziswa komhlaba ngokwesithethe, ukuqhekeka kweendawo zokuhlala, ukwanda koxinzelelo lwezilwanyana ezitya utyani, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu, okunokuchaphazela ukudubula kweentyatyambo, ukukhula kwembewu, kunye nokuvuselelwa kwamatyholo amatsha.
I-guillomo ikwalihlakani elibalulekileyo kwiiprojekthi zokubuyisela indalo, ulawulo lokhukuliseko, kunye nokudalwa kweepaseji zezityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo ngenxa yokomelela kwayo kunye nokukwazi ukuzinza kumhlaba ongaselunxwemeni kunye namatye.
Iimpawu ezongezelelweyo ze-morphological kunye nomjikelo wobomi
Umjikelo wobomi be-guillomo Ilungelelaniswe ngokugqibeleleyo kwiindawo zeentaba zelizwekazi kunye nemozulu yeMeditera. Iqhakaza ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, imelana neqabaka ngamaxesha athile ngenxa yeenwele ezikhuselayo kumasebe amancinci kunye nangaphantsi kwamagqabi ayo. Emva komvumvuzelwano, iziqhamo zikhula ngexesha lasehlotyeni kwaye zivuthwe ekupheleni kwehlobo okanye ekuqaleni kokwindla, apho izilwanyana ezitya ukutya zinceda ukusasaza imbewu.
Iziqhamo ezitsha zinokuvunwa ngokuthe ngqo ukuba zisetyenziswe, okanye zomiswe ngelanga, eziphucula ubumnandi bazo kwaye zivumele ukuba zilondolozwe iinyanga, njengeediliya zasendle. I-guillomo ivelisa iziqhamo ngenani elikhulu lembewu (ukuya kuthi ga kwishumi), nangona ezinye zinokuthi zingabi nabantwana. Oku kufaka isandla kwimpumelelo yayo yokuzala kunye nokuphila kwiindawo ezingazinzanga.
Ukusuka kwimbono yebhayolojiI-guillomo yi-phanerophyte ene-woody (okanye i-nanophanerophyte xa imfutshane), oku kuthetha ukuba i-buds yayo eqhubekayo ifumaneka ngaphezu kwe-25 cm ngaphezu komhlaba, ukuyivumela ukuba imelane neemeko ezimbi kwaye ihlume rhoqo entwasahlobo. Ukunyamezela kwayo ukuchetywa kwamathuba athile kunye nokutyisa okuphakathi kuyenza ikwazi ukunyamezela kwiindawo ezinengca ezisezintabeni nakwiindawo ezivulekileyo.
Ngokumalunga nokusasaza, uhlobo luvelisa ngokufanelekileyo ukusuka kwimbewu, edla ngokufuna ixesha lokuhluma okubandayo ukuze kube lula ukuntshula. Inokuphinda-phinda-phinda ngokusikwa kwe-semi-woody, esetyenziswa kwii-nursery kunye nokulima ngokuhombisa. Ubunzima bembewu obuphakathi buphezulu xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iRosaceae, eyongeza oovimba bayo kwaye iququzelele ukuntshula nakwimihlaba ehlwempuzekileyo neyomileyo.
Ukhathalelo, ukulima kunye neengcebiso ze Amelanchier ovalis
I-guillomo luhlobo oluxhathisayo kunye neemfuneko ezimbalwa, ezilungele zombini iigadi zolondolozo oluphantsi kunye nokubuyiselwa kwendalo, ukwakhiwa kweeheji zokuhlala, izikrini zezityalo kunye nemida.
- Ukukhanya: Ikhetha ilanga eligcweleyo, nangona linyamezela umthunzi, ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezifudumele kakhulu zaseMeditera.
- Umhlaba: Iyaziqhelanisa nemihlaba eyahluka-hlukeneyo, nangona ifuna ukutsalwa kakuhle kwamanzi kwaye ikhula ngokugqibeleleyo kwisiseko okanye kwi-calcareous substrates, ene-pH engaphezulu kwe-6. Ikhula kakuhle kwimihlaba ehlwempuzekileyo kwi-nitrogen kunye nokoma okuphakathi, kwaye ayifane yamkele umhlaba onetyuwa okanye omanzi.
- Unkcenkceshelo: Kwiindawo ezinemvula eqhelekileyo, ikhula ngaphandle kobunzima, kodwa ehlobo elomileyo, ukunikezelwa kwamanzi ngeveki kuyacetyiswa, ngakumbi ngexesha leentyantyambo kunye nokutyebisa iziqhamo.
- Umbhalisi: Igalelo lonyaka lezinto eziphilayo, ngakumbi i-humus okanye umgquba ovuthiweyo ekupheleni kwekwindla okanye emva kweentyantyambo, zanele.
- Ukuprintwa: Ifuna kuphela ukuthenwa ebusika ukususa amasebe amadala okanye agulayo kwaye kukhuthaze amahlumela amatsha avelisayo.
- Ukuphindaphinda: Iqhutywa ngembewu, emva kokuhluthwa okubandayo, okanye ngokusikwa kwe-semi-woody ekwindla.
- Izibetho kunye nezifo: Iyakwazi ukumelana nezinambuzane nezifo. Ngamanye amaxesha, inokuba nokuhlaselwa kwentwala ehlotyeni eshushu, enokuthi ilawulwe ngamalungiselelo endalo okanye amayeza asekhaya.
Ekulingweni, Ukudubula kwayo entwasahlobo, umbala wasekwindla wamagqabi awo kunye nobuhle beziqhamo zayo yenza i-guillomo ibe yintlobo eziguquguqukayo kakhulu yolondolozo lwegadi kunye neeprojekthi ze-xeriscaping, ibonelela ngomdla obonakalayo unyaka wonke kunye neemfuno zolondolozo eziphantsi kakhulu.
Ngokwemveli, ukusetyenziswa kwe-ethnobotanical kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwe-guillomo
I-guillomo ibe sisityalo esisisiseko kubomi basemaphandleni kwiindawo ezininzi, kokubini ukusetyenziswa kwesondlo kunye neempawu zayo zonyango. Iziqhamo ezitsha, ezinevumba elimnandi, nezinencasa zazivunwa ngasekupheleni kwehlobo nasekuqaleni kwekwindla, zityiwe ngokuthe ngqo, zomiswe lilanga, okanye zisetyenziswe ekuveliseni iijam, iicompotes, izigcini, iisyrups, kunye neeliqueurs ezenziwe ekhaya. Isiqulatho sayo seswekile ephezulu kunye nencasa eyahlukileyo iyenza ixabiseke kakhulu, nangona imbewu eninzi inokukhathaza xa idliwe ngobuninzi.
La amaxolo kunye namasetyana amancinci Ziye zasetyenziswa kwi-infusions njenge-diuretic, ukukhulula izifo zezintso, kunye nokuxhasa iingxaki zesibindi esincinci okanye ukungalingani kwengcinezelo yegazi, yingakho i-guillomo yaziwa kwiindawo ezininzi njenge "isityalo sezintso." Kwiyeza lesintu, i-infusion ye-bark kunye ne-sodium bicarbonate yonyango oluqhelekileyo njenge-hypotensive, choleretic, kunye ne-anti-inflammatory. Amagqabi nawo asetyenzisiwe ekugaleleni ukunciphisa umkhuhlane kunye neentlungu ze-rheumatic, ngelixa incindi ibisetyenziswa ngaphandle njenge-antirheumatic.
Umthi oshinyeneyo, oqinileyo wawuluncedo kakhulu njengeenkuni okanye ekwenzeni izixhobo kunye nomtshayelo. Amasebe aguquguqukayo ayesetyenziselwa ukwenza imitshayelo, eyayisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekucoceni isanda apho kwakubhulwa khona ingqolowa.
Ukwahluka kwamagama adumileyo Igama elithi "guillomo" libubungqina bokusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi kunye nobukho bembali. Ngaphezulu kwamagama angama-40 asekuhlaleni abhalwe ngeSpanish (i-amelanchero, i-bellomera, i-bullomera, i-carrasquilla, i-hierba del vientre, i-criñolera, i-curruñé, i-guillomera, i-mellomino, i-milloma, njl.), Ukongeza kumagama amaninzi kwezinye iilwimi zasekhaya ze-Iberian Peninsula kunye neYurophu.
Kubalulekile ukubeka ingqalelo iimbewu, njengalezo zezinye iRosaceae, ziqulethe iikhompawundi ezinokukhupha i-cyanide ukuba idliwe ngokugqithiseleyo, ngoko ukusetyenziswa kweziqhamo kunye nembewu kufuneka kumodareyithwe xa kufakwe ngobuninzi.
Iimpawu zesondlo kunye neenzuzo zonyango ze-guillomo
Iziqhamo ze-guillomo Zizityebi ngakumbi kwiikhompawundi ze-bioactive kunye ne-antioxidants, zibenza zibe kukutya okusebenzayo komdla omkhulu wesondlo kuthintelo lwezifo kunye nokomeleza impilo jikelele:
- IiAnthocyanins: uxanduva lombala oluhlaza kakhulu wesiqhamo, kunye ne-antioxidant eyomeleleyo kunye namandla okuthintela ukuguga kwamaselula kunye nezifo zentliziyo.
- Phenolic acids, flavonols kunye flavonoids: kunye nesenzo esichasayo, imiphumo ye-vasoprotective kunye nokuthintela ukuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic.
- Iidihydrochalcones: Iikhompawundi ezinuka kamnandi ezikhoyo kumaqunube osapho lweRosaceae, kunye ne-pharmacological and antioxidant interest.
- IiTannins: nge-astringent kunye nokukhusela amandla e-intestinal tract, ngaphezu kokufaka isandla ekukhuseleni kwii-microorganisms ezithile.
- I-Ácido ascorbico (ivithamin C): kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwamajoni omzimba kunye ne-collagen synthesis.
Ezi zixhobo, ngokwemvelo zikhona kwi-guillomo berries, zisebenza kwi-synergy ukunika iziphumo eziluncedo ezifana ukunciphisa umngcipheko wesifo senhliziyo, ukukhuselwa kwiinkqubo ezivuthayo, ukuqiniswa kwamajoni omzimba kunye nokuthintela iintlobo ezithile zomhlaza, ngokutsho kobungqina obuvela kuphando lwezenzululwazi kwiziqhamo zendabuko zentsapho yaseRosaceae.
Ukusetyenziswa kwamayeza esintu kwe-guillomo, exhaswa yi-ethnobotany, ibandakanya:
- Isenzo seHypotensive: i-bark infusions ukulawula uxinzelelo lwegazi.
- Iimpawu zeDiuretic: ukupheliswa kolwelo kunye nokunceda kwizintso kunye nezigulo zesinyi.
- I-Choleretic kunye ne-astringent: njengoncedo kwi-digestion kunye neenkqubo zokucoca.
- Anti-ukudumba: I-infusions yamagqabi kunye ne-bark iluncedo kwi-gout kunye ne-rheumatism.
- I-Antipyretic: ukunciphisa umkhuhlane ngokufakwa kwamagqabi.
- Sap njenge-antirheumatic: Ukusetyenziswa kwezihloko kwiindawo ezibuhlungu.
I-guillomo, ukongeza kwixabiso layo lokuhombisa kunye ne-ecological, imele into ebalulekileyo kwisithethe se-ethnobotanical, inkcubeko yasemaphandleni, kunye nokugcinwa kwezinto eziphilayo zaseYurophu kunye neMeditera. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwendabuko kunye nokumodareyitha kuyindlela yokusondela kwiziqhamo zasendle kunye nezityalo zendalo ezityebisa ilifa lethu lendalo kunye ne-gastronomic, ngelixa lixhasa ukugcinwa kweendawo zokuhlala kunye nezenzo ezizinzileyo ezihlonipha indalo.
