Kulo Kuninzi okusemngciphekweni kwezolimo zanamhlanje.Ukuvelisa ukutya okusemgangathweni, ukunciphisa ilahleko, nokwenza oko ngendlela ehlonela indalo kunye nempilo yabantu, ngelixa kukhuthazwa ukuziqhelanisa nendalo kwimbalelaIngxaki kukuba izixhobo zeekhemikhali zemveli ziyancipha, zivelisa ukuchasana kwi-pathogens, kwaye, ngaphezu koko, azihambelani neemfuno ezintsha zokuzinza.
Kulo mxholo, I-elicitors yendalo iye yaba yenye yeempahla ezinkulu ukulawula izitshabalalisi, izifo, kunye noxinzelelo ngaphandle kokuthembela kakhulu kwizitshabalalisi zokwenziwa. Esikhundleni sokuyibulala ngokuthe ngqo i-pathogen, ezi zikhompawundi "ziqeqesha" isityalo, zisebenze inkqubo yaso yokukhusela kwaye zilungiselele ukuba ziphendule kakuhle kwi-fungi, iibhaktheriya, iintsholongwane, izinambuzane, okanye izinto ze-abiotic ezifana nembalela, ingqele, okanye ityuwa.
Ziziphi ii-elicitors zendalo kwaye kutheni zinomdla kakhulu?
Xa sithetha ngama-elicitors, sibhekisa kubo iimolekyuli ezikwaziyo ukuvuselela ukhuseleko lwangaphakathi lwezityaloZinokufumaneka kwiincindi zezityalo, i-fungi, ibhaktheriya, iindonga zeseli, i-metabolites yesibini, i-phytohormones, okanye i-inorganic compounds kunye ne-stimuli yomzimba. Ayizozichumisi eziqhelekileyo okanye imichiza yokungunda, nangona ezinye zikhona. imichiza yendalo yokungunda baqeshwe kwiibhedi zembewu kunye nolawulo lwendalo.
Kwiimeko zenza njengoko abalamli ekuqaphelisweni kwesityalo-pathogenBazibophezela kwii-receptors ezithile kwi-membrane ye-plasma kwaye, ukusuka apho, baqalise i-cascade yesignali echaphazela ukubonakaliswa kwamakhulu emfuza enxulumene nokukhusela. Umphumo uba yimeko “yokuphaphama kwamajoni omzimba” edla ngokudlulela ngaphaya kwendawo yokuqala yokusetyenziswa.
Ngokwemvelaphi yabo, ii-elicitors zihlala zihlelwa zibe iphela kwaye iphuma ngaphandleIikhompawundi ze-Endogenous ngamaqhekeza okanye iimolekyuli ezenziwe ngaphakathi kwesityalo ngokwaso, njengamaqhekeza odonga lweeseli ezikhutshwe emva komonakalo okanye uxinzelelo. Iikhompawundi zangaphandle zisuka kwiintsholongwane (amaqhekeza omngundo, ibhaktheriya, iintsholongwane), iimicroorganisms eziluncedo, iincindi zebhotani, okanye imichiza efakwe ngaphandle.
Enye inqobo esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo yindalo yayo: i-biotic kunye ne-abiotic elicitorsIzinto ze-Biotic ziquka i-carbohydrates eyinkimbinkimbi kwiindonga zeeseli, i-oligosaccharides, iiprotheni, i-enzymes, kunye ne-fatty acids njenge-arachidonic acid. Izinto ze-Abiotic ziquka iityuwa zentsimbi, imitha ye-UV, ubushushu obuphantsi, iikhompawundi ze-inorganic ezifana ne-sodium silicate, kunye neegesi ezinjenge-ozone kunye ne-CO₂.2 kunye nonyango lomzimba olufana nobushushu okanye ukukhanya kwepulsed.
Into ebalulekileyo kukuba, emva kwesenzo se-elicitor, isityalo singena kwisimo se Ukufumana ukuchasana kwenkqubo (SAR) okanye ukunyanzeliswa kwenkqubo yenkqubo (ISR)Kulo rhulumente, iindlela zokukhusela ziyasebenza okanye "zihlawulwe kwangaphambili," ukwenzela ukuba xa i-pathogen yangempela ifika, impendulo ikhawuleza, inamandla, kwaye isebenze ngakumbi, nakwizitho ezingakhange ziphathwe ngokuthe ngqo.
Indlela i-immunity eyenziwe ngayo isebenza: i-SAR, i-ISR, kunye neendlela eziphambili zehomoni
Ukhuseleko lwezityalo luhlelwe ngokwamanqanaba amabini aphambili: ukhuselo olulungiselelwe kwangaphambili (olumiselweyo) kunye nokhuselo olucetywayoI-preformed yezo zithintelo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali esele zize "standard": i-waxy cuticle, ubukhulu be-epidermis, i-trichomes, i-cuticle composition, iimpawu ze-stomata kunye ne-lentils, okanye ubukho bezinto ezifana ne-terpenes, i-alkaloids, i-phenols okanye i-saponins.
Ukukhusela okunyanzeliswayo kusebenze kuphela xa isityalo sibona ukuhlaselwa okanye ukuvuselela uxinzelelo. Ngelo xesha, into ebizwa I-hypersensitive reaction (HR), ukufa kweseli yendawo kwindawo yokusuleleka kwintsholongwane, eqhutyelwa utshintsho olukhawulezayo kwi-ion flow, i-phosphorylations / dephosphorylations kunye nokuveliswa okunamandla kweentlobo ze-oksijeni ezisebenzayo (ROS) ezifana ne-H.2O2 kunye ne-superoxide radical, kunye nokunyuka kwe-nitric oxide (NO).
Le ndlela yokusabela inciphisa ukuqhubela phambili kwe-pathogen kwaye ikhatshwa yi-synthesis ye I-Phytoalexins kunye nezinye i-metabolites ezikhuselayoEzi ziquka i-phenols, i-lignin, i-tannins, i-flavonoids, i-glucosinolates, i-glucanases, i-chitinases, i-lectins, i-terpenes, i-alkaloids, kunye ne-saponins, phakathi kwabanye. Kwizityalo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nezinambuzane, imixube ephazamisa ukukhula kwezinambuzane ezonakalisayo kunye nokuchuma nayo iyaqokelelana.
Abacebisi bathatha ithuba ngokuchanekileyo le nkqubo: Balinganisa ubukho bohlaselo ngaphandle kokuba i-pathogen ibangele umonakalo.Ngale ndlela, isityalo sivula iindlela zaso zokukhusela kwangaphambili kwaye sinciphisa ukuba sesichengeni saso kwixesha elizayo. Ngoko ke, kucetyiswa ukuba unyango olukhuthazayo lusetyenziswe ngaphambi kokuba i-pathogen ifike kwaye ilandelwe iingcebiso zokuphepha ukuhlaselwa kwezinambuzanehayi xa isifo sele simiselwe ngokupheleleyo.
I-Phytohormones idlala indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo yonke. Ezona ndlela zimbini zifundwe kakhulu zezo ze i-salicylic acid (SA) kunye ne-jasmonic acid (JA)Ezi zidibene ne-ethylene kwaye, kwiimeko zoxinzelelo lwe-abiotic, i-abscisic acid (ABA). I-AS idibene ngokusondeleyo ne-SAR, ngakumbi ngokuchasene ne-biotrophic pathogens; I-AJ kunye ne-ethylene zidibene ngakumbi nokukhusela kwi-necrotrophic pathogens kunye ne-herbivores.
Ibhalansi phakathi kweendlela zombini ibalulekile: Ukubonisa ngokugqithisileyo kwe-AS kunokwenza isityalo sibe sesichengeni ngakumbi kwizinambuzaneNgelixa ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwe-AJ kunokunciphisa ukuxhathisa kwiintsholongwane ezithile kunye nokohlwaya ukukhula, njengoko izixhobo ziphambukiselwa ekukhuseleni kunokuvelisa i-biomass.
Kungenxa yoko le nto iimveliso zorhwebo zesizukulwana esitsha, ngakumbi ezo zemveli zendalo, zenzelwe ukuba lungisa iindlela ze-AS, AJ kunye ne-ethylene ngendlela elungeleleneyoukufuna ukhuseleko lwehlabathi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa amandla okanye imveliso yesityalo.
Ubunzima ekusebenziseni i-elicitors: umthamo, umxube kunye nokusingqongileyo
Ukusebenzisa i-elicitors akukho lula njengokufaka i-fungicide yoqhagamshelwano kunye nokulibala ngayo. Ukuze basebenze ngokufanelekileyo, amanyathelo athile okhuseleko abalulekile. lungisa umthamo kunye nexesha lesicelo ngokuchanekileyoIdosi ephantsi kakhulu ayinakuvula ukhuseleko ngokwaneleyo, kwaye idosi ephezulu kakhulu inokubangela impendulo engalinganiyo ebeka esichengeni ukukhula okanye ibangele i-phytotoxicity.
Kwakhona kufuneka sicinge ngezo zinto ukuhambelana nezinye iimveliso kwinkqubo yolawuloEzinye ii-elicitors zinokuphulukana nokusebenza ukuba zixutywe kunye ne-pesticides okanye izichumisi ezithile, okanye ngokuchaseneyo, zinokuphazamisa isenzo solunye unyango. Ukujonga iileyibhile, ukwenza iimvavanyo zokuqala, kunye nokufuna iingcebiso zobuchwepheshe kungundoqo ziphephe izinambuzane kwizityalo kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle.
Las Iimeko zokusingqongileyo ngexesha lonyango zinempembelelo enkuluIqondo lobushushu, ukufuma okunxulumeneyo, ukusasazeka kwemitha yelanga, kunye nobume bamanzi esityalo buchaphazela ukufunxwa, ukuhanjiswa, kunye nokusabela ngokwasemzimbeni. Imveliso efanayo inokuvelisa iziphumo ezigqwesileyo kumxholo omnye kunye neziphumo eziphakathi komnye ukuba ezi ziguquguqukayo azithathelwa ngqalelo.
Ukulandelela kubalulekile ngokufanayo. Ngokufanelekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwee-elicitors kufuneka kukhatshwe luhlolo olulungileyo. ukubeka iliso okubonakalayo kunye, apho kunokwenzeka, uhlalutyo lwebhubhoratri ukujonga utshintsho kwi-metabolites ekhuselayo, i-antioxidant enzymes, okanye imilinganiselo yomgangatho. Oku kwenza kube lula ukulungelelanisa idosi, ukuphindaphinda, kunye nokudibanisa nezinye izenzo zolawulo.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba i-elicitors ayiyontonga yomlingo: Kwiimeko zoxinzelelo olunzulu okanye ulawulo olunganelanga, ukhuseleko lwendalo luyanciphaIikhemikhali ze-agrochemicals zokwenziwa ngokugqithisileyo, utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwiqondo lobushushu kunye nokufuma, ukusasazeka kwemitha egqithisileyo, okanye isomiso esiqatha sinokoyisa amandla okhuselo lomzimba wezityalo kunye nokunciphisa ukusebenza kwaso nasiphi na isicwangciso sokuxhathisa.
Izivuzi zendalo ngaphambi nasemva kokuvuna: ukuphuculwa komgangatho kunye nolondolozo
Ngaphandle kolawulo oluthe ngqo lwezifo ngexesha lomjikelo wezityalo, ii-elicitors zibonakalise ukuba zizixhobo ezinomdla kakhulu ukwandisa umxholo we-phytochemical compounds kunye nokuphucula ukulondolozwa emva kokuvunaUphando oluninzi lwezenzululwazi luphonononge isiphumo salo xa sisetyenziswa endle kwaye ngqo kwiziqhamo esele zivuniwe.
Kwi cherry, umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwangaphambili kokuvuna i-oxalic acid (OA) kwiindidi ezinjenge-'Sweet Heart' kunye 'neSweet Late'Isetyenziswe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo (0,5, 1 kunye ne-2 mM) ngexesha eliphambili lokuphuhliswa kweziqhamo (ukuqina kwamatye, ukuqala kokutshintsha kombala kunye nokuqala kokuvuthwa), i-AO yandisa ubukhulu, umthamo kunye nobunzima be-cherries, kunye nokuphucula umbala kunye nokuqina, kunye ne-2 mM ibe yeyona dose isebenzayo.
Olu hlobo lonyango lukwakhokelele ekubeni a umxholo owandisiweyo we-bioactive compounds kunye ne-antioxidant enamandla Ngexesha lokuvuna, isiqhamo sinamanqanaba aphezulu e-anthocyanins, i-flavonoids, kunye ne-chlorogenic acid derivatives. Uninzi lwezi khompawundi zinxulumene ngokuthe ngqo kwisibheno esibonakalayo sesiqhamo kunye neenzuzo zempilo kumthengi.
Kwiiplums zeentlobo ezinje nge 'Black Splendor' kunye ne 'Royal Rosa', i-oxalic acid kunye nezinye ii-elicitors zendalo ezifana i-methyl jasmonate (JaMe), i-salicylic acid (AS), i-acetylsalicylic acid (AAS) kunye ne-methyl salicylate (SaMe) Bakwabonise iziphumo ezincumisayo. Ziye zasetyenziswa kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ophuhliso kunye nakwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokugxila, emva koko zikhetha eyona isebenzayo yomgangatho kunye nohlalutyo lwephytochemical.
Olu phononongo luqwalasele a ukwanda kwemveliso kunye nokuphuculwa kweeparamitha zomgangatho (ubunzima, ukuqina, umbala, izinto eziqinileyo ezinyibilikayo, kunye neasidi iyonke) ngexesha lokuvuna nasemva kwexesha elide logcino olubandayo. Ukongezelela, amanqanaba aphezulu e-phenols epheleleyo, i-anthocyanins, i-carotenoids, kunye ne-ascorbic acid igcinwe, kunye nemisebenzi emikhulu ye-antioxidant enzymes efana ne-peroxidase (POX), i-catalase (CAT), kunye ne-ascorbate peroxidase (APX).
Kwiartichokes, ukusetyenziswa kwangaphambili kokuvunwa kwe-AO kunye ne-JaMe kwiindidi ze-'Blanca de Tudela' zineziphumo ezifanayo: ipesenti ephezulu yeentloko zodidi lokuqalaUkonyuka kwento yonke ye-antioxidant kunye nomxholo ophezulu we-hydroxycinnamic acids kunye ne-luteolins zabonwa ekuvuneni nangexesha lokugcinwa okubandayo. Ikhompawundi ethile, i-luteolin 7-O-glucuronide 3-O-glucoside, yaze yachongwa okokuqala kwi-artichokes.
I-Methyl jasmonate, ngokukodwa, ibonise ukuziphatha okunomdla: Awona maqondo asezantsi (0,5 mM) ancede ukucotha ukuvuthwa kunye nokuncipha kobunzima Ekuphatheni iiplums emva kokuvuna, iidosi ze-2 mM ziye zanciphisa imveliso ye-ethylene kunye nokuphefumla, ngelixa iidosi ze-2 mM zikhawuleza inkqubo yokuvuthwa. Oku kubonisa ukuba ithamo aliphembeleli kuphela ubunzulu bempendulo yokhuselo kodwa nakwifiziyoloji yokuvuthwa.
Unyango lwangaphambi kokuvuna kunye ne-AS, i-AAS kunye ne-SaMe kwimithi yeplamu nayo iphucule umgangatho: ukuqina okukhulu, ubunzima obuninzi kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-acids eziphilayo kunye neswekilekunye neephenols kunye ne-anthocyanins (ezifana ne-cyanidin 3-O-glucoside kunye ne-cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside) kunye ne-carotenoids. Ngexesha lokugcinwa, ezi ziqhamo ziphathwayo zigcina umbala wazo, i-asidi, kunye neekhompawundi ze-bioactive ngcono.
Ii-elicitors zasemva kokuvuna ukunciphisa ilahleko kunye nenkunkuma yemichiza
Enye yezona zinto zixhalabisayo namhlanje kukuba Phantse isiqingatha semveliso yehlabathi yeziqhamo nemifuno siyalahleka emva kokuvunwa.Umngundo ngoyena nobangela wale lahleko. Imichiza yokungunda yokwenziwa ngokwesiko ibisetyenziswa ukulawula izifo ngexesha lokugcinwa, kodwa ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwezi mveliso kukhokelela ekuxhathiseni, iintsalela ekutyeni, nakwiingxaki zokusingqongileyo.
Izazi zebhayoloji ziye zafumana ukuvelela njengoko iqhinga elingenabungozi lokuvula inkqubo yokhuselo lwesiqhamo emva kokuvunaXa isetyenziswe kunyango lokucwiliswa, iingubo, i-nebulization, okanye i-atmospheres eguqulwayo, inokubangela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-antimicrobial kunye ne-antioxidant ye-metabolites yesibini, ukunciphisa iziganeko zezifo kunye nokwandisa ubomi beshelufu; uninzi lwezi ndlela ezizezinye zibandakanyiwe ekuhlanganiseni amayeza esintu ehambelanayo.
Phakathi kweemetabolites ezibangelwayo, ezi zilandelayo zivelele: iikhompawundi phenolic, flavonoids, lignin kunye phytoalexinsEzi enzymes zomeleza isakhiwo sodonga lweeseli, ukunciphisa ukungena kwe-pathogen, kunye nokuphucula umthamo we-antioxidant jikelele. Kwangaxeshanye, umsebenzi wee-enzyme eziphambili ezifana ne-phenylalanine ammonia lyase, i-superoxide dismutase, i-peroxidase, kunye ne-polyphenol oxidase iye yanda, icotha i-lipid peroxidation ye-membrane kunye noxinzelelo lwe-oxidative oluhambelana nosulelo.
Iziqhamo zibhaqa iintsholongwane i-recognition receptors kwi-plasma membraneEzi nkqubo zibangela ukuveliswa kwe-ROS, ukusebenza kweeprotheyini ze-G, i-ubiquitin, i-kinases, i-calcium signaling, kunye nenethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yamahomoni kunye nezinto ezibhaliweyo. Konke oku kudibana kulawulo lwejene lokhuselo, uninzi lwazo zichongiwe ngenxa yetekhnoloji ye-omics.
Izifundo ze-Transcriptomic kunye ne-metabolomic kwi-avocado ephathwa ngayo chitosan njenge-elicitor Babonise ukusebenza kweendlela ezininzi ze-metabolic: impendulo yoxinzelelo, ukuhanjiswa komqondiso, i-phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, kunye nokunyuka kwe-metabolites yesibini echaphazelekayo ekuchaseni i-Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Izifundo ezifanayo kwi-mandarin ephathwe nge-cyclic lipopeptides esuka kwi-Bacillus subtilis ibonise ukuqokelela okukhulu kweekhompawundi ze-bioactive.
Ii-elicitors ezahlukeneyo ziye zavavanywa kwezinye iziqhamo: I-Oligochitosan, i-salicylic acid, kunye ne-yeast Pichia membranaefaciens Ziye zaboniswa ukuba zibangele indlela ye-phenylpropanoid, ejongene ne-biosynthesis ye-polymers yesakhiwo kunye ne-pigments ekhuselayo. Iimvubelo ezichasayo ezifana ne-Pichia guillermondi okanye i-Kloeckera apiculata, esetyenziswe kwi-plums, ilawule ngempumelelo i-Monilinia fructicola, ngelixa ivuselela ukuveliswa kwe-lignin, i-flavonoids kunye ne-phenols.
Iiarhente zolawulo lwebhayoloji yohlobo I-Bacillus nayo inendima ebalulekileyoIintlobo ezifana ne-Bacillus atrophaeus TE7 ziye zafikelela kwi-biocontrol efficacies edlula i-85% kwimango ngokuchasene neCladosporium cladosporioides, ngelixa i-Bacillus subtilis ABS-S14, ngokusebenzisa i-lipopeptides yayo ye-cyclic, ilawula ngokufanelekileyo isikhunta esiluhlaza kwi-mandarin kwaye ibangele ukubonakaliswa kwejene ezinxulumene ne-ROS, kunye ne-CaSAR,2+ kunye no-ABA.
Ukongeza kwiikhompawundi eziphilayo, oku kulandelayo kuye kwavavanywa: iipolysaccharides zendalo ezifana ne-chitosan, fructooligosaccharides, carrageenans, fucans okanye agave fructansZonke ezi zibonise iziphumo ezilungileyo ekulawuleni izifo ezifana ne-anthracnose kwi-avocado. Ezinye i-metabolites ezifana ne-epicatechin, i-quercetin, i-oyile efunekayo, kunye ne-antimicrobial peptides (i-mytichitin-CB, i-epsilon-poly-L-lysine) ibonise ukusebenza kakuhle kwiitamatisi ze-cherry, ii-apula kunye ne-strawberries.
Los ii-elicitors ezingaphili kunye neegesi eziphuma ngaphandle Kwaye azikho ngasemva: i-silicon, i-sodium carbonate, i-CO2I-ozone okanye i-nitrous oxide ibonakaliswe ukuphucula uxinzelelo kunye nokuphendula kwezifo kwi-mandarin, iidiliya, i-jujubes, i-melon kunye nezinye iziqhamo. Kwimeko ye-CO22Ngokomzekelo, kuboniswe ukuba kusebenze izakhi zofuzo ezinxulumene noxinzelelo lwe-abiotic kunye nokunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kwe-enzymes ehlisa udonga lweseli, ukwandisa ukuqina kunye nobomi beshelufu yesiqhamo.
Kwinqanaba lomzimba, uninzi lwezi zonyango zikhuthaza utshintsho olunzulu kumandla kunye ne-oxidative metabolismIzifundo zeproteomic kwi-mitochondria yeziqhamo eziphathwayo zityhila utshintsho kwiiproteni ezibopha isinyithi, i-ATPases, i-oxidoreductases kunye ne-enzymes ye-glycolytic kunye ne-tricarboxylic acid cycle, zenza uthungelwano lokusebenzisana oluqinisa ukuxhathisa ngelixa kugcinwa ukulingana kwamandla.
I-Elicitors kwi-turfgrass kunye nezityalo ezinzulu: i-phosphites kunye neehomoni eziphambili
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-elicitors akuphelelanga kwimithi yeziqhamo okanye imifuno. Kwakhona kuye kwaqatshelwa ukuba ziyasebenza kwimidlalo kunye ne-ornamental turf. Ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kweenkqubo zokhuselo lwendalo kubalulekile. ukumelana nokuhlaselwa komngundo, iibhaktheriya, iintsholongwane, i-nematodes kwaye, kwangaxeshanye, ukujamelana nezinto ze-abiotic ezifana neqabaka, imbalela, ubutyuwa okanye ubushushu obugqithisileyo.
Kwezi nkqubo zengca, ukhuselo lusebenza kumanqanaba amabini: elinye impendulo esebenzayo esekelwe kwizithintelo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali (i-cuticle, udonga lweseli, i-terpenes, i-alkaloids, i-phenols, njl.) kunye nempendulo ye-passive edityaniswe kwi-Local and Systemic Resistance. I-Elicitors, eveliswa sisityalo ngokwayo ekuphenduleni uxinzelelo okanye isetyenziswe ngaphandle, ibangela ezi mpendulo.
Enye ye-elicitors eyaziwa kakhulu kwi-lawn yi iphosphite (HPO)3-2)Idume ngokuvuselela ukwakheka kweephytoalexins ezinxulumene ne-terpenes, alkaloids, kunye ne-phenols, inesiphumo esiphawuleka ngakumbi ngokuchasene ne-oomycete fungi njengePhytophthora kunye nePythium. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuye kwasekwa njengenxalenye yezicwangciso zokulawula ezihlakaniphile zokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwimichiza yokungunda eqhelekileyo.
Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, oku kulandelayo kuye kwachongwa ezinye iimolekyuli ezinomsebenzi we-elicitor engceniezifana ne-salicylic acid, i-jasmonic acid, i-ethylene, kunye ne-abscisic acid. La mahomoni alawula ukubonakaliswa kofuzo kwiiprotheni ezinxulumene ne-pathogenesis (PR), ezibandakanyeka ekukhuseleni kumngundo, ibhaktheriya, iintsholongwane, kunye nokuba. nematodes.
Inqanaba lokuqala lempendulo yoxinzelelo kwi-turfgrass yindawo yendawo, ehambelana ne Ukwenziwa kweephytoalexins kwi-enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL)Ukunyuka kwe-PAL kudibaniswa nokuchasana okukhulu ngokubanzi. Okwesibini, inqanaba lenkqubo libandakanya ukusebenza kweejene ze-PR ezisasazwa kuso sonke isityalo, ubukhulu becala zidityaniswe ne-salicylic acid, njengoko kuchaziwe kwizifundo ezininzi ze-physiological.
Phantsi kweemeko zoxinezeleko oluqatha—imbalela ixesha elide, ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwemichiza yezolimo, okanye ukuguquguquka okunamandla kwamaqondo obushushu—inkqubo yokhuselo lomthi ibuthathaka. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, Iimveliso ze-Elicitor kunye ne-biostimulant ziba luncedo oluyimfuneko ukubuyisela ibhalansi, ukunciphisa umonakalo, kunye nokugcina ukudlala kunye nokubonakala okubonakalayo kwemifuno, i-tee, okanye amabala ebhola.
I-BestCure kunye nezinye iifom zentengiso ezisekelwe kwi-extracts zendalo
Uninzi lwezinto ezintsha ezitsha kwimpilo yezityalo zijikeleze imixube edibanisayo umsebenzi ngqo biocidal amandla elicitorOmnye umzekelo yi-BestCure, ephuhliswe kwiincindi ze-citrus ezisebenza ngeendlela ezimbini: zilawula ngokuthe ngqo ezinye izifo ze-fungal kunye ne-bacterial kwaye, ngaxeshanye, zisebenze ukhuseleko lwendalo lwesityalo.
Ezi ntlobo zeemveliso ziyilelwe ukungaphazamisi imveliso yebhayomass okanye isivunoOku kungenxa yokuba bamodareyitha, ngendlela elungeleleneyo, iindlela zehomoni ezibandakanyekayo ekukhuseleni nasekukhuleni. Kwimeko ethile ye-BestCure, ukukwazi kwayo ukwenza zombini i-Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR), exutywe nge-salicylic acid, kunye ne-Systemic Induced Resistance (SIR), edibene ne-jasmonic acid kunye ne-ethylene, ichazwe.
Ukudibanisa kwe-SAR kunye ne-ISR ivumela a ukhuseleko olubanzi kwi-biotrophic kunye ne-necrotrophic pathogenskwakunye nempendulo ephuculweyo kwizinambuzane ezitya utyani. Ngaphaya koko, ngokuvula ngokwenkqubo iindlela zokuzikhusela, izityalo "zilungele" usulelo oluzayo, kunye nefuthe elincitshisiweyo kuhlaselo olutsha ngalunye.
Yintoni enomdla malunga nalo mgca wemveliso kukuba Zingena kakuhle kakhulu kwiinkqubo zolawulo ezihlangeneyo kunye nezolimo oluzinzileyoBavumela ukuncitshiswa kweedosi zezitshabalalisi eziqhelekileyo, ukuphucula ukunyamezela uxinzelelo, kunye nokwandisa umgangatho kunye nobomi basemva kokuvuna kweemveliso, ngelixa ugcina amanqanaba aphezulu e-bioactive compounds enenzuzo kwimpilo yabantu.
Ukuphuhliswa kolu qulunqo luxhaswa ngumthamo omkhulu wophando, olubonakaliswe kwi Amanqaku kunye nophononongo lwezenzululwazi ngendima ye-elicitors ekukhuselweni kwezityaloukusuka kwimbono ye-physiological kunye ne-molecular. Uphononongo kwiijenali ezinempembelelo ephezulu ziye zangena kwiziphumo zayo kwi-gene expression, i-fruit metabolomics, kunye ne-plant-microorganism interactions, kunye namandla ayo okukhusela izityalo ezizinzileyo.
Bonke obu bungqina bubonisa ukuba ii-elicitors zendalo—nokuba zizicatshulwa zebhotani, iipolysaccharides, iihomoni zezityalo, ii-microorganisms eziluncedo, iigesi, okanye i-inorganic compounds—zinika imveliso Indlela eqinileyo yokomeleza amajoni omzimba ezityalo kunye nokuphucula umgangatho, isivuno kunye nokugcinwaUkusetyenziswa kwayo okuchanekileyo, kunye neengcebiso zobuchule, ukulungiswa kwethamo, intlonipho yeemeko zokusingqongileyo kunye nokuhambelana nezinye izenzo zolawulo, kuvumela ukuncitshiswa kokusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali zokwenziwa kunye nenkqubela phambili ebhekiselele kulimo oluzinzileyo, olunenzuzo nolungasingqongileyo.
