Iimpawu zeAlder (Alnus glutinosa)
IAlder (Alnus glutinosa), eyaziwa ngokuba black alder, alno, mulatto poplar o i-humersngu- umthi onqabileyo Iphakathi ukuya enkulu, yosapho lweBetulaceae. Yaziwa ngokubanzi ngendima yayo kwi-ikholoji kwi-ikhosistim yonxweme kwaye ubukho bayo bunwenwela kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kwintshona ye-Asiya, nakumntla-ntshona we-Afrika.
El ucango Umthi we-alder uqhelekile ubuhle, kunye nesithsaba se-conical okanye i-pyramidal xa uselula, esikhula njengoko sikhula. Inokufikelela I-8 ukuya kwi-25 yeemitha ukuphakama, ngokukodwa ukufikelela kwiimitha ezingama-30 phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo. Yalo khonkotha Intsundu emnyama ukuya kutsho ngwevu ngombala, irhabaxa kwaye inamaxolo xa sele ikhulile, kwaye amasebe athanda ukukhula phantse ngokuthe tye, nto leyo enika uphawu olucacileyo kunye nesilhouette eyahlukileyo.
La iinkuni zealder Ibalasele ngokumelana kwayo namanzi, indlovu-mhlophe ngombala xa isikiwe, kodwa ijike ibebomvu okanye i-orenji ekuhambeni kwexesha. Lo mgangatho ngokwembali wenze ukuba uxatyiswe kakhulu ekwenziweni kwemibhobho esebenza ngoxinzelelo lwegazi, iingqumba, kunye nezakhiwo eziphantsi kwamanzi, njengoko kunjalo kwiziseko ezininzi zezixeko ezakhiwe phezu kwamanzi.
El inkqubo yeengcambu Inzulu kwaye yomelele, ifikelela kwiimitha ezi-4. Ilungelelaniswe ukuba ibambelele ngokuqinileyo kumhlaba ofumileyo nkqu namanzi, iwuvumela ukuba uqinise umhlaba kwaye unciphise ukhukuliseko kwiindonga zemilambo namachibi. Ukongeza, i-alder ikhula amaqhuqhuva kwiingcambu zawo apho iibhaktheriya ezikwaziyo ukulungisa initrogen esemoyeni zibanjwa, zinegalelo ekuchumeni komhlaba.
Amagqabi, iintyatyambo kunye neziqhamo
Las amagqabi ze alder zi ilula, iyatshintshana, ingqukuva okanye ngamanye amaxesha i-obovate okanye efana nentliziyo, 4 ukuya kwi-14 cm ubude kwaye ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10 cm ububanzi. Zahlulwe ngokwazo Umda ocoliweyo okanye onamazinyo aphindwe kabini kunye nencopho echongiweyo eqhelekileyo okanye enotshi. Umphezulu uluhlaza oqaqambileyo, ngelixa umzantsi, ngakumbi kumagqabi amatsha, unokuziva kancinci uncamathele kwaye ube neenwele emithanjeni. Ngexesha lasentwasahlobo, zinemibala e-orenji-tyheli, zijika zibe luhlaza ehlotyeni, kwaye ziwe ngasekupheleni kwekwindla.
El Inkqubo yeentyatyambo I-alder iveliswa phambi kokuhluma kwegqabi, okukhokelela kunikezelo olunemibala kunye nolwahlukileyo. Nazi iintyatyambo zobudoda kunye nemazi kumthi omnye (iintlobo ze-monoecious):
- Las iintyatyambo zobudoda vuka ungene ukuxhoma i-catkins ukusuka kwi-5 ukuya kwi-10 cm ubude, kunye nombala omthubi okanye obomvu.
- Las iintyatyambo zasemazi Zincinci, ziqokelelwe ngokwamaqela ezi-3 ukuya ku-5, zingqukuva kwaye zilumke ngakumbi, ziveza umbala obomvu-mdaka xa zivuthiwe.
Emva kokudluliselwa kwepoleni, i iziqhamo Baphuhla ngendlela ye i-strobili enemithi (iicones) ezilinganisa i-1 ukuya kwi-2 cm, zikhumbuza i-conifer pine cones, nangona zincinci. Xa sele zikhulile, ezi cones zimnyama ziyaqhekeka kwaye zikhuphe imbewu eninzi enamaphiko, elungiselelwe ukusasazwa ngumoya okanye ngamanzi.
Indawo yokuhlala kunye nosasazo lwejografi
El UAlnus glutinosa Ngumthi womfuziselo wemigxobhozo kunye nonxweme lwemilambo, ibe a iintlobo zoovulindlela kwi-colonization yeendawo ezinemihlaba enamanzi okanye ixesha elide lokufuma. Indawo yayo yokusabalalisa ibandakanya IYurophu, uninzi lwentshona yeAsia kunye nomntla-ntshona weAfrikaIqhelekile kumahlathi egalari, eyaziwa ngokuba alder groves, apho ihlala khona kunye nemithi yothuthu, iingcungcu, iipopulari kunye neelms.
Iphuhlisa ngokukhethwayo kwi umhlaba we-siliceous, acidic okanye ongathathi hlangothi, kwaye ininzi kakhulu kwiindawo eziphakathi kweentaba kunye neentlambo zemilambo, ukusuka kwinqanaba lolwandle ukuya kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezikufutshane ne-1.700 yeemitha. Ubukho bayo buyancipha kakhulu kwimimandla eyomileyo okanye ephawulekayo yeMeditera, kwaye isenokungabikho kwiindawo zeziqithi ezijikeleze iMeditera.
Ukubaluleka kwendalo kunye nemisebenzi yokusingqongileyo
I-alder luhlobo olusisiseko lwe imixokelelwano yendalo engaselunxwemeni ngezizathu ezininzi:
- Ukulungiswa kwenitrogen: Ngokusebenzisa i-symbiosis kunye neebhaktheriya ezingcanjini zayo, iwutyebisa umhlaba, iphucula uphuhliso lwezinye iintlobo zezityalo kunye nemveliso yendalo esingqongileyo. Unokufunda ngakumbi ngemithi ekwaziyo ukumelana namanzi agqithisileyo.
- Ukugcina umhlaba kunye nokuthintela ukhukuliseko: Iingcambu zawo ezinzulu ziwubambe umhlaba kwaye zikhusela iindonga ekukhukulisekeni kwamanzi.
- Ukudalwa kwendawo yokuhlala: Amahlathi ayo abonelela ngeentaka, izilwanyana ezanyisayo, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana ezibonakala kwindawo efumileyo.
- Ukubuyiselwa kobume bomhlaba kunye nokubuyiselwa komlambo: Isetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokubuyisela indalo ngokukhula kwayo ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuxhathisa.
Kwiindawo ezithile, amagqabi awo kunye neziqhamo eziwileyo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekondleni izilwanyana zasemanzini nasekubunjweni komhlaba.
Ukhathalelo lweAlder (Alnus glutinosa)
El ialder Ixabiswa zombini njengomthi wokuhombisa kwiigadi kunye neentlobo eziphambili zokubuyiselwa kokusingqongileyo. Ukukhula okufanelekileyo kolu didi, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ezi zinto zilandelayo:
Indawo kunye nokuvezwa
Ikhetha enye ukukhanya kwelanga ngokupheleleyo o semi-isithunziNangona inyamezela amaqondo obushushu, ukukhula kwayo okugqibeleleyo kwenzeka imimandla eshushu apho imihlaba igcina ukufuma phantse unyaka wonke. Fumana elona xesha lilungileyo lokutyala ukwandisa uphuhliso kunye nonyamezelo lwabo.
Uhlobo lomhlaba
I-alder ibonisa ukuguquguquka okuphezulu, kodwa iphuhlisa kakhulu umhlaba ofumileyo, onzulu, otyebileyo, otyebileyo kwizinto eziphilayo kunye nekalika encinciAyichumi kumhlaba owomileyo okanye kumhlaba oxinene kakhulu okanye onecalcareous kakhulu.
Unkcenkceshelo
Ukufuma rhoqo ngundoqoI-Alder idinga ukunkcenkceshela okuninzi, ngakumbi ngexesha lokutyala kunye nokusekwa, kunye namaxesha omileyo. Kubalulekile ukuba umhlaba ungaze wome ngokupheleleyo ukunqanda umonakalo kunye noxinzelelo lomzimba. Kwizityalo zokuhombisa kunye nezincinci, ukunkcenkceshela kufuneka kube nzulu kwaye rhoqo. Ukuba ityalwe kufuphi namanzi, ukunkcenkceshela rhoqo kunokuncitshiswa emva kokukhula kweengcambu.
Ukuchumisa
Nangona i-alder ihlala iphucula umhlaba ngokwawo, Iisampulu ezincinci zinokuzuza kwizichumisi eziphilayo Kumanqanaba okuqala, afana ne-compost okanye i-mulch, ngakumbi kwimihlaba ehluphekileyo. Kamva, ukuchumisa kunokwenziwa kuphela kwiimeko ezithile. Umaleko we-organic mulch unceda ukugcina ukufuma kwaye wondle umthi, ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwawo kunye nokunciphisa ukhuphiswano lokhula.
Ukuthena
Alder ayifuni ukuthenwa rhoqo, njengoko ukukhula kwayo kwemvelo kulungelelana. Noko ke, ukuphungulwa kwamasebe awomileyo, awonakeleyo, okanye anqamlezileyo kunokwenziwa ukuze kuphuculwe umoya wokuphefumla, ukuvumela ukukhanya kudlule, nokukhuthaza ukukhula kwamahlumela amatsha. Ukuthena kufuneka kwenziwe ngezixhobo ezicocekileyo, ukusika ngokucocekileyo kunye nokusebenzisa i-nxeba sealant xa kuyimfuneko ukunciphisa umngcipheko wezifo zokungunda.
Izifo kunye nezitshabalalisi
Ngumthi ngokubanzi ukumelana nezifo kunye nezinambuzane, kodwa inokuchaphazeleka yifungi yohlobo Phytophthora, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezisingqongileyo ezinamanzi amileyo okanye umhlaba oxineneyo. Ukukhetha indawo efanelekileyo, kunye nokuthenwa kokuthintela, kunciphisa lo mngcipheko.
Ukuchasa kunye nokuphila ixesha elide
I-alder ngumthi rustic kwaye iyawanyamezela amaqondo obushushu aphantsi, nangona ubude bayo beminyaka yokuphila bunqabile ukuba budlule inkulungwane phantsi kweemeko zendalo, kunye nemizekelo ekhethekileyo eyenza oko. Ukukwazi kwayo ukukhula kwakhona kwiziphunzi kunye nokomelela kweengcambu zayo kuyenza ibe ngumdlali ophambili kuhlaziyo lwamahlathi kunye nokubuyiselwa kwendalo. Unokubuza malunga nemithi emide.
Ukusasazwa kunye nokuphindaphinda
Zimbini iindlela eziphambili zoku Ukusasaza i-alder:
- Ngembewu: Iicones ezikhulileyo zikhupha imbewu enokuthi iqokelelwe kwaye ityalwe entlakohlaza kumhlaba omanzi, okhululekileyo. Ukuhluma kukhawuleza kwaye kuphezulu kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo.
- Ngokusikwa kwemithi: Ukutyala emva kokuba ingozi yeqabaka idlulile ukuqinisekisa ukumiliselwa kweengcambu ngendlela eyiyo yemizekelo emitsha.
Ukuveliswa kweVegetative nakho kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokukwazi ukuhluma ngamandla ukusuka kwisiseko xa i-trunk eyintloko yonakalisiwe okanye inqunywe.
Ukusetyenziswa kweAlder (Alnus glutinosa)
I-alder inayo ukusetyenziswa ezininzi zemveli kunye zangoku:
- Iinkuni: Ngenxa yokunganyangeki kwamanzi kunye nokulula komsebenzi, isetyenziselwa ukuchwela, ukwakhiwa kweemfumba, imigqomo, izixhobo, iithoyi kunye nemisebenzi yezandla. Umthi wawusetyenziselwa iziseko zezakhiwo zehydraulic kwaye, kumaxesha amandulo, kwiintsika kwizixeko ezakhiwe phezu kwemijelo.
- Iidayi: Ixolo elityebileyo ngetannin livelisa iidayi ezibomvu zesikhumba kunye noboya, ngelixa amagqabi kunye namasebe ekwazi ukunika imibala eluhlaza namdaka.
- Amayeza esintu: I-bark infusion isetyenziswe njenge-astringent ukunyanga urhudo, ulusu olumdaka, kunye ne-topally yokuhlamba umlomo, ukudumba komqala, kunye nokuphilisa amanxeba. Amagqabi amatsha ayeqatywa kwiipilisi zokunyanga amanxeba anenkani okanye ukudumba kolusu.
- Ukuhonjiswa nokuhombisa umhlaba: Isetyenziswa kwiipaki, iigadi, ulungelelwaniso lwasemaphandleni, kunye nokubuyiselwa komhlaba. Iziqu zayo ezininzi, amahlamvu anomtsalane, kunye neentyantyambo zasebusika eziqaqambileyo ziyenza ibe ngumthi okhethekileyo kwiindawo ezifumileyo.
Iindidi ezifakiweyo kunye nemihlanganiselwa
Phakathi kweentlobo ze-alder emnyama, ezi zilandelayo zivelele: Alnus glutinosa 'Aurea', ngokukhula okuphakathi kunye namagqabi a-orenji-mthubi entwasahlobo ajika abe luhlaza ngokukhanyayo ehlotyeni. Ikwazi ukumelana nezifo kakhulu, ifanelekile kwizitiya ezincinci ezifumileyo kwaye ibalasele ngecanopy yayo ekhanyayo. Ezinye ii-subspecies kunye neentlobo ze-genus Alnus zibandakanya IAlnus Neapolitan okanye iAlnus cordataUkuguquguquka kwezi ntlobo kubenza baxabiseke kwizinto zombini kunye nokubuyiselwa kokusingqongileyo, kunye neemfuno zomhlaba kunye nokufuma okufana nezo ze-alder eziqhelekileyo.
I-Alder kwinkcubeko kunye nesimboli
Kuyo yonke imbali, i-alder ibe ngumthombo we Iintsomi namabaliKwisithethe saseCeltic kunye nesiJamani yayithathwa njengomthi ongcwele, onxulumene ne uvuko kunye nokukhuselwaKwakukholelwa ukuba inamandla okugcina imimoya emdaka kude, efuzisela unxibelelwano phakathi komhlaba nesibhakabhaka kwaye inxulumene nesiqalelo samanzi kunye namanani angcwele. Intsomi yamaNorse ibhekisela kuyo njengomthi wovuko, eyona nto iphambili kwiinkolelo ezisisiseko ngoluntu. Umthi wayo, otshintsha umbala xa usikwa, wavelisa intsomi yokuba intlava yopha xa yenzakele, nto leyo ebethelela i-aura yayo engaqondakaliyo neyikhuselayo.
Izinto ezinomdla kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwendalo
- Las alder groves Zingamahlathi agudle umlambo aneentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezingaqhelekanga, ikhusi lezilwanyana ezihlala zikho, izinto ezizizo nezisecicini lokuphela. Zilikhaya kwiintlobo ezizodwa zezityalo kunye nezilwanyana, kwaye yenye yeendawo zokusabela zokugqibela ze-laurel relics kwiindawo ezifumileyo zaseYurophu.
- Imbewu yeAlder inokondla iintlanzi kunye neentaka zamanzi, zenze ikhonkco kumatyathanga okutya emilanjeni.
- Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuchaphazela ngqo impilo kunye nokusasazwa kwemithi emidala, iyenza ibe sesichengeni sembalela ixesha elide, izifo, kunye notshintsho kulawulo lwamanzi.
- Umthi we-alder okhanyayo, ongenamanzi wawusetyenziselwa ukwakha izibonda zedolophu yakudala phezu kwamachibi kunye nemijelo, njengakwimeko yaseVenice.
- Kwigadi, kufuneka kugwenywe ukuyitshala ecaleni kwezakhiwo kunye nemibhobho yamanzi okusela, ngenxa yamandla kunye nobunzulu benkqubo yayo yeengcambu, ezinokuvala iipayipi okanye zichaphazele iziseko.
