Hevea brasiliensis: Iimpawu, ukulinywa kunye nokuveliswa komthi werabha

Intshayelelo kumthi werubha iHevea brasiliensis

Umthi werabha, ngokwenzululwazi waziwa njenge Hevea brasiliensis, luhlobo oluphambili lwemveliso yehlabathi jikelele yerabha yendalo. Umthonyama waseMzantsi Melika, ngakumbi ummandla weAmazon, lo mthi uye wathuthwa waze walinywa kuyo yonke imimandla eshinyeneyo yehlabathi ngenxa yemfuno ephezulu yelatex, imathiriyeli ebalulekileyo kumashishini amaninzi.

I-Hevea brasiliensis ixabiswa kungekuphela nje ngexabiso layo lezoqoqosho, kodwa kunye nendima yayo kwindalo kumahlathi kunye neenkqubo zokulima amahlathi. Ukubaluleka kwayo kwishishini kuthelekiseka nokubaluleka kokusingqongileyo kunye nentlalontle kwimimandla apho ikhuliswa khona.

Kweli nqaku lineenkcukacha kunye nohlaziyo Siza kuhlalutya iimpawu zebhotani, iipropati, iimfuno zokulima, izigaba zophuhliso kunye neengqwalasela eziphambili eyenza umthi werabha ube sisixhobo esixabisekileyo nesinobuchule kwinqanaba lehlabathi.

Iimpawu zeBotanical zeHevea brasiliensis

Ihevea brasiliensis Iphuma kusapho lwe Euphorbiaceae, iqela lezityalo eziphawulwa zintlobo ezikwaziyo ukuvelisa incindi yobisi okanye ilatex. Iimpawu zayo ezahlukeneyo zebhotani zichazwe ngezantsi:

• Imorphology: Umthi ovuthuluka okhula ngokukhawuleza onokufikelela kubude obuziimitha ezingama-20 ukuya kuma-30 kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo. Umboko wayo womelele kwaye uthe tye, unamaxolo angwevu, nowona mthombo welatex.
• AmaSpredishithi: I-Compound kunye ne-alternate, banamaphecana angama-elliptical anemiphetho egudileyo kunye nombala oluhlaza oqaqambileyo, kunye nokuwa konyaka okuhambelana nemozulu yendawo.
• Iintyatyambo: Amancinci, ahlanganiswe kwi-panicles okanye i-terminal racemes. Azilingani ngokwesini, zineentyatyambo zobuduna nezemazi ezifumaneka kwi-inflorescence enye.
• Iziqhamo: I-Trivalve capsules equlathe ukuya kutsho kwiimbewu ezintathu ezinkulu, ezingqukuva, ezinamachokoza, eziyimfuneko ekuveliseni nasekukhuliseni uhlobo.
• Inkqubo yeengcambu: I-taproot eyomeleleyo, ehamba neengcambu zesibini ezinabileyo eziqinisekisa i-anchore kunye nokufunxa izondlo namanzi nakwimihlaba enzulu.

Isici esibalaseleyo somthi we-rubber kubukho beenqanawa ze-laticferous kwi-bark yayo., apho i-latex igcinwa khona. Le mibhobho ikhethekileyo ibalulekile ekukhupheni imveliso enika umthi udumo lwawo lwehlabathi kunye nokuba luncedo kwawo.

Iipropati kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-Hevea brasiliensis latex

I-latex yomthi werabha Lubisi, ulwelo olubonakalayo lombala omhlophe okanye okhrimu. Olu lwelo lusasazo lwe-colloidal apho amasuntswana erabha yendalo anqunyanyiswa. I-latex itsalwa ngokusikwa okulawulwayo kwixolo, ubuchule olwaziwa ngokuba "ukopha".

Oku kulandelayo kubalaseleyo: Iimpawu zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zeHevea brasiliensis latex:

• I-elasticity kunye neplastiki, nto leyo eyenza ibe yinto efanelekileyo yokwenza iimveliso ezilastiki njengamatayara kunye neeglavu.
• Ukuchasana nokunxiba komatshini nezinto zokusingqongileyo.
• Iimpawu zokugquma umbane, kubalulekile xa kusenziwa iintambo kunye namalungu e-elektroniki.
• Ukungangeni kwiigesi kunye nolwelo, isetyenziswe ekudaleni izinto ezifana nee-raincoats, iibhaluni kunye nezithintelo zonyango.

I-latex ebangelwayo icutshungulwa ukwahlula i-rubber yendalo, esetyenziswa kwiintlobo ezininzi zeemveliso kunye nemveliso yemihla ngemihla. Oku kubandakanya amatayara, izihlangu, izinto zokuncamathelisa, izixhobo zonyango (iiglavu, iicatheter), kunye noluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso zemidlalo kunye nabathengi.

I-latex yendalo ineenzuzo zobugcisa ngaphezu kwerabha yokwenziwa. ngokwemigaqo yokuqina, ukuxhathisa, ukuguquguquka kumaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo, kunye nozinzo, okuqinisekisa imfuno yayo rhoqo kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe.

Iimfuno zeAgroclimatic kunye nomhlaba ukuze kulinywe ngempumelelo

Impumelelo ekukhuleni Ihevea brasiliensis Kuxhomekeke ngokusisiseko ekukhethweni okufanelekileyo kwesiza kunye neemeko ze-agroecology zomhlaba. Unokufumana okungakumbi malunga nendlela ukulima kweHevea brasiliensis ifuna ukhathalelo oluthile lokuqinisekisa ukukhula kwayo okugqibeleleyo.

• Imozulu: Luhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwemimandla efumileyo yetropiki. Ifuna amaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwama-20°C kwaye ikhula ngaphantsi kweemitha ezingama-200 ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Obona bushushu bonyaka bumalunga ne-28°C, kunye nokwahluka okuphakathi kwemini.
• Imvula: Kuyacetyiswa ukuba kubekho imvula ngonyaka phakathi kwe-2,000 kunye ne-4,000 mm, kukhethwa ukuba isasazwe kwiintsuku ezingama-100 ukuya kwi-150 ngonyaka. Ukusasazwa kwemvula okwaneleyo kuqinisekisa imveliso yelatex kunye nokukhula kwezityalo ngamandla.
• Ukukhanya kwelanga: Ubuncinci iiyure ezingama-2,000 zokukhanya okuthe ngqo ngonyaka, ziyimfuneko kuphuhliso olululo kunye nokusebenza.

Iimeko zomhlaba (edaphic):

• Ubuncinci ubunzulu obusebenzayo bemitha e-1, ngaphandle kobukho bomaleko ongenakungeneka okuthintela ukukhula kweengcambu.
• Itheyibhile yamanzi ngaphezu kwemitha e-1, ukuqinisekisa ukungena kakuhle kwe-aeration kwindawo yeengcambu.
• Imihlaba ekhutshelwe kakuhle ibalulekile ukunqanda ukubola kweengcambu kunye neengxaki zezifo.
• Uluhlu lwe-pH olulungileyo luphakathi kwe-4.0 kunye ne-6.5, kunye nokunyamezela ukuya kwi-3.8 ukuya kwi-8.0. Imihlaba enamazinga e-pH angaphezulu kwe-8.0 inokukubambezela ukukhula.
• Umthi usebenza ngokufanelekileyo ekufunxeni izondlo ezithile, kodwa unovelwano kugqithiso kunye nokusilela kwe element boron.Imihlaba ene-boron enqongopheleyo inokubangela ukuguquka kwamagqabi kwaye kuchaphazele ukukhula. I-boron eyongezelelweyo, kwelinye icala, ingaba yingozi.

Ukulungiswa okufanelekileyo komhlaba kunye nokukhetha okuchanekileyo kwesiza kunempembelelo kubomi bemveliso yezityalo, ezinokususela kwiminyaka engama-25 ukuya kwengama-30, kunye nesigaba esizinzileyo sesivuno esiphezulu kuninzi lweli xesha.

Amanqanaba okulima iHevea brasiliensis

Ukuseka isityalo somthi werabha kubandakanya ukucwangciswa okuneenkcukacha kwizigaba ezininzi, ukusuka ekukhethweni kwendawo ukuya kusetyenziso lwemizi-mveliso. Kukho izigaba ezihlanu eziphambili:

1. Ukukhetha indawo yokutyala: Oku kuqhutywa ngokusekwe kucando lwendalo kunye neendlela zexesha elide. Injongo kukunciphisa imingcipheko ye-phytosanitary kunye nokuqinisekisa ukukhanya, amanzi kunye neemeko zomhlaba.
2. Ukukhethwa kunye nokufumana izinto zezityaloKunconywa ukuba ukhethe ii-clones eziphuculweyo kunye nezikhethiweyo, ngokuqwalasela amandla abo okuvelisa kunye nokuxhathisa izifo. Umgangatho wezinto zokuqala uchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo impumelelo yemveliso.
3. Ukusekwa kwendawo yokulima: Oku kuquka ukulungisa umhlaba, ukugrumba imisele okanye imingxuma, ukutyala nokugalela izichumiso zokuqala. Kufuneka kuqinisekiswe isithuba esifanelekileyo phakathi kwezityalo ukuze kunyuswe ukukhanya kunye nesithuba seengcambu.
4. Ukugcinwa kwezityalo: Ulawulo lwe-agronomic, isondlo, kunye ne-phytosanitary kuwo wonke umjikelo wemveliso. Kubandakanya ukuthenwa, ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula, kunye neendlela ezidibeneyo zokulawula izinambuzane nezifo.
5. Ukusetyenziswa kunye nokuxhatshazwa: Xa umthi ufikelele ekuvuthweni (ngokuqhelekileyo emva kweminyaka emi-5 ukuya kwe-7), ukukhutshwa kwe-latex okuzinzileyo kuqala. Ubomi bemveliso bungadlula iminyaka engama-25 ukuba iindlela ezilungileyo zolimo ziyagcinwa.

Ezi zigaba ziyilelwe ukugcina imveliso, ubomi obude, kunye nempilo yomthi, kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kwezoqoqosho kunye nendalo yezityalo.

Isondlo, ukusilela kunye ne-physiopathies eqhelekileyo

Ukulinganisela okunomsoco kwi-Hevea brasiliensis ngundoqo ekukhuleni okunempilo kunye nokuveliswa kwe-latex.. Luhlobo olufunxa ngokufanelekileyo uninzi lwe-micronutrients, kodwa lunomdla ngakumbi kwi-boron. Ukuphucula impilo yomthi, iindlela ezithile zokulawula ukuchumisa kunye nezondlo zinokuba yimfuneko, ngakumbi malunga nendlela ukulawula izifo usebenzisa izichumisi.

• ukunqongophala kwebhoronXa i<em>boron ingonelanga emhlabeni, amagqabi anokuphuhla akhubazeke, ancitshiswe, kwaye agqabhuke amagqabi. Amagqabi aphezulu, amancinci achaphazeleka ngakumbi, kwaye anokubonisa ukukhula ngaphandle kwe-internodes eyahlukileyo, enika isikhondo ukubonakala "njengomtshayelo". Kwiimeko ezinzima, i-apical meristem ingafa, ekhokelela ekuphuhliseni kwangaphambi kwexesha le-axillary shoots. Ke ngoko, ukubeka iliso kunye nokulungiswa kwangethuba kokunqongophala kwesondlo kubalulekile ukuthintela ilahleko kwisakhono semveliso.
• Uvakalelo kwi-boron egqithisileyo: Nangona umthi usebenza ngokufanelekileyo ekufunxeni i-boron, ukuthathwa ngokugqithisileyo kunokuba yingozi, kuchaphazela amandla esityalo kunye nemveliso yelatex.
• Ezinye i-physiopathies: Umthi unokuchatshazelwa zizifo zokungunda kunye nebhaktiriya, ingakumbi kwizifo zamagqabi ezifana ne-SALB (South American Leaf Blight). Ulawulo lwe-Phytosanitary kufuneka luhambelane kwaye lusekelwe kwizicwangciso ezibanzi.

Impembelelo yentlalontle kunye nokusingqongileyo kokulinywa kwe-Hevea brasiliensis

Ukulinywa komthi werabha kunokubaluleka okukhulu kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho kumazwe avelisayo.Izityalo zivelisa imisebenzi, uphuhliso lwasemaphandleni, kunye namathuba okwahlukana kwezoqoqosho kwiindawo ezihlala kwiitropiki.

• Impembelelo kushishino: Irabha yendalo ligalelo elibalulekileyo kuthutho (itayara), ulwakhiwo, unyango, umbane, kunye namanye amashishini amaninzi, ukuqinisekisa imfuno ezinzileyo.
• Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo: Amasimi alawulwa kakuhle anokuba negalelo kulondolozo lomhlaba, kulawulo lwemozulu encinci, kunye nokwandiswa kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana zasekhaya xa zidityanisiwe kwiinkqubo ze-agroforestry okanye njengenxalenye yembonakalo-mhlaba eqhagamshelwe ngokwebhayoloji.
• Imingeni yasekuhlaleni: Ukucwangciswa okunoxanduva kunye nokusetyenziswa kobutyebi ngokuzinzileyo kuyafuneka ukuze kuthintelwe ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukuthotywa komhlaba, kunye nelahleko yezityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo. Iinkqubo ezininzi zokuqinisekisa ngoku zikhuthaza iindlela ezilungileyo zolimo nezentlalo.

Ukutshintshela kwiinkqubo zolawulo zerabha zendalo ezizinzileyo yinto ephambili, kubandakanywa izenzo zokubuyisela amahlathi, ukuhlanganiswa kwiinkqubo ze-agroforestry, kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwamagalelo okugcina ixesha elide lokuphila kwendalo kunye nentlalo.

Uphando, ibhibliyografi kunye nezixhobo zokuqhubela phambili nophononongo lwakho

Ulwazi malunga Ihevea brasiliensis Kwaye ukulinywa kwayo sisiphumo samashumi eminyaka yophando, amava ezolimo, kunye nenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji. Apha sibonisa izibonelelo ezifanelekileyo kunye noncwadi oluphambili lwenzululwazi kwabo bajonge ukuphengulula nzulu ngesihloko:

• UJeezer, uRosalien. Ithisisi yobuGqirha malunga neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo kunye neenkqubo ze-agroforestry kumasimi ekofu anemithi yerabha, ekhoyo koovimba benzululwazi bamazwe ngamazwe.
• I-Mendoza, i-ALM kunye ne-Guerrero, i-MH Ikhathalogu yemithi kunye nemithi ehambelana nayo ye-Central Forest yasePeru, ukupapashwa kwesayensi kwiintlobo zehlathi ezichaphazelekayo kwiinkqubo zokuvelisa i-Amazonian.
• IZityalo zeHlabathi kwi-Intanethi (iRoyal Botanic Gardens, eKew), isiseko sedatha yebhotani yokuchongwa kunye nokuphawulwa kwezityalo.
• UPryadarshan, PM, yingcaphephe kwifiziyoloji yezityalo zerabha, ukufuya, kunye nolawulo, kunye nopapasho olwamkelweyo kwezona ndlela zilungileyo zokulima kwesi sityalo.
• Upapasho lobuchwephesha kunye nezikhokelo zolawulo olusebenzayo eziphuhliswe yimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe neyelizwe, ezifumaneka kwiiwebhusayithi ezikhethekileyo zenzululwazi nezolimo.

Ukubonisana nezi zixhobo kuvumela amafama, amagcisa, neenzululwazi ukuba zifikelele kulwazi lwangoku kunye noluqinisekisiweyo malunga nemfuzo, iphysiology, ulawulo kunye nozinzo lomthi werabha.

Umthi werabha, i-Hevea brasiliensis, ingaphezulu kakhulu kunomthombo oyintloko werabha yendalo; imele enye indlela yobuchule yokwahlukana kwezolimo oluzinzileyo, uphuhliso lwasemaphandleni, kunye nolungelelwaniso lwendalo kwimimandla yetropiki yesijikelezi-langa. Ukulinywa kwayo, nangona kufuna ingqalelo kwiinkcukacha ezininzi zobugcisa kunye nokusingqongileyo, kuhlala kuyinto ebalulekileyo, enemveliso, kwaye iyimfuneko kwihlabathi lanamhlanje.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Isikhokelo esibanzi sokhathalelo lwemithi ye-hevea: ukulima, ukuthintela, kunye nokusetyenziswa