Indlela yokuTyala kunye nokuKhathalela i-Elm yaseMelika kwiGadi: Isikhokelo esipheleleyo, esipheleleyo

I-elm yaseMelika (Ulmus americana) Ngumfuziselo, owomeleleyo, kwaye umthi omhle, oxatyiswe kakhulu kukulima kunye nokuhombisa umhlaba, ngenxa yobukhulu bawo kunye nomthunzi onomtsalane owenzayo. Ukongeza ekuboneleleni ngemekobume encomekayo neyamkelekileyo, ibalasele ngokukhula kwayo ngokukhawuleza, ukukwazi ukuziqhelanisa neentlobo ngeentlobo zemihlaba nemozulu, kunye namandla ayo okuhlala kangangeenkulungwane ngokhathalelo olufanelekileyo.

Imvelaphi kunye nokusabalalisa kwendalo kwe-elm yaseMelika

I-elm yaseMelika yinzalelwane ukusuka empuma kuMntla Melika, ukusuka kumazantsi eCanada ukuya kumantla eFlorida naseTexasIyaziqhelanisa neentlobo ngeentlobo zeemeko, ichuma kumhlaba onzulu, ochumileyo, nofumileyo, kodwa ibonisa unyamezelo olumangalisayo kwimihlaba engafanelwanga kangako ngenxa yenkqubo yayo yeengcambu eyomeleleyo neyandayo.

Olu hlobo luye lwenziwa ngokwendalo kwiipaki zasezidolophini nakwiindawo zasemaphandleni ngenxa yokumelana nokubanda okukhulu kunye nokukwazi ukumelana nekhephu kunye nehlobo elishushu, okwenza kube yinto ekhethwayo kwimozulu epholileyo kunye nelizwekazi.

Iimpawu zeBotanical kunye ne-physiological

I-Ulmus americana ngumthi ovuthulukayo Ingakhula ibe ngaphezu kweemitha ezingama-30 ukuphakama, ifikelele kwiimitha ezingama-40 kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo, kwaye iphuhlise isiqu esikhulu (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2 yeemitha ububanzi kwiisampulu ezivuthiweyo). Isithsaba sayo sibanzi kwaye simile okwevasi, sinothungelwano lwamasebe axhasa amagqabi ashinyeneyo.

• AmaSpredishithi: Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-15 cm ubude, kunye nomphetho odibeneyo kunye nenkangeleko enzima. Ziluhlaza nzulu entlakohlaza nasehlotyeni, zijike zibe tyheli zibe mdaka ekwindla phambi kokuwa.
• Iintyatyambo: Zivela phambi kwamagqabi, ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Zincinci, azibonakali, kwaye ziyi-hermaphroditic, ezivumela ukuvota ngokwakho.
• Isiqhamo: Isiqhamo ngu samara malunga ne-2 cm, kunye nembewu enye ejikelezwe yiphiko le-membranous eliququzelela ukusasazeka kwayo ngumoya.
• Iinkuni: Inzima, inzima kwaye yomelele, ixatyiswa ngokuchwela kunye nakwimisebenzi yezandla ngenxa yokuxhathisa kwayo kunye nokutya okuziinkozo.
• Ixesha elide: Ingaphila iminyaka engaphezu kwama-300 ukuba ihlala ingenazo izifo ezitshabalalisayo ezifana nesifo se-Dutch elm.

Ukusetyenziswa kokuhombisa kunye nezicelo zokujonga umhlaba

Ngaphandle kwexabiso layo lendalo, i-elm yaseMelika i umthi wokuhombisa kakhulu, indawo ekugxilwe kuyo kwiipaki, kwiindlela, nakwiigadi ezinkulu. Inkangeleko yayo, umthunzi oshinyeneyo eyinikelayo, kunye nembonakalo yayo entle ngamaxesha onyaka iyenza ibe lilitye elinqabileyo.

• Isityalo esikwanti: Iyacetyiswa ukuba uyincome ngokupheleleyo imilo yayo kwaye uthintele ifuthe elibi lenkqubo yeengcambu zayo kwiipavumente okanye kwiziseko ezingundoqo.
• Iindlela kunye neepaki zasedolophini: Ngokwemveli ibisetyenziswa njengesithinteli somoya kunye nesithintelo esibonakalayo.
• Ukusetyenziswa kwemithi yayo: Isetyenziswa kwifenitshala, iinqanawa kunye nezixhobo ngenxa yokuchasana kwayo.
• Bonsai: Iindidi ze-Ulmus spp., Kubandakanya i-Ulmus americana, zithandwa kwi-bonsai art ngenxa yokuhluma kwazo ngokukhawuleza kunye nokulula kokubunjwa.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba i inkqubo yeengcambu inamandla kwaye iyanaba, ngoko ke umgama omncinci weemitha ezili-10 ukusuka kwiziseko, i-pavements kunye nemibhobho iyacetyiswa.

Gqibezela isikhokelo sokutyala, ukutshintshwa kunye nendawo

Impumelelo ekukhuliseni i-elm yaseMelika iqala ngokutyala ngokufanelekileyo kunye nendawo ekhethiweyo kakuhle.:

1. Ukukhetha indawo: Ikhetha ilanga eligcweleyo, nangona inyamezela umthunzi. Ifuna isithuba secanopy yayo ebanzi kunye neengcambu zayo.
2. Ukulungisa umngxuma: Kufuneka ibe kabini okanye kathathu ububanzi ngaphezu kweengcambu zebhola, kodwa akukho nzulu. Ukukhupha amanzi kakuhle kubalulekile ukunqanda ukufuthaniselwa kweengcambu.
3. Ubunzulu bokutyala: Umphezulu webhola yeengcambu kufuneka ulingane okanye ube ngaphezu komhlaba ojikelezileyo.
4. Stuffed: Gcwalisa ngomhlaba okhutshiweyo, ucinezele ngobumnene ukuphelisa iipokethi zomoya. Nkcenkceshela kakuhle emva kokutyala.
5. Okufakwe: Faka umaleko we-5-10 cm ye-organic mulch, uthintele ukudibana ngqo nesiqu. I-mulch iyanceda gcina ukufuma, ikhusela ekutshintsheni kobushushu ngokukhawuleza kwaye icinezela ukhula.

Iimfuno zomhlaba kunye ne-pH efanelekileyo

• Umhlaba ofanelekileyo: Imihlaba enzulu, echumileyo, ekhethwayo ukuba ityebile kwizinto eziphilayo.
• Inkqubo yogutyulo: Amanzi amaninzi anokubangela ukufuthaniselwa kweengcambu kunye nezifo zokungunda. Ngumbono olungileyo ukulungisa umhlaba wodongwe onzima onesanti kunye nomgquba.
• pH: Inyamezela umhlaba omuncu kancinci ukuya kumhlaba ongathathi hlangothi (pH 6,0 ukuya ku-7,5). Yenza uhlalutyo lwamaxesha ngamaxesha ukulungisa ukungalingani, ukongeza izinto eziphilayo ukuba kuyimfuneko.

Ukunkcenkceshela: iimfuno zamanzi kunye neengcebiso ezisebenzayo

I-elm yaseMelika ifuna ukunkcenkceshela okuninzi, ngakumbi kwiminyaka yokuqala. Xa sele isekiwe, iyakwazi ukumelana nembalela, kodwa ukunkcenkceshela okufanelekileyo kubalulekile ekuphuhliseni kwayo okufanelekileyo:

• Kunyaka wokuqala emva kokutyala, gcina umhlaba ehlala emanzi kodwa hayi amanzi. Nkcenkceshela rhoqo ngeentsuku ezi-2 okanye ezi-3 ehlotyeni kwaye zonke iintsuku ezi-4 ukuya kwezi-6 unyaka wonke.
• Kwizityalo ezisele zikhulile, nciphisa ukunkcenkceshela ngaphandle kwamaxesha amade embalela. Ukunkcenkceshela nzulu kukhethwa ukunkcenkceshela rhoqo ngokungekho nzulu.
• Sebenzisa amanzi emvula nanini na kunokwenzeka, okanye amanzi ane-pH engaphantsi kwe-8.
• Kwimihlaba engathathi ntweni ekugcineni ukufuma, i-organic mulch inceda ukuthomalalisa ukufuma.

Ukuthena kunye nokuqeqesha i-elm yaseMelika

• Uqeqesho lokuthena: Kubalulekile kwiisampulu eziselula ukuphumeza isakhiwo esomeleleyo nesilungeleleneyo. Susa amasebe angajoliswanga kakuhle, anqamlezileyo, okanye abuthathaka.
• Ukuthenwa kwesondlo: Yenza oku ebusika okanye ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Susa iinkuni ezifileyo, amasebe anesifo, kunye nawo nawaphi na amasebe abeka esichengeni ukumila okufunayo.
• Kuphephe ukuthenwa kakhulu ngaphandle kwendawo yokuyeka isityalo, njengoko incindi inokubangela ubuthathaka.
• Kwi-bonsai, ukupinwa kunye nokuthenwa kufuneka kuqhutywe kuwo wonke umjikelo wezityalo, ungaze ushiye ngaphezu kwesibini okanye isibini samagqabi kwisebe ngalinye ukulawula ubungakanani kunye nobuninzi.

Ukuchumisa kunye nokuchumisa i-elm yaseMelika

• Imvelaphi yendalo: Imihlaba etyebileyo kwizinto eziphilayo, nangona inyamezela imihlaba ehlwempuzekileyo xa ilungiswa ngokufanelekileyo.
• Ixesha lokuchumisa: Ukususela entlakohlaza ukuya ehlotyeni, ngokuhambelana nomsebenzi wokukhula kwencopho. Sebenzisa i-compost, i-mulch, i-guano, okanye izichumisi ezikhutshwa kancinci.
• Ziphephe izichumiso ezigqithisileyo: Ukutya ngokugqithisileyo kunokubangela ukukhula okuthambileyo kunye nokwanda kokungenwa zizinambuzane.
• Kwi-bonsai, linda iiveki ezimbalwa emva kokutshintshwa ukuze uchume, kwaye unciphise umthamo phakathi kwehlobo okanye ebusika.

Ukuphindaphinda: Iindlela kunye neengcebiso

Ukusasazwa kwe-elm yaseMelika kuqhutywa ikakhulu ngembewu, nangona kunokwenzeka ngokusebenzisa amaplanga okanye isemi-woody cut and graftsInkqubo yokulima imbewu ibandakanya:

1. Vuna iisamara ezivuthiweyo entwasahlobo.
2. Khetha imbewu enempilo kwaye uyihlwayele ngokungekho nzulu kwiimbiza ezine-universal substrate, kunye ne-drainage efanelekileyo.
3. Gcina i-substrate ifumile kwaye ubeke isikhongozeli elangeni eligcweleyo.
4. Kwiindawo ezibandayo, i-stratification ebandayo (ifriji) inceda ukuphula i-dormancy yembewu.

Ukusasazwa kwemifuno ngokusikwa okanye ukuxutywa kunokuba luncedo ukugcina iimpawu ezithile ze-clones ezikhethiweyo.

Izinambuzane, izifo kunye neengxaki eziqhelekileyo

Njengeentlobo ezininzi ze-Ulmus genus, i-elm yaseMelika isengozini kwinani lezinambuzane kunye nezifo, ezinye zazo ezinokubeka engozini impilo yayo.

• Izinambuzane eziqhelekileyo:
  • Abaqalayo: Ooqongqothwane abazalela iinkuni baze basasaze izifo ezifana nesifo saseDutch elm. Unokufunda ngakumbi malunga Isifo se-elm saseDutch kwi-elms.
  • Mealybugs, ntwala y imibungu yokuchaswa: Zichaphazela amagqabi kunye namasebe amancinci, zenza buthathaka isityalo.
  • U-Elm Galeruca: Uqongqothwane omibungu yakhe iwucoca umthi.
  • Uqheliso: Izinambuzane ezikruqulayo ezichaphazela amasebe kunye neziqu.
• Izifo eziphambili:
  • Elm graphiosis: Ifungus etshabalalisayo esasazwa yi-borers, ibangela ukubuna ngokukhawuleza kunye nokufa. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba udibane .
  • Isiqu somthi y amaxolo amaxolo: Zivelisa ukubola kunye nomonakalo wesakhiwo.
  • Amabala amagqabi efungal: Benza buthathaka ubunzima begqabi kwaye banciphise umthamo we-photosynthetic.

Iingcebiso zothintelo kunye nonyango:

• Susa kwaye utshabalalise amasebe namagqabi awosulelekileyo.
• Ikhuthaza ukwahlukana kwebhayoloji kokusingqongileyo ukutsala izilwanyana ezincedisayo (iintaka, iiladybugs kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezizingelayo).
• Sebenzisa unyango lwe-phytosanitary ngeengcebiso zengcali ukuba uhlaselo okanye usulelo lunzima.
• Pruna ngexesha lokungasebenzi kwaye uhlale unezixhobo ezibulala iintsholongwane.

Ukuqina, ukuziqhelanisa kunye nokumelana nemozulu

I-elm yaseMelika ixhasa iqabaka eshushu ukuya kuthi ga kwi -40ºC kwaye iyakwazi ukumelana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu ukuba ifakwe kakuhle emanzini kwaye isekwe. Iguquguquka kakhulu kwaye iyanyamezela kungcoliseko lwasezidolophini, iyenza ibe lolona khetho lubalaseleyo kwizitrato kunye neepaki ezinkulu zasedolophini okanye ezisemaphandleni.

Ukunyamekela okuthe ngqo kwiimbiza okanye kwiindawo ezincinci

• Isiseko: Sebenzisa umxube wendalo yonke otyetyisiweyo ngeperlite ukuqinisekisa ukukhupha amanzi okwaneleyo.
• Unkcenkceshelo: Ukuphindaphinda okukhulu, kuba i-substrate yoma ngokukhawuleza kunomhlaba.
• Indawo: Ngalo lonke ixesha ngaphandle kwaye ilanga ligcwele.
• Ukufakelwa kwakhona: Kucetyiswa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emi-2-3 ukuqinisekisa uphuhliso olusempilweni lwenkqubo yeengcambu.

Iindidi, iintlobo ezifanayo kunye nokuhlukahluka kwi-genus Ulmus

Ngaphakathi kwi-genus Ulmus kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana eqhelekileyo okanye yaseYurophu elm (Ulmus minor), i intaba elm (Ulmus glabra), i Ielm yesiTshayina (Ulmus parvifolia) kunye nabanye abathi, ngelixa besabelana ngeemfuno ezithile, banokwahluka ekuxhathiseni izifo okanye imvelaphi.

• Ulmus Americana (i-American Elm): Ubukhulu obukhulu, isithsaba esimile njengevase, ubomi obude obubalaseleyo. Idumile kuMntla Melika.
• I-Ulmus encinci (i-elm eqhelekileyo): Isetyenziswa kakhulu eYurophu kwaye imelana nembalela epholileyo.
• I-Ulmus glabra (i-elm yeentaba): Ikhetha imozulu epholileyo kunye nomhlaba ofumileyo.
• I-Ulmus parvifolia (i-elm yesiTshayina): Ixhathisa kakhulu kwisifo saseDutch elm kwaye igqwesile kwibhonsai ngenxa yamahlamvu amancinci.

Izibonelelo zendalo kunye nesimboli se-elm yaseMelika

• Ulawulo lobushushu kunye nokhuseleko: Umthunzi ongqindilili wehlisa ukukhanya kwelanga kwindawo eyingqongileyo kwaye ukhusela umhlaba kukhukuliseko.
• Ukuveliswa kwezilwanyana ezincedisayo: Likhaya leentaka nezinambuzane eziluncedo, kwaye iintyatyambo zalo zinika umungu nencindi kwiinyosi zokuqala.
• Isimboli: Kwiinkcubeko ezininzi, i-elm ifanekisela amandla kunye nokuphila ixesha elide.

Ubuthi kunye nezilumkiso

• I-elm yaseMelika emtyibilizi ayinayo ityhefu kubantu okanye izilwanyana zasekhaya, oko kuyenza ikhuseleke kwiigadi zosapho.
• IsilumkisoUkuphatha iinkuni ezosulelekileyo (ngenxa yesifo se-Dutch elm okanye i-caries) kufuna iiglavu, njengoko ezinye iifungi zingabangela ukusabela kwesikhumba.

Iingcebiso zeengcali zokugcina i-elm yakho yaseMelika ikhangeleka isempilweni kwaye inobungangamsha

1. Yibeke phambili indawo: Tyala i-elm yakho kwindawo enkulu, enelanga ekhuselweyo kumoya onamandla.
2. Jonga impilo yomhlaba: Vavanya rhoqo emva kweminyaka embalwa ukulungisa i-pH kwaye uqinisekise ukuxinana okuchanekileyo kwezondlo kunye ne-organic matter.
3. Beka iliso kwizitshabalalisi kunye nezifo: Ukuxilongwa kwangoko kubalulekile ukunqanda ukusasazeka kunye nokuthintela umonakalo ongenakulungiseka.
4. Khumbula ukuthena: Gcina isakhiwo esivulekileyo kunye ne-airy esithintela ukuqokelelwa komswakama wangaphakathi.
5. Kuphephe ukhuphiswano lweengcambu: Musa ukutyala ingca okanye izihlahla ezixineneyo kufuphi nesiseko se-elm ukuphepha ukhuphiswano lwamanzi kunye nezondlo.