Yintoni uqongqothwane?
I-elm beetle, ngokwesayensi eyaziwa ngokuba Xanthogaleruca luteolangu- inambuzane ye-coleoptera eye yafumana udumo ngokukwazi kwayo ukuba isibetho esitshabalalisayo kwii-elms (uhlobo Ulmus). Ikhona kuninzi lwaseYurophu, kuMbindi Asia, kuMntla Merika naseOstreliya, ekubeni kule mimandla yokugqibela a iintlobo zamanye amazwe ahlaselayoPhakathi kwamagama aqhelekileyo kukwakho ne "elm leaf beetle" okanye "elm cow".
Lo qongqothwane Isebenza ngokukhethekileyo ekutyiseni amagqabi emithi ye-elm, nangona ngamanye amaxesha inokuthi ihlasele iintlobo ezinxulumene nazo ezifana ne-poplar, alders, kunye nemingculuba. Umsebenzi wayo awubonisi kuphela ingxaki yokuhlobisa kwiindawo zasezidolophini, kodwa unokuwenza buthathaka kakhulu umthi, okwenza ube sengozini kwezinye izilwanyana kunye nezifo.
Iimpawu ze-morphological
El umntu omdala Ubungakanani be-elm beetle buphakathi kwe-5 kunye ne-8 mm, ibonisa a umbala oluhlaza otyheli okanye ukukhanya okumdaka kwi-elytra yayo, yawela ngamabhanti amabini amnyama kunye namabala amabini amnyama entloko. Ezi zidibaniswe kunye nomgca omnyama omncinci kunye nombindi womqolo.
Las izibungu, ngokwenxalenye yabo, inokufikelela kwi-12 mm kwaye ye umbala omthubi-ngwevu okanye omnyama Kwinqanaba lokuqala le-larval, banamabala amnyama emacaleni omzimba kunye nentloko emnyama emnyama. Xa sele zikhulile, zifumana umbala oluhlaza-tyheli.
Los maqanda Ziyabonakala ngokulula: ziphuzi-orenji okanye zityheli-zimhlophe ngombala, zifakwe kwimilo, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo zidibanisa ngamaqela ama-5 ukuya kuma-30 ngaphantsi kwamagqabi e-elm. Imazi nganye inokubeka amaqanda aphakathi kwama-400 nama-800 ngexesha lokuphila kwayo, nto leyo eqinisekisa ukwanda ngokukhawuleza kwesi zinambuzane.
Umjikelo webhayoloji kunye nokuzala
El umjikelo wobomi be-elm beetle Iyakhawuleza kwaye iyasebenza, ivumela isizukulwana esinye okanye ngaphezulu ukuba sivele ngexesha lonyaka ngalinye. Ngexesha leenyanga ezibandayo, abantu abadala balala kwiindawo ezikhuselekileyo njengokuqhekeka kwamaxolo, inkunkuma yamagqabi, iimfumba zeenkuni, iishedi, kwaneendawo zokuhlala zabantu.
Xa kufika intwasahlobo, abantu abadala bavuka kwi-diapause yabo kwaye bahambe baye kwii-elms ukuze baqalise ukutya kwabo kunye nokuzala. Emva kokukhwelana, iimazi zibeka amaqanda amaqanda angaphantsi kwamagqabiI-larvae iqandusela ezi zinto, ezondla ngokukhawuleza kwi-parenchyma yamagqabi, ebangela ukuba uphawu lwe "skeletonization" lwamagqabi achaphazelekayo.
Emva kweeveki ezintathu zokutyisa, imibungu yehla esiqwini kwaye uguqule ube yi-pupae kwiintanda kwixolo okanye emhlabeni. Abantu abadala bavela emva kweveki enye ukuya ezimbini, baphinda umjikelo ukuba iimeko zokusingqongileyo zivuma. Kwiindawo ezifudumeleyo, ezomileyo, izizukulwana ezininzi zingenzeka ngexesha ngalinye, ukuqinisa umonakalo.
Imikhwa yokutya kunye nokuziphatha
Bobabini abadala kunye nezibungu ze-elm beetle zondla amagqabi omthiImibungu yiyona nto ijongene nomonakalo omkhulu. Badla i-parenchyma yamagqabi, beshiya imithambo kunye ne-epidermis ephezulu, inika amagqabi ukubonakala "kwe-skeletonized".
Los abadala Ziphinde zondle kumagqabi, nangona umonakalo wazo umncinci kwaye uzibonakalisa ngokubhobhoza okuncinci okujikelezayo emagqabini.
Kwiindawo zasezidolophini, ubukho obukhulu bezi qongqothwane bunokubangela ngena ezindlini ngexesha lasebusika ukhangela indawo yokuhlala, ukucaphukisa kodwa kungeyongozi ebantwini okanye kwizilwanyana zasekhaya.
Umonakalo obangelwa yi-elm beetle
Esona siphumo sibonakalayo sobukho besi sitshabalalisi yi inxenye okanye ngokupheleleyo yemithi echaphazelekayo. Amagqabi achaphazelekileyo ajika abe tyheli abe mdaka, awe ngaphambi kwexesha, aze enze buthathaka ubume kunye nempilo yomthi.
Uhlaselo oluqatha lunokukhokelela ekubeni ukuwa kwawo onke amagqabi phakathi ehlotyeni, nto leyo enyanzelisa umthi ukuba ukhuphe ihlumelo elitsha lamagqabi elithi, ukuba uhlaselo luqhubeleka, luphinde lutyiwe. Oku kusetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo akudli ngokubulala i-elm ngqo, kodwa yenza buthathaka umthi okwenza kube lula ukuhlaselwa okwesibini kwezinye izinambuzane, ezifana nebhungane lexolo, okanye izifo ezifana Igraphiosis.
Kwiimeko ezinzima kunye neziphindaphindiweyo zokuchithwa kwe-defoliation, umthi unokufa, ngakumbi ukuba uhlaselwa uhlaselo oludibeneyo oluvela kwezinye izinambuzane ezikruqulayo okanye i-fungus transmitters.
Ukuchongwa kwezinambuzane kwi-elm
Ukuqaphela ubukho be-elm beetle ngundoqo ekukhuseleni umonakalo obanzi.
- Amagqabi anemingxuma kunye nenkangeleko yamathambo: Isalatha sokutyiswa kombungu.
- Imiqolo yamaqanda omthubi-orenji kwicala elingaphantsi kwamagqabi.
- Ubukho babantu abadala abaluhlaza-tyheli ngeebhanti ezimnyama ngexesha leenyanga ezifudumeleyo.
- Imibungu emnyama kwaye kamva tyheli ukuhamba ngaphantsi kwamagqabi okanye ukuhla esiqwini.
- Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamagqabi ngesiquphe phakathi ehlotyeni, ngamanye amaxesha kulandelwa kukukhula kwamagqabi abuthathaka.
Iindlela zokulawula kunye nokupheliswa kwe-elm beetle
Ulawulo olusebenzayo lwe-elm beetle luxhomekeke kwindibaniselwano yobuchule bokuthintela kunye nonyango lokunyanga.
Ulawulo lwenkcubeko nothintelo
- Ukucoca okusingqongileyo: Gcina indawo ejikeleze imithi ye-elm icocekile kwi-litter yamagqabi, iinkuni, i-debris, kunye nezinye iindawo zokuhlala apho abantu abadala bachitha ubusika.
- Ukubek' esweni: Qwalasela amagqabi amaqanda, imibungu, okanye umonakalo wokuqala.
- Ukujikeleza kunye nokwahluka: Kuyacetyiswa ukuba kuthintelwe i-elm monocultures kwimimandla yasezidolophini, ikhetha ukuhlukahluka kweentlobo zemithi.
Ulawulo lwebhayoloji
EYurophu, ezinye iintshaba zendalo ze-elm beetle, ezifana nomeva we-parasitic I-Oomyzus gallerucae kunye nempukane yesimfimfithi Erynniopsis antennata, inceda ekunciphiseni inani lezinambuzane. Khuthaza ubukho bazo ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokulawula izinambuzane. Igadi yendalo Inokuba luncedo, nangona kwimimandla emininzi impembelelo yayo ayikwanelanga ukulawula ukuqhambuka okumandundu.
Unyango lwe-Phytosanitary
- Qhagamshelana namayeza okubulala izinambuzane: Iimveliso ezivunyiweyo zinokusetyenziswa emagqabini nakwisiqu somthi, ngakumbi ukugquma amagqabi angaphantsi apho amaqanda nemibungu ixinaniswe khona. Unyango kumanqanaba okuqala ombungu lubalulekile ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza ngempumelelo.
- I-Endotherapy yezityalo: Kubandakanya ukutofa ngokuthe ngqo iimveliso zokukhusela izityalo kwi-vascular system yomthi. Oku kuvumela ikhompawundi ukuba ijikeleze kwisityalo sonke kwaye ibulale imibungu etya amagqabi. Esi sisombululo sinconywa ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezisezidolophini apho ukusetyenziswa kwezitshizi kunqatshelwe.
- Iinkqubo zonyango zothintelo: Ukungenelela ngokuqhelekileyo kugxininiswe kwixesha eliphakathi kokubonakala kwabantu abadala bokuqala (intwasahlobo) kunye nokuphuhliswa kwesizukulwana sokuqala sezibungu, kwaye iphinda iphindwe ukuba izizukulwana ezitsha zivela.
Kuhlala kubalulekile ukulandela ngokungqongqo imiyalelo yokusetyenziswa kunye nokhuseleko lweemveliso ze-phytosanitary. Kukwacetyiswa ukuba udibane nochwepheshe xa uphatha imithi emikhulu ye-elm.
Amanyathelo ezindlwini
Ukunciphisa ukungena kwabantu abadala kumakhaya xa befuna indawo yokuhlala ebusika:
- Faka i-mesh okanye i-mesh yocingo kwiifestile kunye neefestile.
- Gcwalisa iintanda kunye nezivulo ezincinci nge-putty.
- Susa ngesandla naziphi na iinkuba ezifunyenwe ngaphakathi ngokuzitshayela okanye uzisuse ngononophelo.
Ukubaluleka kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nobungozi
Nangona i-elm beetle infestation inokubangela umonakalo omkhulu, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela oko Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo aqhelekanga kubangela ukufa ngokuthe ngqo komthiOwona mngcipheko uphambili ulele kubuthathaka obuqhubekayo obubeka i-elm Ezinye izoyikiso ezifana nokungunda, iibhaktheriya kunye nezinambuzane ezikruqulayo kuyingozi kakhulu kwaye kuyabulala, kubalaselisa .
I-elm beetle ikwasebenza njengomthombo wokutya kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentaka kunye nezinambuzane ezixhamlayo, ngoko ke ulawulo olulungeleleneyo noluzinzileyo lubalulekile ekugcineni ibhalansi yendalo kwiipaki nakwiindawo eziluhlaza ezidolophini.
I-elm beetle yenye yezona zinambuzane zomthi ezingundoqo kwiindawo zasezidolophini kunye ne-elms zokuhombisa, kwaye ulawulo lwayo ngumngeni ofuna ukubeka iliso rhoqo, amanyathelo okuthintela, kwaye, kwiimeko zokuhlaselwa, unyango oluthile. Ulawulo olululo lunceda ukugcina le mithi yemifanekiso, ixabiso lenkangeleko yelizwe, kunye nolungelelwaniso lwendalo lwendalo yazo.
