Yintoni i-commensalism kwizityalo?
ICommensalism kwizityalo lunxibelelwano lwebhayoloji apho olunye uhlobo lwesityalo luxhamlayo, ngelixa olunye lungonzakali kwaye lungenanzuzo. Olu hlobo lobudlelwane luhlala lwenzeka kwii-ikhosistim ezahlukeneyo, ebonisa unxibelelwano oluntsonkothileyo olunokubakho kwindalo.
Igama elithi "commensalism" livela kwisiLatini Cum mes, okuthetha "ukwabelana ngetafile." Ekuqaleni isetyenziselwa ukubhekisela kwizilwanyana ezondla iintsalela zabanye, ingcamango iye yandisiwe ukubandakanya iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisana, ngokukodwa kwizityalo, apho inzuzo ingagxininisi kuphela ekutyeni, kodwa kunye nokufikelela kwizibonelelo, indawo yokuhlala, okanye ukuthutha.
Obu budlelwane bunokuba kokwexeshana okanye ngokusisigxina., kwaye zidla ngokujongwa ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezihlala izityalo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ezinjengamahlathi, amahlathi kunye neendawo ezifumileyo, apho iindidi ezininzi zihlala kunye kwaye ezinye zixhomekeke kwezinye ukuze ziphile okanye zichume.
Ubudlelwane bebhayoloji: i-symbiosis, i-commensalism, i-mutualism kunye ne-parasitism
Las ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto ezithile Ezi zezo zenzeka phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo. I-Commensalism, kunye ne-mutualism kunye ne-parasitism, yinxalenye ye-biological symbiosis.
Kulo ukuqondana, zombini iintlobo inzuzo kubudlelwane, ngelixa kwi i-parasitism Omnye uzuza ngeendleko zomnye, owenzakaliswayo. I-Commensalism yindawo ephakathi, njengoko inye kuphela into encedayo, ngelixa enye ihlala ingakhathali.
Umahluko phakathi kwezi ntlobo zobudlelwane unokuba nobuqili, ekubeni uhlobo lonxibelelwano lunokutshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha okanye kuxhomekeke kwimeko ye-ikholoji. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo zizityalo ze-epiphytic ezihlala emithini ngaphandle kokulimaza ngokuthe ngqo okanye ukuxhamla.
Ukuqonda olu nxibelelwano kubalulekile ekuqondeni I-ecosystem dynamics, ukulungelelana kwazo kunye nokuvela kwezinto eziphilayo ezihlala kuzo.
Iintlobo ze-commensalism kwizityalo kunye nokusingqongileyo
Iintlobo eziphambili ze-commensalism ezibandakanya izityalo okanye ezenzeka kwindawo yazo zichazwe ngezantsi, zihlelwe ngokwenzuzo efunyenwe yintlobo ye-commensal:
- I-Foresis: Kwenzeka xa uhlobo oluthile lusebenzisa olunye njengendlela yokuthutha. Inqabile kwizityalo, kodwa ingenzeka kwimbewu enamathela kumphezulu wezilwanyana kwaye ithuthelwe kwiindawo ezintsha.
- Ukuqesha: Uhlobo lwesityalo luhlala kwenye lusetyenziswa njengenkxaso yomzimba, ngaphandle kokukhupha izondlo okanye ukwenza umonakalo. Umzekelo owaziwayo ngu izityalo epiphytic (ezifana neeorchids, bromeliads kunye neefern) ezikhula kwiziqu okanye emasebeni emithi.
- Metabiosis okanye thanatocresis: Isidlo sisebenzisa iintsalela, izinto ezilahliweyo okanye iindawo ezifileyo zezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana (ezidla ngokuba zizityalo okanye izilwanyana) ukufumana indawo yokuhlala, ukhuseleko okanye olunye uncedo.
Kwimeko yezityalo, ezi ntlobo ze-commensalism zingenzeka ngokunxulumana nezinye izityalo kunye nezilwanyana okanye izinto eziphilayo zomhlaba.
Imizekelo yokuhamba kwezityalo kwizityalo
Izityalo ze-Epiphytic emithini
Ityala le iiepiphyte Njengebromeliads, orchids, kunye neefern yeyona mizekelo yaziwa kakhulu yezityalo commensalism. Ezi zityalo zikhula emasebeni okanye kwiziqu zemithi emide emahlathini nasemahlathini. Ubude bazo bubavumela ukuba bafikelele ekukhanyeni kwelanga kwindawo exineneyo, efumileyo, apho ukhuphiswano lokukhanya luya kuba ngamandla emhlabeni.
Imithi ayifumani nzuzo ngqo okanye ingozi kwii-epiphytes. Azikhuphi izondlo kuzo, yaye aziphazamisi ukukhula kwazo, zisuka nje zisebenzise njengenkxaso.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwezityalo kunye nomngundo
Ngokwendalo, umngundo unokwenza unxulumano olufanelekileyo kunye nezityalo ngokugalela inkunkuma yezityalo ezifileyo kwaye ibole, ngamanye amaxesha iququzelele ukufikelela kwezinye izityalo kwintsalela yezondlo kwi-substrate.
Ukusasazwa kwembewu zizilwanyana
Ezinye iimbewu zezityalo zinezakhiwo ezivumela ukuba zibambelele kuboya okanye iintsiba zezilwanyana. Kulo mxholo, Izilwanyana zithwala imbewu ziyise kwiindawo ezintsha (plant phoresis) ngaphandle kokuchaphazeleka, ngelixa isityalo sizuza ekwandisweni koluhlu lwaso kunye ne-colonization yeendawo ezintsha.
Izityalo ezithatha ithuba lemingxuma eshiyiweyo
Kwimimandla eyinkqantosi okanye eyintlango, ezinye izityalo zinokuzimisa kwimingxuma engenanto eyenziwe zizilwanyana. Le mingxuma inika iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokuntshula kunye nophuhliso lokuqala, ukukhuselwa elangeni, kunye nokufikelela kwintsalela yokufuma.
I-mosses kunye ne-lichens kwizigodo kunye namatye
I-mosses kunye ne-lichens zihlala zikhula kwizigodo ezifileyo okanye amatye, zisebenzise njengenkxaso. Abafumani izondlo kumthi ophilayo okanye ilitye, kodwa bayazuza ngokuphakanyiswa emhlabeni kwaye baphephe ukhuphiswano oluthe ngqo nezinye, izityalo ezinkulu.
ICommensalism kunye nobunye ubudlelwane obuphakathi kwizityalo
Indalo ibonisa iindidi ezahlukeneyo zobudlelwane phakathi kwezityalo kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo. ICommensalism, nangona ixhaphakile, ayikuphela konxibelelwano olungathathi hlangothi okanye olulungileyo olunokubakho.
- UkuthembanaZombini iintlobo ziyazuza. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo: i-mycorrhizae, intsebenziswano phakathi komngundo kunye neengcambu zezityalo.
- Parasitism: Olunye uhlobo luzuza ngokwenzakalisa olunye. Umzekelo: imistletoe parasitizing imithi kunye nokukhupha incindi.
- Amensalism: Olunye uhlobo lonzakala ngoxa olunye lungachaphazeleki, njengoko kwenzeka xa izityalo ezithile zikhupha imichiza ethintela ukukhula kwezinye.
ICommensalism ibalasele kuyo Ubundilele ngokubhekisele kwiintlobo zomkhosi. Ke ngoko, uphononongo kunye nokwahlula phakathi kweentlobo zentsebenziswano phakathi kwezinto ezikhethekileyo kungundoqo kwi-ecology, ulondolozo, kunye nolawulo lweentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Plant commensalism kwii-ecosystems ezahlukeneyo
Amahlathi akweleenjiko
Amahlathi emvula alikhaya lezityalo ezininzi ze-epiphytic ezikhula kwimithi emide. Ii-orchids kunye ne-bromeliads ziintlobo ezibonisa kule ndawo. Kukho neemeko ze-mosses kunye ne-lichens eyenza ikholoni yomthi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa imetabolism yayo, ngaphezu koko. imidiliya, ezinokuthatha inzuzo yenkxaso yezinye izityalo ukufikelela kwiindawo ezinelanga.
Iintlango
Kwiindawo zokuhlala ezomileyo, izityalo ezininzi ze-commensal zithatha ithuba lemingxuma, iindawo zokuhlala, okanye iintsalela zezinto eziphilayo ezifileyo ukuze zizikhusele kwimitha yelanga enzulu kwaye zisebenzise izibonelelo ezincinci zokufuma.
Amahlathi anemozulu epholileyo kunye nemigxobhozo
Kule meko, i-mosses, i-ferns, kunye ne-lichens ikhula kumasebe awileyo okanye amatye, ithatha inzuzo yokuzinza komzimba kunye nomswakama obonelelwa ngala ma-substrates.
Izibonelelo ze-Ecological of commensalism kwizityalo
Ukugcina izinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo
I-Commensalism ivumela iintlobo ezininzi ukuba zihlale kwindawo enye, iququzelele ukuhlaliswa kwe-ikholoji ye-ikholoji ngezityalo ebezingenakukwazi ukuphila kwiindawo ezikhuphisanayo.
Iepiphytes, ezihlala emithini, azikhuphisani ngomhlaba., okwandisa ubutyebi beentlobo ngaphandle kokunyusa ukhuphiswano oluthe ngqo.
Ukudalwa kwe-microhabitats
Izityalo zeCommensal zinokuguqula okusingqongileyo zibe ziindawo ezincinci zokuhlala apho ezinye izinto eziphilayo zifumana indawo yokuhlala, ukutya, okanye ukufuma okufanelekileyo kunye neemeko zobushushu ukuze ziphile. Ngokomzekelo, ii<em>bromeliads zinokuqokelela amanzi emagqabini azo, zibe yindawo yokuhlala izinambuzane, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, kunye nezinambuzane ezincinane.
Uzinzo lwe-ecosystem
Ubudlelwane beCommensal bunegalelo kulungelelwaniso lwendalo, ukukhuthaza ukomelela kwenkqubo yendalo kwimeko yokuphazamiseka kokusingqongileyo, imbalela, okanye utshintsho lobushushu.
Ukubaluleka kwe-commensalism kwindaleko kunye nokusasazeka kwezityalo
I-Commensalism ithande uku ukwahluka kunye nokusasazwa kweentlobo zezityalo kwii-ecosystems ezininzi. Ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yobutyebi ngokungangqalanga kunye nokuncitshiswa kokhuphiswano oluthe ngqo kuthanda ukuvela kweentlobo ezintsha ezilungelelaniswe kwii-niches ezikhethekileyo.
Ukuhlala kwiindawo ezingenanto okanye ezingasetyenziswanga Ngokusebenzisa i-commensalism, inokuthi iqalise iinkqubo ze-speciation kunye nokwahlukana kwemfuzo, ukuqinisa iindidi zebhayoloji kwixesha elide.
Umahluko phakathi kwe-commensalism, mutualism kunye ne-parasitism kwizityalo
- I-Commensalism: Esinye isityalo sifumana inzuzo (inkxaso, ukusabalalisa, ukukhuselwa, izondlo ezisuka kwizinto eziphilayo) kwaye enye ayichaphazeleki kakuhle okanye kakubi.
- Ukuthembana:Zombini iintlobo, njengoko zisenzeka kwi-mycorrhizae, zifumana iingenelo ezithile kubudlelwane.
- Parasitism: Isityalo (isifunxi-gazi) siyancedakala kwaye sibangela ukwenzakala, amaxesha amaninzi sithintele ukukhula, sisenza buthathaka okanye side sisibulale isityalo esisingathe.
Lo mahluko ubaluleke kakhulu kulawulo lwe-ikhosistim kunye nokubuyiselwa, njengoko ibhalansi phakathi kwezi ntlobo zentsebenziswano imisela impumelelo kunye nokuphila kweentlobo ezininzi zezityalo.
Indima ye-commensalism kwi-biodiversity yegadi
Amatyala abalaseleyo e-commensalism kwizityalo kwihlabathi liphela
I-Orchids kunye ne-bromeliads kumahlathi ashinyeneyo
I-Epiphytic orchids, ekhula kumasebe emithi emikhulu kwihlathi elinemvula, inelungelo lokufikelela ekukhanyeni kwelanga. Imithi isebenza njengenkxaso kwaye, nangona inokubonelela ngokufuma okuthile, iimeko zomhlaba, kunye nokukhuselwa kukhuphiswano lomhlaba, Abavelelwa naziphi na iziphumo ezibi ezingqiniweyo ukusingatha ii-epiphytes, ngaphandle kwakwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga zomthwalo ogqithisileyo ngenxa yokuqokelelana ngokugqithisileyo.
ULiana kunye nabanye abakhweli
IiLiana zisebenzisa imithi njengenkxaso yokukhwela kwicanopy yehlathi kunye nokufikelela ekukhanyeni kwelanga. Ngokuqhelekileyo baqhotyoshela kunye neengcambu ze-adventitious okanye i-tendrils, kodwa Azikhiphi izondlo emthini, ngoko ke azijongwa njengee-parasites ukuba nje zingaphazamisi kakhulu ukukhula kwenginginya.
I-Mosses kunye ne-lichens kwiindawo zokuhlala ezifumileyo
Ezi zinto ziphilayo zikhula emithini kunye namatye, zivumela iintlobo ezininzi zezityalo ukuba zabelane ngendawo encinci kwaye zigweme ukhuphiswano oluthe ngqo kunye nezityalo ze-vascular.
Imbewu encanyathiselwe kuboya bezilwanyana
Ukuthuthwa kwembewu ngoboya bezilwanyana okanye iintsiba (izilwanyana zangaphandle) ngumzekelo we-biological phoresis: isityalo sizuza inzuzo yokusasazeka, ngelixa isilwanyana singenabungozi okanye inzuzo.
Ukukhula kwezityalo kwiintsalela zezinto eziphilayo
Kwiindawo ezikhuphisana kakhulu nendalo, ezinye izityalo zintshula kwizigodo eziwileyo okanye kwimingxuma eshiyiweyo, zithatha ithuba le-substrate yazo ngaphandle kokuguqula okanye ukuchaphazela into ephilayo engumzali, engasekhoyo.
Iimpembelelo ze-ikholoji kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-plant commensalism
Ukuqonda i-commensalism kwizityalo kusenza sikwazi ukuyila izicwangciso zolondolozo, ukubuyiselwa kwenkqubo yokuphilisana kwendalo kunye nolawulo lwezolimo oluphucula ukungafani kwezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo kunye nokomelela kwiziganeko ezimbi.
- Ukuqaliswa okanye ukukhuselwa kweentlobo ze-epiphytic kunokunceda ukubuyisela amahlathi athotyiweyo, ukukhuthaza ukugcinwa komswakama, kunye nokuphucula isakhiwo sokutya kwiindawo ezihlanjululwayo.
- Uphononongo lokusasazwa kwembewu okanye unxulumano nomngundo womhlaba kunye neebhaktiriya zinokwandisa ubuchule bokubuyisela indalo.
- Ukuqonda i-commensalism kunegalelo ekuxabiseni indima yonxibelelwano oluhle kulimo oluhlaziyayo kunye ne-agroecology.
Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo malunga ne-commensalism kwizityalo
- Ngaba i-commensalism ingatshintshela kolunye uhlobo lobudlelwane? Ewe, ngokuxhomekeke kumxholo, ubudlelwane obuhambelanayo bunokuguquka bube yimutualism ukuba izibonelelo zivela kubo bobabini abathathi-nxaxheba, okanye kwi-parasitism ukuba uhlobo lomkhosi luqala ukwenzakala.
- Ngaba i-commensalism isoloko iluncedo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo? Kwiimeko ezininzi, ewe, njengoko inyusa ukuhlalisana, ithatha i-ecological niches, kwaye ikhuthaza ukuvela kwe-microhabitats. Kuphela ukuba kukho ukuqokelelana okungaqhelekanga apho ubudlelwane bunokuba bubi kubabuki zindwendwe.
- Uthini umahluko phakathi kwe-epiphytism kunye ne-parasitism? Ii-epiphytes azikhuphi izondlo okanye ziphazamise iinkqubo ze-physiological host, ngelixa ii-parasites zenza, zenza buthathaka iintlobo zezilwanyana.
- Ngaba isityalo commensalism yenzeka kuphela phakathi kwezityalo? Akunjalo. Inokubandakanya i-fungi, ibhaktheriya, izilwanyana kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo, nje ukuba inzuzo i-unilateral kwaye ezinye iintlobo zihlala zingathathi hlangothi.
Uluhlu lweencwadi kunye neereferensi zenzululwazi
- Abt, MC, Osborne, LC, Monticelli, LA, Doering, TA, et al. Iibhaktheriya zeCommensal zilungelelanisa umda wokuvula wokugonywa kwe-antiviral yendalo. Ku khuselwa.
- Álvarez, J., Fernández Real, JM, Guarner, F., et al. I-Gut microbiota kunye nempilo. IGastroenterology kunye neHepatology.
- Guarner, F. I-Intestinal microbiota kunye nezifo ezivuthayo. IGastroenterology kunye neHepatology.
- UMathis, KA, & Bronstein, JL Ukuqonda kwethu ngoku kocommensalism. Uphononongo loNyaka lwe-Ecology, i-Evolution, kunye neCwangciso.
- Pellissier, L. Uzinzo kunye nokhuphiswano-nokusasazwa kwerhwebelwano njengabaqhubi be-speciation kunye ne-biodiversity gradients. Imida kwi-Ecology kunye ne-Evolution.
- Audesirk T., Audesirk, G., kunye noBruce E. Biology 3. I-Evolution kunye ne-Ecology. Imfundo yePearson.
- Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S., Keen, S., Larson, A., I'Anson, H., kunye noEisenhour, D. Comprehensive Principles of Zoology. McGraw Hill.
