I-dwarf birch, igama layo lezenzululwazi Betula nana, imele enye yamatye anqabileyo ezityalo kumntla wehemisphere. Nangona umfanekiso odumileyo we-birch uhlala unxulunyaniswa nemithi emide, emincinci, Betula nana Yinto ekhethekileyo ephawulekayo, ephuhliswayo njengesihlahla esikhula kancinci esidelela ezinye zemozulu ezigqithiseleyo zeplanethi. Kweli nqaku, uya kufunda ngakumbi ngeempawu zayo zebhayoloji, indawo yokuhlala, i-ikholoji, inkathalo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo, kunye nokubaluleka okukodwa eyidlalayo kwindalo kunye negadi yangoku.
Inkcazo kunye netaxonomy ye-dwarf birch (Betula nana)
Betula nana Sihlahla esinamagqabi sosapho Ibetulaceae, uhlobo olufanayo oluquka ezinye iibirches kunye ne-alder. Isiqu saso esidala asifane sibe ngaphezu kwemitha enye ubude, nangona kwiimeko ezilunge ngakumbi sinokufikelela kwiimitha ezimbini, sisoloko sishinyene, sisasazeke isisilhouette, esilungiselelwe ukumelana nomoya kunye namaqondo aphantsi obushushu obungqongileyo apho sikhula khona.
AmaSpredishithi: Isangqa ngokwemilo, eluhlaza nzulu entlakohlaza nasehlotyeni, inomda onqamlezileyo. Ubungakanani bayo buncinci kakhulu, buhluka phakathi kwe-1,2 kunye ne-2 centimeters kuxhomekeke kwii-subspecies. Ngexesha lekwindla, amagqabi ajika abe tyheli, i-orenji, kunye nobomvu, ngokuchasene ngokubukhali nomhlaba ojikelezileyo kwaye agqame njengenye yezinto ezikhangayo eziphambili zokuhlobisa.
Iziqu: Amasebe amancinci ahlala ene-velvety texture, eneenwele kwii-subspecies Betula nana NONE nana kunye ne-resin-coated kwi-subspecies exilisZincinci kwaye ziguquguqukayo, zivumela i-shrub ukuba imelane nobunzima bekhephu ngaphandle kokuphuka. Olu phawu luyimfuneko yokuziqhelanisa nokuziqhelanisa ukuze uphile kwimimandla apho kuxhaphake ukufumba kwekhephu.
Iintyatyambo neziqhamo: Iintyatyambo zivelisa i-catkins (inflorescences) ezibonakala zime nkqo kwaye zinokulinganisa ukuya kwiisentimitha ezintlanu ubude. Emva kokuvuthwa, iziqhamo zivuthwa zibe ngama-samara amancinci amancinci asasazwa ngumoya, eququzelela i-colonization yeendawo ezintsha ezivulekileyo.
Izindlu: Inkqubo yeengcambu ye Betula nana Ishinyene kwaye ayinzulu, ivumela ukusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza kwawo nawuphi na umthombo wamanzi kunye nezondlo kwimihlaba ehlwempuzekileyo, efana ne-tundras, i-heathlands kunye neendawo ezinama-peaty.
Ukuhlelwa kwerhafu:
- Ubukumkani: IPlantae
- ICandelo: magnoliophyta
- Iklasi: magnoliopsida
- Myalelo: Iintsomi
- Usapho: Ibetulaceae
- Isini: UBetula
- Iintlobo: Betula nana
Iintlobo ezincinci kunye nokusabalalisa kwendalo
Betula nana Ineentlobo ezimbini eziphambili, eziqhelaniswe nendalo ebandayo eyahlukeneyo kwihemisphere esemantla:
- Betula nana NONE nana: Inzalelwane yaseGreenland, emantla Yurophu, kumntla-ntshona weAsia, naseCanada. Amasebe amancinci anoboya, kwaye amagqabi alingana ne-2 centimeters. Ixhaphakile kwiindawo ezitshisayo kunye ne-acidic bogs.
- Betula nana NONE exilis: Ihlala kumntla-mpuma weAsia, eAlaska, nasempuma yeCanada. Amasebe awo akanaboya, kodwa anentlaka ekhuselayo; amagqabi mancinci, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1,2 centimeters.
Zombini ii-subspecies zilungelelaniswe ngokugqibeleleyo kwindawo ye-tundra, umhlaba omuncu omuncu, kunye nemimandla ye-permafrost. Kwimimandla esemazantsi, zivela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezingaphezu kweemitha ezingama-300, zisebenzisa iimeko ezipholileyo nezifumileyo zemimandla yeentaba.
Indawo yokuhlala kunye ne-ecology: ukoyisa imida egqithisileyo
Indawo yokuhlala ekhethwayo yaseBetula nana Le yimimandla yeArctic kunye ne-subarctic, apho amaqondo obushushu aphantsi ayenzeka ixesha elininzi lonyaka. Ikwafumaneka kwiindawo ezinamanzi, imigxobhozo, iindawo ezitshisayo, kwincam yechibi, kumathambeka entaba, nakwimimandla enomkhenkce, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ivelele kwiindawo ezibuthathaka zendalo engasesichengeni sokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Enkosi kuwe ubungakanani be compact kunye nayo ulwakhiwo olurhubuluzayoI-dwarf birch iyakwazi ukumelana nemimoya ebhudla ngamandla kunye namaqondo obushushu anokuhla ngaphantsi kwe-30°C. Ubukho bawo bubalulekile kuzinzo lwe-ecological yomhlaba ngenxa yothungelwano lweengcambu ezinabileyo nezixineneyo, nto leyo ethintela ukhukuliseko kwaye inceda ukugcina ukufuma kwiindawo apho iintlobo ezimbalwa zikhula kakuhle.
Ulungelelwaniso lwendalo:
- Amagqabi amancinci, ashinyeneyo: nciphisa ukuphuma kwamanzi kunye nokulahleka kwamanzi kwiindawo ezibandayo.
- Iingcambu ezingaphezulu: zithatha ngokukhawuleza amanzi akhoyo ngexesha lokunyibilika.
- Amasebe aguquguqukayo: axhasa ubunzima bekhephu kunye nomkhenkce ngaphandle kokuqhekeka.
- I-resin kunye neenwele kwiziqu: ukukhuselwa kwizinambuzane kunye ne-thermal insulation.
- Ubume be-dormancy enzulu ebusika: phantse i-zero metabolism ukumelana neemeko ezinzima.
Ukubaluleka kwe-ikholoji kunye nemisebenzi kwi-ikhosistim
Betula nana Ingaphezulu kakhulu kunesihlahla esiqinileyo: idlala indima ebalulekileyo kulwakhiwo kunye nokusebenza kwe-ikhosistim efumaneka kuyo.
- Indawo yokuhlala kunye nokutya: Ngamaxesha abandayo, izilwanyana ezanyisayo ezinjengeenyamakazi kunye nemivundla yase-arctic Zitya amagqabi kunye namasetyana awo xa zinqabile. Ukongezelela, ezinye iintaka, njengeegrévoles, zihlala kufuphi neentshinyela zayo, zisebenzisa indawo yazo yokugquma nokuzikhusela kumarhamncwa.
- I-pollination kunye ne-biodiversity: Izinambuzane ezisasaza imbewu zisebenzisa iintyatyambo zazo zasehlotyeni, nto leyo engundoqo kwityathanga lokutya elilinganiselweyo.
- Uthintelo lokhukuliseko: Iingcambu zayo zenza inethiwekhi eqinile ebambe i-substrate kwaye inqande ukufuduka ngenxa yomoya okanye umkhenkce onyibilikayo. Ngokukodwa kwi-peatlands kunye ne-heathlands, inceda ukugcina ingqibelelo yomhlaba xa ujongene nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nemisebenzi yabantu.
- Ummiselo we-Microclimate: Umthunzi obonelelwa yiBetula nana wehlisa ukuphuphuma kwamanzi kwaye uzinzisa ubushushu bomphezulu.
- Ukufunxa ikhabhoni: Le birch inegalelo ekuthinjweni kwe-CO2, ukusebenzisana ekunciphiseni impembelelo ye-greenhouse kwiindawo ezisemantla.
Iimfuno zenzululwazi kunye nendima ekutshintsheni kwemozulu
Uphando lwakutshanje lwenzululwazi luye lwaphawula ukuba Betula nana Iphendula ngokukodwa kwi-permafrost enyibilikayo. ESiberia naseGreenland, kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba ukufudumala kwehlabathi kukukhuthaza ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kolu didi, nto leyo enokubangela utshintsho kukhuphiswano nezinye izityalo zomthonyama kunye nokukhawulezisa okunokwenzeka kokunyibilika kwamaleko ekhephu ngenxa yokuba mnyama komhlaba.
Ubukho babo buyaqwalaselwa isalathisi semikhenkce yamandulo, njengoko yayiyenye yeentlobo ezimbalwa zemithi ezikwaziyo ukuphila kufuphi nemida yomkhenkce ngeXesha Lomkhenkce lokugqibela. Luhlobo lwe-relict, olukhuselwe kumazwe afana ne-France ngenxa yokunqaba kwayo kunye nokunyamalala ngokuthe ngcembe kwe-peatlands yendalo.
Umahluko ophambili kunye nezinye iibirch
I-genus Betula ibanzi kakhulu, kwaye ibandakanya iintlobo ezifana betula pendula (ibhirch eqhelekileyo), I-Betula pubescens (downy birch) kunye IBetula papyrifera (i-birch yephepha), yonke imithi emide. Betula nana Inokubonwa ngokulula ngokubonakala kwayo kwamatyholo kunye nokukhetha kwayo kwi-tundra kunye neendawo zokuhlala zeentaba.
- I-Betula pendula: Umthi onamaxolo amhlophe, amasebe ajingayo, kunye namagqabi amakhulu; zixhaphake eYurophu naseAsia.
- I-Betula pubescens: Iyafana nependula kodwa inexolo elincinane elikhuphayo kunye nokunyamezelana okukhulu kwimihlaba emanzi.
- I-Betula papyrifera: Inzalelwane yaseMntla Melika, ixolo elimhlophe elikhuphayo kumaphepha kunye nobukhulu obukhulu.
- Betula nana: Isihlahla esincinci esinamaqabunga amancinci kunye nefom eguqayo okanye erhubuluzayo; ixolo elimnyama, elilungiselelwe iimeko ezinzima.
Indaleko eguquguqukayo ikhokelele Betula nana ukuphuhlisa iimpawu ezizodwa ukuze baphile apho "abazala" babo abadala bengakwazi.
Ukhathalelo lwe-birch encinci egadini nakwiimbiza
ukulima kwe Betula nana Ngamava anomvuzo kwabo bathanda igadi abaneemeko ezifanelekileyo. Ngaphandle kobunzima bayo, iimfuno zayo ezithile kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngononophelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe uphuhliso kunye nokuphila ixesha elide.
Ubicación
Le birch encinci kufuneka ibekwe kuyo ngaphandle, kwiindawo ezipholileyo nezikhanyiswe kakuhleIkhetha ukukhanya kwelanga kwindawo ebandayo, kodwa kwiindawo ezipholileyo okanye ezifudumeleyo (ezifana neMeditera), kungcono ukuyibeka kwindawo engaphantsi komthunzi ukukhusela ilanga elibukhali ekutshiseni amaqabunga ayo.
Uhlobo lomhlaba kunye ne-pH
El Betula nana ngqo umhlaba weasidi (pH phakathi kwe-4 kunye ne-6), echumileyo, kwaye ichithwe kakuhle. Umhlaba onealkaline okanye onetyuwa unokubangela ichlorosis kunye neengxaki zokukhula. Kwimeko yokungakhathali kakuhle okanye umhlaba odibeneyo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba umbe umngxuma ubuncinci obuyi-1 mitha ububanzi kunye nobunzulu, ugcwalise nge-substrate ekhethekileyo yezityalo ze-acidophilic ezixutywe ne-perlite.
Ukunkcenkceshela nokufuma
La ukufuma rhoqo, ngaphandle kwee-puddles, kubalulekile. Ukunkcenkceshelwa kufuneka kwenziwe rhoqo ngeentsuku ezi-3 ehlotyeni kwaye kuncitshiswe ngamaxesha abandayo. Kubalulekile ukucwina umhlaba ngokupheleleyo ngokunkcenkceshela nganye, ngokukhethekileyo ukusebenzisa amanzi emvula okanye i-acidic pH, ekubeni ikalika inokusonakalisa isityalo.
Umbhalisi
Entlakohlaza nasehlotyeni, imithi ye<em>dwarf birch iyakuxabisa ukusetyenziswa kwezichumiso zendalo ezinezondlo ezininzi, ezinjenge-guano, umgquba ovuthiweyo, okanye izichumisi ezenzelwe ngokukodwa izityalo ezithanda iasidi, esoloko ilandela imiyalelo yomenzi wayo.
Usasazeko
Uphinda-phindo lwe Betula nana inokuqhutywa ngembewu (kubanda kufakwe kwaye kuhlwayelwe ebusika ukuze kuhlume entwasahlobo), okanye ngo iinqumle zesemi-wood efunyenwe entwasahlobo.
Ukuthena
Ekupheleni kobusika, kunokucetyiswa ukuba kuthenwe amasebe amade kakhulu, omile, okanye aphazamise inkangeleko yesihlahla. Ukuthena kufuneka kubephakathi ukunqanda ukwenza buthathaka isityalo.
Ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza
Inkxaso iqabaka ukuya kuthi ga kwi -30°C kwaye naphantsi, ukuba sesinye sezona zityalo zikwaziyo ukumelana nangaphandle kwimimandla enobusika obunzima.
Iingcebiso zokukhulisa iBetula nana embizeni
Betula nana es igqibelele ukulima imbiza Kwiibhalkhoni, iitesi, okanye iipatiyo kwiindawo ezibandayo. I-substrate kufuneka ibe ne-acidic (pH 4-6), kwaye imbiza kufuneka igubungele ngokukhululekileyo inkqubo yeengcambu. Nkcenkceshela rhoqo, njengakumhlaba, kwaye uphephe ukuba sesichengeni samaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwama-25°C.
Kwiindawo ezifudumeleyo, isityalo siya kubandezeleka ngokuqinisekileyo, nangona sifumana ukunkcenkceshela okuninzi kunye nomthunzi; ilungelelaniswe ngokwemfuza ukuze imelane nengqele egqithisileyo, kodwa hayi ubushushu okanye imbalela.
