I-Arum maculatum: iimpawu, inkathalo, ukusetyenziswa, kunye neenyaniso ezinomdla malunga nesityalo se-arum esinamabala

I-Arum maculatum: Iimpawu, ukhathalelo, iipropathi, kunye neenyani ezinomdla malunga nesityalo esingumfanekiso

Intshayelelo ye-Arum maculatum

Arum maculatumNgokuqhelekileyo eyaziwa njenge-spotted arum, i-candelillo, okanye ulwimi lwenja, esi sisityalo esihlala sihlala sikhula sosapho lwe-Araceae. Olu hlobo luvelele ngenxa yobukho balo kumahlathi aseYurophu, i-inflorescences eyahlukileyo, kunye neziqhamo ezibomvu ezimangalisayo, ngaphezu kokubaluleka kwe-ethnobotanical kunye nembali.

Kweli nqaku uya kufumana ngokweenkcukacha zonke Iimpawu zeBotanical zeArum maculatum, indawo yayo yokuhlala, ukubaluleka kokunyamekelwa kwegadi, indima yayo njengesityalo sokuhombisa, ukusetyenziswa kwemveli, iipropati, ubuthi, kunye neengcebiso ezithile zokusasaza kunye nokuhombisa. Uya kufumana ulwazi olufanelekileyo malunga nokuziphatha kwayo kwendalo, ubudlelwane kunye nezinye iintlobo, kunye nedatha yembali kunye nenkcubeko ekunzima ukuyifumana kwisixhobo esibanzi.

Amagama aqhelekileyo kunye nokuhlelwa kwebhotani

El Arum maculatum Inamagama amaninzi eelwimi zomthonyama kumazwe ahlukeneyo nakwimimandla:

• I-Español: ihupula, ihupula, izibane, isityalo senyoka, intyatyambo yasentwasahlobo, ulwimi lwenja, unyawo lwethole, ijaro, ijagi, isummillo.
• SiNgesi: i-cuckoo pint.
• IsiPhuthukezi: jarro, alho-dos-campos, jarro-bravo, sarpintina.
• Galician: igaro, imifuno yezityalo.
• Basque: errebedarra, suge-artaburu.

Ukuhlelwa kwetaxonomic ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Domain: eukarya
• Iqela elikhulu: archaeplastid
• Umphetho: I-Chloroplastida
• ICandelo: Streptophyta
• Ulwahlulo: I-Spermatophytina
• Iklasi: magnoliopsida
• Myalelo: Arales
• Usapho: Araceae
• Isini: arum

Igama elithi "Arum" livela kwigama lesiGrike elithi "áron" kwaye lihlala libhekisa kwiintlobo ezininzi zohlobo. Igama elithi "maculatum" livela kwisiLatini elithi "maculatus," elithetha indawo, libhekisela kubukho bamabala kumagqabi ayo.

Inkcazo yebhotani eneenkcukacha

El Arum maculatum Sisityalo esinesityalo esikhula ngonyaka kwi-tuber yaso engaphantsi komhlaba. Awona macandelo aphawulekayo kunye neempawu eziphambili ze-morphological:

• Ubungakanani beTuber: phakathi kwe-1,3 kunye ne-3 cm ububanzi, i-rhizomatous, apho iingcambu ezomeleleyo ziphuma khona.
• AmaSpredishithi: i-petiolate, enkulu (ukuya kwi-22 cm ubude), inamacangca aluhlaza acwebezelayo, ahlala enamabala amfusa. Zine hastate okanye sagittate kwimilo, kunye venation uphawu kunye nesiseko ezinamaphiko.
• Inflorescence: yenziwe nge-lanceolate spathe (i-bract) yombala oluhlaza kunye namachokoza amfusa, ejikeleze i-spadix, i-axis eyinyama apho zikhoyo iintyatyambo zesini zombini. I-spathe inokulinganisa ukusuka kwi-9 ukuya kwi-23 cm ubude.
• I-Spadix: imfusa ekugqibeleni, enevumba leuric eliphawulwayo ukutsala izinambuzane ezisasaza ipoleni.
• Iintyatyambo: Unisexuality kwi inflorescence; iintyatyambo zenkunzi nemazi zahlukene, kwaye iintyatyambo eziyinyumba (istaminodes kunye nepistils) zifumaneka phakathi kwazo.
• Isiqhamo: amaqunube e-ovoid, abomvu aqaqambileyo xa evuthiwe, ahlelwe ngokwamaqela.
• Imbewu: phakathi kwe-1 kunye ne-4 iqunube ngalinye, libomvu ngombala.

Iintyatyambo zenzeka entwasahlobo, ngakumbi phakathi kuka-Epreli noJuni, kuxhomekeke kwimozulu kunye nendawo.

Ukuhanjiswa kunye nendawo yokuhlala

El Arum maculatum Isasazwe ngokubanzi eNtshona, kuMbindi, nakuMzantsi Yurophu, ifikelela nakwiCaucasus kwaye ikhoyo kumntla nakumntla-mpuma weSingasiqithi weIberia. Indawo yayo yokuhlala ekhethiweyo ibandakanya:

• Amahlathi afumileyo: Imithi ye-oki, i-beech groves kunye nezinye iindawo ezinomthunzi ezinobuninzi bezinto eziphilayo.
• Iindawo ezipholileyo nezipholileyo, kwindawo ephakamileyo phakathi kwe-500 kunye ne-1300 yeemitha.
• Umgangatho: Utyebile kwiziseko (pH phakathi kwe-5,5 kunye ne-8), emanzi okanye emanzi kakhulu, kunye nomxholo wezondlo ezilungileyo. Ayibunyamezeli ubutyuwa.

Idityaniswa ne-mesophytic okanye i-hygrophytic, uluntu lwezityalo ezivuthulukayo, kwaye inokufumaneka kumanxweme emilambo kwimimandla efumileyo yeMeditera.

I-Ecology, i-pollination kunye nokusabalalisa

El Arum maculatum Iyaziwa ngeqhinga layo lokuhambisa ipoleni elinika umdla:

• I-Entomophilous pollination: Itsala kakhulu iimpukane ngevumba elinamandla le-spadix kunye nobushushu obuveliswayo (thermogenesis), ukulinganisa ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo.
• I-spathe iyatyibilika; izinambuzane zibanjiswa, ziqatywe umungu, zize ke zikhululwe, kube lula ukuchumisa.
• Ukusasazwa kwembewu: Ngokuyintloko ukuzisasaza, nangona umoya, izilwanyana ezincinci, okanye iintaka zinokuba negalelo kwindima yesibini. Imbewu ayinako ukuziqhelanisa nokusasazwa komgama omde.

Isityalo a geophyte, oko kukuthi, iphila ebusika ngokusebenzisa amaqabunga angaphantsi komhlaba kwi-tuber okanye i-rhizome.

Iimpawu zonyango kunye nezondlo

Ngokwembali, i Arum maculatum Isetyenziswe kumayeza esintu kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo okuqhelekileyo kubandakanya:

• Ukusetyenziswa kwangaphandle kunye namagqabi amatsha atyunyuziweyo ukunyanga ukutshisa, i-chilblains kunye neentlungu ze-rheumatic.
• Ukusetyenziswa kwe-tuber decoction njenge-expectorant kunye ne-toothache reliever.
• Isetyenziswa njenge-diuretic, i-purgative, i-antirheumatic kunye ne-diaphoretic kumayeza ahlukeneyo e-herbal amandulo.

Isexwayiso: isityalo siphezulu Inetyhefu Kubantu nakwizilwanyana xa zisentsha. Izithako zayo ezisebenzayo ziquka i-saponins, i-calcium kunye neetyuwa ze-potassium, i-hydrocyanic acid, kwaye, ngokukodwa, i-aroin, ejongene nokucaphuka kunye netyhefu enokuthi ibe khona. Ukusetyenziswa ngengozi kunokubangela ubuthi obukhulu, ukucaphuka, kunye nomonakalo kwimifinya; ngoko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kukhuthazwa ngamandla ngaphandle kokuba phantsi kweliso lochwepheshe.

Ngamaxesha okunqongophala nasemva kokupheka ixesha elide kunye nokutshintsha kwamanzi amaninzi, ii-tubers zisetyenziswe njengokutya kwabantu kwaye, emva kokupheka, njengokudla kwezilwanyana. Ukusetyenziswa kwazo ekutyeni kunqongophele kakhulu kuba kufuna ukuba kupheliswe phantse ngokupheleleyo ityhefu ngeenkqubo ezinzima.

Ubuthi kunye nezilumkiso

El Arum maculatum Yaziwa kakhulu ngobutyhefu bayo. Isityalo sonke, kodwa ngakumbi i-tubers kunye namajikijolo, ziqulethe iikhompawundi ezinokubangela ubuthi obukhulu. Kubalulekile ukugcina engqondweni:

• Ukudibana nolusu kunokubangela ukucaphuka kunye nokuhlaba.
• Ukusela amalungu amatsha kubangela ukugabha, urhudo, ubunzima bokuphefumla, kunye neengxaki zentliziyo. Amaqunube abomvu abukekayo abeka ingozi ethile ebantwaneni.
• Izilwanyana zasekhaya zihlala zisiphepha isityalo endle, kodwa ukuba ziyasiginya, zinokuba netyhefu eyingozi.

Ulumkiso olugqithisileyo luyacetyiswa kwiigadi kunye neendawo apho abantwana okanye izilwanyana zasekhaya zikhona, zigcina isityalo sikude nabo.

Ukunyamekelwa kwegadi kunye nokulima

El Arum maculatum Ixatyiswa njengesityalo sokuhombisa emthunzini kunye neegadi zendalo ngenxa yenkangeleko yaso engaqhelekanga kunye neziqhamo ezinomtsalane. Iimfuno zayo eziphambili zokhathalelo zezi:

• Isibane: ikhetha i-semi-shade okanye umthunzi; ukukhanya okuthe ngqo kungonakalisa amagqabi awo.
• Unkcenkceshelo: Gcina i-substrate ifumile, ugweme ukuchithwa kwamanzi. Ukukhutshwa kwamanzi okwaneleyo kuyafuneka ukukhusela ukubola kwe-tuber.
• Umhlaba: Isityebi kwizinto eziphilayo, i-alkaline kancinane kunye nokugcinwa kokufuma okuhle.
• Ubushushu: inyamezela ingqele ephakathi, kodwa ikhetha ubushushu obuphakathi.
• Ukuchumisa: Faka izichumisi eziphilayo okanye izichumisi ezilungelelanisiweyo ngexesha lentwasahlobo nasekuqaleni kwehlobo.

Isityalo sinokukhuliswa kwiimbiza ezinzulu ukuba ufuna ukulawula ukusasazeka kwayo, njengoko phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo ziyakwazi ukuvela kwaye zisasazeke ngokukhawuleza.

Ukuzala kunye nokusasazwa

El Arum maculatum Inokusasazwa ngeendlela ezimbini eziphambili:

• Imbewu: Vuna amaqunube xa ejike abebomvu nzulu. Susa imbewu, icoce, kwaye uyihlwayele kumhlaba omanzi, ocebileyo, ugcine ubushushu obupholileyo. Ukuntshula kunokucotha kwaye kufuna umonde.
• Ukwahlulahlulwa kwee-tubers: Eyona ndlela ilula. Susa isityalo sikamama ngexesha lokulala, yahlula i-tuber, uqinisekise ukuba icandelo ngalinye lineengcambu kunye namathupha, kwaye uphinde ulityale kwi-substrate yokugqibela.

Kwiminyaka embalwa, ngokuhlukana kunye nembewu, inokwenza iikholoni ezincinci kwigadi.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Isikhokelo esipheleleyo somthi we-bay (Aucuba japonica): iimpawu, ukhathalelo, kunye neengcebiso eziphambili

Iingcebiso zokugcina kunye neengxaki eziqhelekileyo

• Liphephe ilanga eligqithisileyo, etshisa amagqabi ayo kwaye inciphisa amandla esityalo.
• Lawula ukunkcenkceshela Ukuthintela ukubola kwerhizome: i-substrate kufuneka ihlale ifumile kodwa ingaze ibe namanzi.
• Ukususwa kwamalungu abunile: Susa amagqabi kunye ne-inflorescence eseleyo emva kokuba isiqhamo sivuthiwe ukukhuthaza ukuhluma okunamandla kumjikelo olandelayo.
• Uphononongo lwezinambuzane: Nangona iqinile, inokuhlaselwa yi-snails okanye i-slugs. Ukulawula ngeendlela eziphilayo ukuba kuyimfuneko.
• Ukusetyenziswa kwezivamvo zendalo: Namhlanje, kukho izinzwa ezihlakaniphileyo ezilinganisa ukufuma komhlaba, ukukhanya, kunye nobushushu, ukwenza kube lula ukugcinwa kweArum maculatum kwiigadi nakwindawo ezingaphakathi.

Ubudlelwane kunye nokusingqongileyo kunye ne-phytosociology

El Arum maculatum Iyinxalenye yezityalo zoluntu lwamahlathi e-Eurosiberian, ngakumbi kwiklasi ye-Querco-Fagetea, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ihlala kunye neentlobo ezinjenge-oki (UQuercus robur), beech (Ifagus sylvaticaiianemones (anemone nemorosa), ivy (IHedera helix) kunye neeferns (I-Dryopteris). Ubukho bayo bubonisa umhlaba otyebileyo, omanzi kwaye isebenza njenge-bioindicator ye-ecosystem esele ikhulile, engaphazanyiswa kancinci.

Umjikelo wobomi bayo kunye nokudluliselwa kwepoleni okukhethekileyo kunegalelo kwintlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana zangaphantsi komhlaba, ibonelela ngekhusi nokutya kwezinambuzane kwaye, ekugqibeleni, iintaka ezixhamla amathuba.

Iimfuno zembali nezenkcubeko

• UTheophrastus kunye noDioscorides sele bekhankanyile ukusetyenziswa kweArum maculatum kwiGrisi yamandulo kunye neRoma.
• Kwi-Middle Ages yayisetyenziswa kwizithethe, njenge-aphrodisiac kunye ne-love potions, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwakusoloko kujikelezwe zizilumkiso malunga nobutyhefu bayo.
• KwiRoma yamandulo, isityalo sasingumqondiso ophindaphindiweyo wokuchuma kunye nokuphila kakuhle, njengoko kuboniswa yimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yezityalo kwi-Ara Pacis.
• Iinkolelo zamandulo zasemaphandleni zazinxulumanisa ukubonakala kwespathe kunye noqikelelo ngesivuno.

I-Arum maculatum njengesityalo sokuhombisa

El Arum maculatum Yongeza ukubanjwa kwasendle kunye nokungaqhelekanga kwigadi yegadi, iirockeries, kunye nemida epholileyo. Amaqunube ayo abomvu anomtsalane kunye namagqabi anamachokoza ayenza ibe lukhetho oluxatyiswe kakhulu kwabo bafuna izitiya ezingakhathalelwanga kangako ngomdla wonyaka wonke. Ikwasetyenziswa ekulungiseni iintyatyambo ezomisiweyo kunye nokwenza indawo enemithi ngokwendalo.

Isilumkiso: Beka isityalo kwiindawo ezinzima kubantwana kunye nezilwanyana ezifuywayo ukufikelela ngenxa yomngcipheko wokuba amajikijolo kunye ne-rhizomes zenza ukuba zifakwe.

Umhombiso kunye nemibono yokuyila kunye ne-Arum maculatum

• Iimbiza zokuhombisa: Tyala iibhalbhu ze-Arum maculatum kwiimbiza ezinzulu ze-ceramic kwiindawo ezinomthunzi zangaphakathi eziqaqambileyo okanye ezipholileyo, ezifumileyo.
• Iibhaskithi ezijingayo okanye iindawo zokuhlala: Yazisa ii-tubers kwiziqulatho ze-terrarium ecaleni kwe-ferns kunye nobulembu, uphinda wenze inkqubo encinci ye-ecosystem ye-understory.
• Imida yasendle: Dibanisa i-arum enamabala ibe yimida kunye nezinye izinto ezihlala ixesha elide ezinamahlamvu amangalisayo ukwenza imbonakalo-mhlaba engokwemvelo kunye nengaqhelekanga.
• Iindawo ekugxilwe kuzo: Sebenzisa amaqela e-Arum maculatum ukwenza amanqaku omdla kwiindawo ezingathengiswa kakhulu egadini, zidityaniswe namatye kunye nezigodo.

Izalathi ze-ikholoji kunye nokuziphatha phambi kokuphazamiseka

Amaxabiso endalo eringi enamabala angashwankathelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Ubushushu: ikhetha imimandla enenduli kunye nepholileyo.
• Ubutyuwa: ayiwunyamezeli umhlaba onetyuwa.
• Ukufuma: imihlaba emanzi okanye emanzi kakhulu, sisalathisi seendawo ezipholileyo.
• Ubumuncu: Ikhula kakuhle kwimihlaba enealkaline.
• Izondlo: umthandi womhlaba otyebileyo kwizinto eziphilayo kunye nezondlo.

Ukunyamezela kunye nokubuyisela: I-Arum maculatum inyamezela ukuchetywa kwamathuba athile kunye nokutyisa okulula, nangona ukulima okanye ukushukuma komhlaba kunokunciphisa abantu bayo. Ibuyela ngokukhawuleza emva kokuphazamiseka, njengoko i-tubers yayo iphila kwaye ihluma nasemva kweminyaka ingasebenzi.

I-Arum maculatum kunye nokucoca umoya

Njengazo ezininzi ii-araceae, i Arum maculatum Inegalelo ekuphuculeni umgangatho womoya wangaphakathi ngokufunxa iikhompawundi eziguquguqukayo kunye nokunceda ukugcina ukufuma kwe-ambient. Nangona oku ingelilo ixabiso layo eliphambili lokuhombisa, linokudityaniswa kwindawo yangaphakathi (kude nabantwana kunye nezilwanyana zasekhaya) ukudibanisa ubuhle kunye nokusebenza kwendalo.

Uluhlu lwamagama anxulumeneyo

Ala

Ukwandiswa kweLaminar kumphezulu walo naliphi na ilungu.

UAlado

Kubonelelwe ngamaphiko.

Anther

Inxalenye ephezulu ye-stamen, idumbile ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi, equlethe i-pollen.

I-Anthesis

Ukuvulwa kweentyatyambo kunye nexesha lokubuna.

Berry

Iziqhamo ezinenyama ezinolusu olubhityileyo kunye nentlaka emanzi.

I-Spathe

Ibract ebanzi ejikeleze i-inflorescence.

Staminode

I-stamen enyumba.

Flexuous

Ijijelwe ngokutshintshanayo.

Ilitha

Uluhlaza okhanyayo kunye ne-bluish tinge.

Yenza

Phezulu kwegqabi.

Hyaline

Ebekekileyo.

Rhizome

Isiqu esingaphantsi komhlaba esivelisa amagqabi neengcambu.

Sagittate

Utolo olumile.

Uluhlu lweencwadi kunye nemithombo ecetyiswayo

Amanqaku enzululwazi

• Amaxabiso esalathisi sokuphazamiseka kwezityalo zaseYurophu. Midolo G., Herben T., Axmanová I., Marcenò C., Pätsch R., Bruelheide H., … & Chytrý M.
• Amaxabiso esalathisi se-Ellenberg kwiintlobo zezityalo zaseYurophu. Tichý L., Axmanová I., Dengler J., Guarino R., Jansen F., Midolo G.,… Chytrý M.
• UHlelo lweNdawo ye-EUNIS: inkqubo yeengcali, indibaniselwano yeentlobo zeempawu kunye nokuhanjiswa kweemephu zeendawo zokuhlala zaseYurophu. Chytrý M., Tichý L., Hennekens SM, Knollová I., Janssen JAM, Rodwell JS … Schaminée JHJ
• Iiklasi zomgama wokusasazwa kwembewu kunye neendlela zokusasazwa kwezityalo zaseYurophu. Lososová Z., Axmanová I., Chytrý M., Midolo G., Abdulhak S., Karger DN, Renaud J., Van Es J., Vittoz P. & Thuiller W.

Iincwadi

• Iintyatyambo zaseIberia. Umqulu. XVIII. Cyperaceae-Pontederiaceae. Castroviejo Bolibar, Santiago & al. (eds.).

Iiwebhusayithi ezongezelelweyo kunye nezixhobo

• Iifom zobomi. Dřevojan P., Čeplová N., Stěpánková P. & Axmanová I.
• Amaqonga egadi kunye nabahloli bezityalo.

El Arum maculatum Inomdla kwibhayoloji yayo ekhethekileyo, imbali, kunye nexabiso lokuhombisa, nangona ifuna intlonipho yobutyhefu bayo kunye nenqanaba elincinci lolwazi ekulimeni kwayo ngokukhuselekileyo kunye nokusasazwa kwayo. Inkcubeko, i-ecology, kunye nobutyebi bayo bebhotani buyenza ibe yeyona nto ibalaseleyo kwizitiya ezinomthunzi, iiprojekthi zokubuyisela, kunye nokusingqongileyo kwamahlathi. Ikwangumxholo wofundo ngenxa yentsebenziswano entsonkothileyo ne-ecosystem. Ukuhombisa kunye namathuba e-ikholoji anikezelayo, kunye nobuhle bamagqabi kunye neziqhamo, zenza esi sityalo sibe lolona khetho lufanelekileyo kwabo bafuna igadi enochuku olungaqhelekanga kunye nendalo.