España Yaziwa kumazwe ngamazwe ngenxa yezityalo eziziintlobo ngeentlobo zefungal ezingaqhelekanga, lelinye lamazwe aneentlobo ngeentlobo zamakhowa atyiwayo kunye namakhowa asendle eYurophu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuvela kunye nokwandiswa kwe amakhowa ahlaselayo iye yaba lucelomngeni olukhulayo. Ezi ntlobo zezityalo ezingaqhelekanga nezingezozalo aziphazamisi nje kuphela ulungelelwaniso lwendalo kodwa zinokuchaphazela imveliso yezolimo, ishishini lamahlathi, kunye nokhuseleko lokutya.
Kweli nqaku siphonononga nzulu Iindidi eziphambili zamakhowa ahlaselayo akhoyo eSpain, indlela yokuzibona, imvelaphi yazo, iingozi ezizibangelayo kwizityalo, kwizilwanyana nakwinkqubo yendalo, kwaneendlela ezifanelekileyo zokulawula, ukuthintela, kunye nendima yabemi nolawulo lwazo.
Yintoni amakhowa ahlaselayo kwaye kutheni eyingxaki?
Las amakhowa ahlaselayo Zizintlobo zomngundo, ezisuka kwamanye amazwe okanye amazwekazi, zingeniswa ngengozi okanye ngabom eSpain kwaye zilawule ukuseka, ukuvelisa, kunye nokwandisa ngokubanzi kwiindawo zokuhlala zendalo, ezisemaphandleni, okanye ezidolophini. Amandla abo okusasaza kunye nokuziqhelanisa nawo adla ngokuba mkhulu kunowamanye amakhowa omthonyama, nto leyo ebenza babe ngabakhuphisani bokwenyani bezinto ezinje. umswakama, la izinto eziphilayo kunye space.
Iziphumo zayo kwi Inkqubo yendalo yaseSpain Zisenokuba yingozi: zishenxisa iintlobo zezilwanyana zasekuhlaleni, zithomalalisa umhlaba, ziguqule ubudlelwane obukhoyo phakathi kwezityalo zomthonyama kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, zisasaze izifo ezichaphazela zombini izityalo nezilwanyana.
- Impembelelo yendalo: Ukuncitshiswa kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo zokungunda kunye nezityalo zemveli.
- Impembelelo yezoqoqosho: Ukonakala kwezityalo, ukucutheka komgangatho weenkuni, kunye nelahleko kwimveliso yokutya yesintu.
- Imingcipheko yempilo: Ezinye iintlobo ezihlaselayo zinokuba yingozi ebantwini nakwizilwanyana zasekhaya.
Iindidi eziphambili zamakhowa ahlaselayo eSpain
Okwangoku, iingcali zichonge iindidi ezininzi ze amakhowa angaqhelekanga ezithe zazimisela kwiindawo ngeendawo zelizwe. Amagama abo adumileyo ahlala ebhekisa kwiimilo, imibala kunye nezinto ezingaqhelekanga:
- Ingwane okanye isquid mushroom (Armillaria tabescens)
- Ukungunda kweBarnacle
- UClathrus archeri (iminwe kasathana okanye i-squid mushroom yase-Australia)
- Leucoagaricus, Psilocyber y Panellus stipticus
- Iintlobo zeTropiki (ezinye iipolypores kunye ne-basidiomycetes)
Ingwane okanye isquid mushroom (Armillaria tabescens)
La Armillaria tabescens, eyaziwa njenge ingwane ikhowa o i-squid mushroom, luhlobo lwezityalo ezihlala kuMntla Merika. Ibonakaliswa yi-rhizomorphs yayo ende, efana nentente, ekhumbuza iingalo ze-cephalopod.
Ibonakala kakhulu ekupheleni kwehlobo nasekwindla, xa amaqela amakhulu ebonakala kwiipaki kunye namahlathi, ekhula kwimithi ebolileyo kwaye rhoqo kwimithi ebuthathaka. Ukwandiswa kwayo kuye kwathandwa ngokunyuka kwe amaqondo obushushu kunye norhwebo lwehlabathi lwezityalo.
- Iyanda ekhoyo emantla eSpain: iLizwe laseBasque, eCantabria naseGalicia.
- Kwinqanaba lokupheka, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kulinganiselwe ngenxa yayo ukuthungwa y ukungabikho kwencasa eyahlukileyo.
- Ibeka umngcipheko kumahlathi emithi yendalo, njengoko inokubangela ukufa kwabantu abadala kunye nemithi emincinci.
Clathrus archeri (iminwe kasathana okanye i-squid mushroom yase-Australia)
El UClathrus archeri, ekwabizwayo iminwe kasathana, i-squid mushroom o intlanzi yasemhlabeni, lelinye lawona makhowa ahlaselayo. Inzalelwane yaseOstreliya naseNew Zealand, iingalo zayo ezinemibala eqaqambileyo ziyabonakala. obomvu obomvu ephuma kwiqanda elingaqhelekanga, elikhupha ivumba elinamandla lenyama ebolileyo ukutsala izinambuzane ezisasaza izinambuzane.
Olu hlobo lwangena eYurophu kwinkulungwane edlulileyo, mhlawumbi ngokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe uboya kunye neemveliso zezolimo. ESpain, yaqala ukubonwa kusingasiqithi osemantla kwaye ngoku ixhaphake eGalicia, e-Asturias, eCantabria, eNavarre, nakwilizwe laseBasque, nangona imizekelo isanda ukubonwa kwiindawo ezininzi zelizwe.
- Ukwandiswa kwayo kuqinisa imfuno yokubeka iliso kwiingcali zemycologists.
- Ayinaxabiso lokupheka kwaye inokubhidaniswa nezinye iintlobo ezifana neClathrus ruber.
- Ayinabungozi ngqo kwimpilo yabantu, kodwa ukukhula kwayo ngokukhawuleza kunokususa umngundo womthonyama.
Umngundo webharnacle
Eyaziwa kwiindawo ezihlala elunxwemeni, i umngundo barnacle Ibonisa ukufana okubonakalayo kwii-barnacles zaselwandle, nangona i-biology yayo yahluke ngokupheleleyo. Inokufikelela phezulu 30 cm kwaye iphawuleka ngevumba layo elineziqhamo, elifana neleapile. Ivunwa ngokwesiko, kodwa ukwandiswa kwayo kwiindawo ezingaphakathi kwi-Peninsula yase-Iberia kuphakamisa iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo kunye nendalo, izizathu zazo ezifundwayo ngoku.
- Iyakhula ngomthi, imihlaba etyebileyo izinto eziphilayo kunye nemigxobhozo.
- Utshintsho lwemozulu kunye nosetyenziso lomhlaba lunokuba luxhasa ukusasazeka kwabo.
Iintlobo zeTropiki kunye nokuqaliswa kweefungi ezingaqhelekanga
Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kuququzelele ukufika ngengozi kwe iintlobo zetropiki njengaye Leucoagaricus, Psilocyber y Panellus stipticus, ekhoyo kwiiplanga ezifileyo, kwiipaki, kwiigadi nakwigadi zasezidolophini. Uninzi lunenkangeleko engaqondakaliyo, ezineminqwazi emhlophe kunye neziqu, kodwa zinokusebenza njengezinto ezihlaselayo kumasimi eziqhamo, kwiheji nakwimithi yasezidolophini.
- Ezinye iintlobo zibonisa i-bioluminescence (umzekelo: Panellus stipticus).
- Uninzi aluyongozi ebantwini, kodwa lungonakalisa uhlaza lwendalo kunye nonobangela ilahleko kwezoqoqosho kwicandelo lamahlathi.
Corn smut (Ustilago maydis): intsholongwane yokungunda ehlaselayo
El corn smut o corn smut, yenziwe ngu Ustilago maydis, yenye ingxaki ebalulekileyo. Isuka eMelika kwaye irekhodwa kwimimandla emininzi yaseYurophu, iye yaba sisisongelo kwizityalo eziziinkozo.
- Lo mngundo wosulela umbona, izikhwebu ezigogekileyo kunye neenkozo kwaye unciphise ixabiso lemveliso yorhwebo.
- Ukusasazeka kwe-corn blight kuye kwachongwa e-Aragon, eCatalonia, eCastile naseLeón, e-Extremadura, eGalicia naseNavarre.
- Nangona eMexico sisithako esiqhelekileyo se-gastronomic (huitlacoche), kwimeko yaseYurophu. ilahleko enkulu yezoqoqosho.
Imingcipheko yokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo yamakhowa angenayo
Ingozi ephambili ehambelana ne amakhowa angaqhelekanga Kukuguqulwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo. Ezi fungi zihlala zikhuphisana neentlobo zendalo zobutyebi, zisusa iintlobo zasekuhlaleni kunye nokunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-ecosystem kumjikelezo wezondlo, ukulawulwa kwamanzi, kunye nenkxaso yezityalo nezilwanyana.
Eminye imingcipheko ebangelwa ziindidi zamakhowa ezihlaselayo ziquka:
- Ityhefu ngengozi: Ukunqongophala kolwazi kunokukhokelela ekufakweni kweentlobo ezinetyhefu, njengoko i-morphology yazo inokubhidaniswa neentlobo ezidliwayo okanye ezixabisekileyo.
- Ukutshatyalaliswa kwendawo yokuhlala: Ezinye iifungi ezihlaselayo zonakalisa iindawo zokuhlala ziphela, ziguqula i- understory kunye nokwakheka kweentlobo zezityalo.
- Impembelelo kwezolimo namahlathi: Basulela izityalo nemithi yorhwebo, nto leyo edala ilahleko yezoqoqosho.
- Imbonakalo kwimimandla yasezidolophini: Ukuphuhliswa kwayo kwiigadi, iipavumente, okanye iindlela zikaloliwe zingonakalisa iziseko zophuhliso kwaye zenze iimeko ezinobungozi kuzo zombini izityalo ezihombisayo kunye nabantu.
Ubhaliso olusemthethweni kunye nekhathalogu yeentlobo zamanye amazwe ezihlaselayo eSpain
El Ikhathalogu yeSpanish yeeNdidi zaManye amazwe Ichaza kwaye ilawule ukubandakanywa, ukulawula, kunye nokulawulwa kwazo zonke iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezinokuthi zibe yingozi enkulu kwizinto eziphilayo, ezolimo kunye nemithombo yendalo. Lubhaliso oluguqukayo, oluhlaziywayo ngamaxesha athile, olukwabandakanya iindidi ezahlukeneyo zefungi ezithi, ngenxa yobume bazo obuhlaselayo, zifune ukubekwa esweni okukhethekileyo kunye nolawulo.
Ukuba kufunyenwe uhlobo olutsha oluhlaselayo, iziphathamandla zokusingqongileyo zicebisa ngoko nangoko ukwazisa i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa weNdawo ukuze i-Alert Network isebenze kwaye ulawulo lwayo lulungelelaniswe.
Ukwandiswa, iindlela zokungena kunye nokusasazwa kwamakhowa ahlaselayo
Ukufika kunye nokwandiswa kwe amakhowa angaqhelekanga ESpain inokudityaniswa neendlela ezahlukeneyo:
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwempahla yezolimo okanye yamahlathi: Uthutho lwe ngomthi, izityalo zokuhombisa kunye neemveliso ezingcolisekileyo.
- Utshintsho kwimozulu:Ukwahluka kwamaqondo obushushu kunye nokufuma, kunye nembalela okanye iimvula ezinkulu, kunokukhuthaza ukuvela kweentlobo ezintsha kwiindawo apho bezingayi kuphila ngaphambili.
- Ukurhweba kumazwe ngamazwe kunye nokufuduka kwezilwanyana: : Imfuyo eshukumayo okanye iintaka zinokuthwala izinambuzane zoboya, iintsiba okanye naseludakeni zibambelela kwiimpuphu zazo.
Iindlela ezilungileyo zokuqokelela, ukuchonga kunye nokutya amakhowa
ISpain inesiko elide kwi mycology kunye nokukha amakhowa, umsebenzi ofuna ngaphezulu kunakuqala namhlanje ulawulo olunoxanduva Ukuthintela ukwanda kweentlobo ezihlaselayo kunye nokuthintela ityhefu:
- IsazisiNgalo lonke ixesha susa yonke isampuli kwaye udibane neengcali okanye amaziko olwazi lwe-mycological; musa ukukhokelwa yimithetho ephosakeleyo okanye imimiselo malunga nokufaneleka.
- Izixhobo ezifanelekileyo: Sebenzisa iibhaskithi eziphefumulayo, ungaze ube neengxowa zeplastiki (ezi zithintela ukusasazwa kwe-spores kwaye zikhawulezise inkqubo yokubola).
- Ingqokelela ekhethiweyo: Qokelela imizekelo yabantu abadala kuphela kwaye ushiye inxenye yokuvelisa ngokwendalo.
- Musa ukutshabalalisa iintlobo ezingaziwayo:Zonke zidlala indima kwi-ikhosistim, kwanazo zithathwa njengeziyingozi de iingcaphephe zigqibe ngolawulo olufanelekileyo.
Akukho mgaqo wendalo yonke wokuchonga amakhowa anetyhefu okanye atyiwayo. Inkangeleko, ivumba, okanye ukutshintsha kombala xa kuphekiwe azikho izikhombisi ezinokuthenjwa. Amanye amakhowa abulalayo anevumba elimnandi kunye nencasa kwaye anokwahlulwa kuphela ngohlalutyo olucokisekileyo.
Uthintelo, ulawulo kunye nemilinganiselo yeziko ngokuchasene nokungunda okuhlaselayo
Olona khuselo lubalaseleyo malunga nokusasazeka kwamakhowa ahlaselayo kuthintelo kunye nolawulo olusebenzayo ngabasemagunyeni, amafama, abavuni kunye noluntu:
- Ucoceko nococeko kwizixhobo, izihlangu kunye nempahla esetyenziswa kumahlathi kunye nomsebenzi wezolimo ukuthintela ukuhanjiswa kwe-spores phakathi kwemimandla.
- imfundo nokwazisa ngokubaluleka kokungunda kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nobungozi bokungenisa iintlobo zangaphandle.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwemichiza ethile yokungunda: Kuphela kwiimeko ezimandundu naphantsi kweliso lobugcisa, ukunqanda umonakalo onokubanjiswa kwiintlobo eziluncedo kunye nokuthintela ukungcoliseka kwendalo.
- Ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa bokuchongaIzicelo eziphathwayo ziyaphuhliswa ezinokuthi zichonge iintlobo ngokufota, ukuququzelela ukubeka iliso kunye nokufunyanwa kwangoko.
- Isicwangciso sokuThatha kunye nokuSuswa: Qokelela kwaye ushenxise iisampulu zeentlobo ezihlaselayo xa kubhaqwa i-colonization foci.
Indima yabemi kunye nemibutho ye-mycological
Las imibutho mycological evela eSpain idlala indima ephambili ekugcineni nasekukhuthazeni ulwazi malunga nokungunda, ukuququzelela imiboniso, izikhokelo, kunye namaphulo okufundisa ngokusingqongileyo.
Intsebenziswano phakathi kwee-hobbyists, abaqokeleli kunye neengcali zivumela:
- Ukufunyanwa kwangoko kokufika kwamakhowa ahlaselayo.
- Qokelela kwaye wabelane ngedatha malunga nokuvela kwazo kwaye usasazeke.
- Qeqesha abantu kwezona ndlela zibalaseleyo zokuvuna nokusebenzisa.
- Ukukhuthaza ulondolozo lweentlobo zendalo, eziqukwe kwi uluhlu olubomvu lokungunda ukuba lukhuselwe KuSingasiqithi weIberic.
Ukubaluleka kokukhusela i-biodiversity fungal Spanish
ISpain ngummandla onelungelo ngenxa yokwahluka kweendawo zokuhlala, eziququzelela ukuhlukahlukana okukhulu kweentlobo zefungal. Ulondolozo lwamakhowa omthonyama kunye nomngundo kubalulekile ukomelela kwi-ecosystem, imveliso yezolimo kunye neminikelo ye-gastronomic yasekhaya.
Ukuthintela, ukufumanisa, kunye nezicwangciso zokulawula, ezidityaniswe nophando lwenzululwazi kunye nokubandakanyeka kwabemi, ziintsika zokumisa ukusasazeka kweentlobo ezihlaselayo kunye nokukhusela ilifa lethu lendalo.
Uluhlu lwezibonelelo, izikhokelo, kunye nemibutho kumakhowa eSpain
Kwabo banomdla wokufunda ngakumbi malunga nesenzeko samakhowa ahlaselayo kunye ne-mycology eSpain, kukho izixhobo ezininzi kunye namanqaku olwazi:
- Izikhokelo zokuchongwa kwamakhowa kumahlathi eMeditera.
- Amanqaku oLwazi lweMycological eAndalusia (Abla, Jimena de la Frontera, Iznalloz, Aracena, Siles, Constantina).
- Uluhlu olubomvu kunye noluhlu lweentlobo ezikhuselweyo nezisengozini.
- Imibutho yeMycological efana neDurango Mycological Association, iMadrid Mycological Society, i-Extremadura Mycological Society, iValladolid Mycological Association, i-AsturNatura, iYunivesithi yaseAlmerÃa, iProjekthi yeCSIC-Mycological Flora, kunye ne-Andalusian Mycological Society.
- Iinethiwekhi zentlalo kunye nee-portals ezisebenzisanayo (i-Fungipedia, i-Granada Mushrooms, i-Cadiz Mushrooms, njl.).
Ii-arhente zikarhulumente ezahlukeneyo, ngentsebenziswano noluntu lwenzululwazi kunye nabaqokeleli, bakhuthaza amaphulo okufikelela ebantwini kunye neendibano zocweyo zokuchongwa, ukuvunwa okuzinzileyo kunye nothintelo lwetyhefu.
Ubukho obukhulayo be amakhowa angaqhelekanga kunye ne-invasive Ukwanda kokuxhaphaka kokungunda kwi-ecosystem yaseSpain kubonisa imfuneko yokusoloko ephaphile kunye nesimo sengqondo esisebenzayo kwicala loluntu ngokubanzi. Enkosi kwintsebenziswano phakathi kwamaziko, iingcali, imibutho mycological, kunye abathanda, kunokwenzeka ukukhusela ubutyebi belizwe lomngundo, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabathengi, kunye nokugcina ibhalansi yendalo yamahlathi kunye namasimi ethu. Ukwamkela izenzo ezilungileyo, ukuhlala uphaphile kuphuhliso olutsha, kunye nokutyala imali kuqeqesho ngundoqo wokujongana nalo mngeni kunye nokuqinisekisa ikamva lezinto eziphilayo eSpain.