Las amakhonkco IiConifers lelinye lawona maqela anomdla kwaye ahlukeneyo phakathi kwezityalo. Bangabalinganiswa abangabalulekanga kwiindawo ezininzi zokuhlala emhlabeni ngenxa yokomelela kwabo, ubomi obude, kunye nokukwazi ukuziqhelanisa neemeko ezahlukeneyo. Eli nqaku libanzi liphonononga ngokucokisekileyo iimpawu eziphambili ze-conifers, ukulungelelaniswa kwazo kwendalo, izitshixo ekukhethweni kwazo egadini kunye nokulungiswa komhlaba, imizekelo yeentlobo ezicetyiswayo, iipropathi zomthi wazo, iingcebiso zokulima kunye nokuzala, kunye nokubaluleka kwazo kwezendalo kunye nokuhlobisa.
Yintoni iiconifers? Inkcazo kunye nokwahluka
Las amakhonkco Zizityalo ze-vascular vascular zeqela le-gymnosperm. Zahlulwe nge ukuvelisa ngokusebenzisa iicones (strobili) kwaye ivelise imbewu ehamba ze, iswele isiqhamo sokukhusela. Zibandakanya imithi kunye nezihlahlana ezithile, ezaziwa ngobume bepiramidi kunye nenaliti eqhubekayo, efana nesikali, okanye amagqabi acicular. Eli qela libandakanya iipayini, iipayiresi, imisedare, iijunipha, iiyewu, iinkuni ezibomvu kunye nezinye iintlobo ezininzi.
Ngoku kukho ngaphezulu Iintlobo ezingama-600 ze-conifers isasazwe kwiintsapho ezimalunga nesibhozo zezityalo nakwizintlu ezimalunga namashumi asixhenxe. Ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga neentlobo zazo, unokujonga icandelo lethu iintlobo zeconifers.
Iimpawu eziphambili zeeconifers
- Iigymnosperms: Zonke ii-conifers ziyingxenye yeli qela, elibonakaliswe kubukho bembewu enqunu kwi-cones, ngaphandle kweziqhamo ezikhuselayo.
- Iifom zeWood: Ubukhulu becala bayimithi emikhulu, nangona kukwakho neentlobo zamatyholo namatyholo.
- Amagqabi aluhlaza: Ngokuqhelekileyo banamagqabi ahlala eluhlaza, amagqabi esikhumba, nangona kukho iiconifers ezivuthulukayo.
- I-resin ekhuselayo: Iintlobo ezininzi ze-conifer zikhupha i-resin enevumba elimnandi njengendlela yokuzikhusela kwizinambuzane kunye namanxeba.
- I-Softwood: I-Softwood ihlala ilula, ineentsinga ezinde, kwaye ixabiswa ekuchweleni nasekwakhiweni.
- Ukukhula kwe-Monopodial: Uninzi luphuhlisa isiqu esithe tye, esongameleyo apho amasebe asecaleni avela khona.
- Iicones zamadoda nabasetyhini: Zinezakhiwo zokuzala ezahlukileyo. I-pollination is anemophilous (iqhutywa ngumoya).
Ulungelelwaniso lokusingqongileyoIiConifers ziphuhlise iindlela ezininzi zokuphila kwiimeko zemozulu ezigqithisileyo, ukusuka kubushushu obuphantsi ukuya kumhlaba ombi kunye nembalela. Zibonisa amagqabi afana nenaliti okanye isikali kunye neecuticles ezityebileyo, ezicwangciswe nge-helically okanye spiral ukunyusa ukubamba ukukhanya kunye nokunciphisa ilahleko yamanzi. Izithsaba zabo ezibumbene zivumela ikhephu ukuba lityibilike lize lithintele ukufumba okuyingozi.
Ukwabiwa kwejografi kunye neendawo zokuhlala
Las amakhonkco Zisasazwe ngokubanzi kuzo zombini i-hemispheres, kodwa zihamba phambili kwi-Northern Hemisphere. Zifumaneka kwi:
- Amahlathi eBoreal (taiga)
- Iindawo ezisezintabeni ezipholileyo nezibandayo
- Imimandla yeMeditera (efana nepine yamatye kunye necypress)
- Iindawo zokuhlala ezingaselunxwemeni nezigqithisileyo, ezifana neengqumba zentlabathi kunye nomhlaba wentaba-mlilo (umzekelo: UJuniperus phoenicea)
I<em>taiga yeyona ndawo iphilayo iphila kunye neyona ndawo ixineneyo kakhulu yee<em>conifers, ibe yeyona inkulu emhlabeni. Nangona nabo benza inxalenye ebalulekileyo ye I-biome yeMeditera, ye amahlathi e-coniferous aphakathi kwaye, kancinci, amahlathi ashinyeneyo nakweleenjiko anjengeAraucaria.
Ukubaluleka kwendalo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezoqoqosho kweeconifers
Eli qela lezityalo alibumbi imbonakalo yomhlaba kuphela, kodwa libonelela ngolungelelwaniso lwendalo kunye nezixhobo ezixabisekileyo ebantwini:
- Ukulawulwa komjikelo wekhabhoni: I-biomass kunye nokuphila ixesha elide kubenza babe ngabagcini bekhabhoni abakhulu.
- Indawo yokuhlala yezilwanyana zasendle: Babonelela ngekhusi kunye nokutya kwiintaka, izilwanyana ezanyisayo kunye nezinambuzane.
- Ukhuseleko lomhlaba: Iingcambu zazo zithintela ukhukuliseko kunye neentlobo zezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo zizinzisa amathambeka kunye neendunduma.
- Ukuveliswa kweenkuni: Umthi wawo othambileyo, othe ngqo ubalulekile kulwakhiwo, ukuchwela, ukwenza amaphepha kunye nokupakishwa.
- Iiresin, ioli kunye ne-tannins: Izithako ezibalulekileyo kwimichiza, amayeza, kunye namashishini okutya. Imizekelo ibandakanya amantongomane epine kunye neeoli zompayina ezibalulekileyo. Unokufunda nokuba wenze njani thintela i-conifers ekubeni ibe mdaka.
- Ixabiso lokuhombisa: Ngenxa yobukhulu kunye nokwahluka kwazo, zintlobo zeenkwenkwezi kwigadi, iipaki kunye nokulungiswa komhlaba wasezidolophini.
I-taxonomy kunye nokuhlelwa kwenzululwazi ye-conifers
IiConifers zibandakanyiwe kwi Icandelo Pinophyta o IConiferophyta, ngaphakathi kweklasi yePinopsida kunye nomyalelo wePinales. Iintsapho eziphambili ze-conifers namhlanje ziquka:
- I-Pinaceae: iipayini, iipayiresi, imisedare
- Indebe: imisipres, ijuniper, thujas
- Iirhafu: yew imithi
- Iqela leAraucariaceae: araucaria
- IPodocarpaceae: iipodocarps
- Cephalotaxaceae, Phyllocladaceae, Sciadopityaceae: amaqela amancinci
I-Morphophysiology: amagqabi, iziqu kunye nokuzala
IiConifers zibonisa iindidi ezimangalisayo zemorphological:
- Tamaño: Ukusuka kumatyholo amancinci (ngaphantsi kwe-1 m) ukuya kwizigebenga ezifana ne-redwood (Sequoia iispervirens) kunye nesequoia enkulu (Sequoiadendron giganteum), ekwaziyo ukugqitha kwi-100 leemitha.
- Amagqabi: Amagqabi ubukhulu becala afana nenaliti okanye amaxolo, ane-helical ngokucwangciswayo, ane-cuticle eshinyeneyo kunye ne-stomata ekhuselweyo. Kukho iiconifers ezivuthulukayo ezifana Larix, Irhafu yerhafu o imetasequoiaUkufunda indlela yokubanyamekela, unokubonisana Indlela yokunyamekela i-araucaria bonsai.
- Bark kunye nentlaka: Ixolo elirhabaxa, elihlala lizaliswe yimijelo yentlaka ukuze likhuseleke.
- inkqubo yeengcambu: Ubunzulu kunye nobubanzi, bulungele uzinzo kunye nokubanjwa kwamanzi kwimihlaba ehluphekileyo.
Ukuzala kunye nomjikelo wobomiIiconifers ubukhulu becala zine-monoecious, zineecones ezahlukeneyo zamadoda nemazi kwisityalo esinye. I-pollen isasazwa ngumoya ukuya kwiicones zabasetyhini, apho kwenzeka khona ukuchumisa, ngokuphindaphindiweyo emva kwexesha elide. Umjikelo wokuzala uyahluka phakathi kweentlobo, ukusuka komnye ukuya kwiminyaka emithathu (kwimeko yeminye ipineyini). Imbewu inokuhlala ithule de imekobume ithandeke, ngamanye amaxesha ixhomekeke kumlilo ekuveleni kwayo (ilitye kunye nepeyina).
IiConifers kwigadi yohombiso kunye nokulungiswa komhlaba
IiConifers zizinxulumani ezibalaseleyo kuzo zonke iintlobo zegadi kunye neendawo eziluhlaza, ezimele:
- Ukugcinwa okuphantsi: Ukumelana nezinambuzane kunye nezifo, imfuno ephantsi yokunkcenkceshela kunye nokuthenwa.
- Iintlobo ngeentlobo zeemilo, ubukhulu kunye nemibala: Ukusuka kwiintlobo ezincinci zeembiza kunye neerockeries ukuya kwimizekelo emikhulu yeegadi ezinkulu.
- Umdla unyaka wonke: Amagqabi e-evergreen anika umbala kunye nesakhiwo ebusika xa ezinye izityalo zilahlekelwa ngumtsalane wazo.
- Ukhuseleko kunye nemfihlo: I-Cypress, i-thuja, okanye i-leylandi hedges zithandwa ekuchazeni imida kunye nokudala izithintelo ezibonakalayo kunye neengqungquthela zomoya.
- Ukudibanisa nezinye iintlobo: Bavumela ukungafani okuthakazelisayo kunye nezihlahla ezinqabileyo, i-perennials kunye nezityalo zeentyantyambo.
Indlela yokukhetha i-conifer efanelekileyo
Ngaphambi kokuba ukhethe i-conifer yegadi yakho, qwalasela le miba:
- Ubungakanani kunye nokumila kwabantu abadala: Cinga indawo ekhoyo kunye nesimo sokugqibela seentlobo (conical, columnar, globose, trailing). Ngolwazi oluthe vetshe, jonga isikhokelo sethu.
- Umbala kunye nobume bamagqabi: Khetha kwi-greens eqinile, iiblues, igolide okanye i-variegated shades ngokuxhomekeke kwisiphumo sokuhlobisa esifunwayo.
- Iimeko zokukhanya kunye nohlobo lomhlaba: Imisela ukulungelelaniswa kweentlobo zokukhanya kwelanga, umthunzi kunye neempawu zomhlaba (i-asidi, i-neutral okanye i-alkaline; i-fumid okanye eyomileyo).
- Ukuchasa kunye nokulula ukulungiswa: Ezinye iiconifers zifuna ukukhathalelwa ngakumbi okanye zichaphazeleka zizifo kunye nezinambuzane.
- Ukuhambelana kwendalo: Hlanganisa isityalo esitsha kunye nesimbo segadi kunye nezinye iintlobo ezikhoyo.
Imizekelo yeeconifers zokuhombisa ezicetyiswayo
- Ipayini yelitye (IPinus pinea): Icanopy emile okweParasol, ilungele iigadi ezinkulu zeMeditera.
- Lawson Cypress (I-Chamaecyparis lawoniana): Ukubonakala okukhazimulayo, kusetyenziswe kwiithango ezide kunye nokwakheka komgca.
- Eyakho 'Emerald Green' (Thuja occidentalis 'Smaragd'): Imilo ye-conical kunye ne-emerald eluhlaza amagqabi, egqwesileyo kwiindawo ezincinci.
- Ispruce esiluhlaza (I-Picea pungens 'Glauca'): Umbala oluhlaza-isilivere, ukuhlobisa yedwa okanye kumaqela.
- Ifir yaseSpain (UAbhinsinsinsins): I-Andalusian endemism yexabiso elikhulu lebhotani kunye nembonakalo yomhlaba.
- IAtlas Cedar (ICedrus atlantica): Amasebe axwesileyo kunye nenkangeleko ebalaseleyo.
- Umsipres waseLeyland (× Hesperotropsis leylandii): Ikhula ngokukhawuleza, ilungele iiheji kunye nezikrini.
- Juniperus sabina: Ukurhubuluza, ukugquma imihlaba kunye neerockeries.
- I-Podocarpus neriifolius: Imbonakalo yangaphandle, enamagqabi e-lanceolate kwaye inomtsalane kwiigadi ezifumileyo.
- Sequoia sempervirens: Isikhumbuzo, esilungele iipaki kunye neendawo ezinkulu.
Iintlobo ezikhethekileyo zeeconifers zokulima
- Ikholamna: Umsipres oqhelekileyo, iYew 'Fastigiata'
- Iikhonikhi: Ifir, iSpruce 'Conica'
- Incinci kwaye ixinene: IJuniperus squamata 'iBlue Star', iPicea abies 'Nidiformis'
- ezirhubuluzayo: IJuniperus horizontalis, ijunipha erhubuluzayo
- Amahlamvu egolide: Chamaecyparis obtusa 'Nana Lutea', Thuja orientalis 'Aurea'
- Amagqabi abhlowu: I-Picea pungens 'Glauca', iCedrus deodara glauca
Ukhathalelo jikelele kunye neengcebiso zokulima
- Ukukhetha indawo: Vavanya ubungakanani bomntu omdala, ukukhanya kwelanga kunye nokuphuma komhlaba.
- Ukutyala: Yomba imingxunya ebanzi, uphefumle kwi-substrate kwaye wongeze isichumisi esithile ukuba umhlaba uphantsi.
- Unkcenkceshelo: Kuyimfuneko kunyaka wokuqala. Emva koko, iiconifers ezininzi zinyamezela isomiso, kodwa ukunkcenkceshela ngamaxesha athile kukhuthaza ukukhula.
- Ukuchumisa: Faka isichumiso esilungelelanisiweyo entwasahlobo ukuvuselela ukukhula.
- Ukuprintwa: Ukuthenwa okulula ukugcina imilo. Susa amagqabi awonakeleyo kunye namasebe ekupheleni kobusika okanye ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo.
- Ukuthintelwa kwezinambuzane kunye nezifo: Qaphela i-mealybugs, i-pine processionary moths, kunye ne-fungi, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezifumileyo. Iintlobo ezininzi ziyakwazi ukumelana.
Ukuveliswa kunye nokusasazwa kwee-conifers
IiConifers zinokuphinda zivelise ngolu hlobo:
- Imbewu: Yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo, nangona ezinye zifuna istratification ebandayo ukuze intshule.
- Ukusika: Efanelekileyo ekufumaneni ii-clones ze-conifers ezikhethiweyo, ngokukodwa iintlobo zemihlobiso edibeneyo.
- I-Graft: Isetyenziselwa ukuphindaphinda imihlanganiselwa enexabiso eliphezulu lokuhombisa okanye engazintshuli ngokulula.
Iintlobo zokhuni lwe-coniferous kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo
IPinewood
La IPinewood Yeyona conifer isetyenziswa kakhulu. Lo mthi ubalasele ngokuthamba kwawo, ukukhaphukhaphu, kunye nokusebenza ngokulula. Ineethowuni ezikhanyayo, iinkozo ezithe tye, kunye neenkozo eziphakathi. Ukomelela kwayo ngoomatshini, kunye nobuninzi bayo nexabiso layo elikhuphisanayo, kuyenza ifanelekele ukuchwela, ukwakha nefanitshala.
- umbala: ukusuka kumhlophe ukuya kubomvu
- Ukuqina: umthi othambileyo
- Usebenzisa: izakhiwo, ukupakishwa, ifenitshala, iingubo
Ispruce
Ukukhanya, okucolekileyo kunye nombala okhanyayo, i iinkuni zomthi Idume kubuchwela bangaphakathi, ukwenza imiqadi, kwaye, ngenxa yokuvakala kwayo, kushishino lomculo. Ayinyangeki kangako kunompayina, kodwa kulula ukusebenza ngayo. Ukufumana iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe malunga neepropati kunye nenkathalo, nceda uqhagamshelane Indlela yokukhulisa i-sequoia enkulu.
Umthi obomvu kunye nomsipres
La bomvu ibonelela ngomthi oqinileyo, obomvu-obomvu olungele iiprojekthi zangaphandle kunye nezokuhombisa. icypress, ngokwenxalenye yayo, inika ukuxhathisa ukufuma kunye neenkozo ezintle, kwaye isetyenziswa kwiingcango, iifestile kunye nokuhlobisa. Unokufunda ngakumbi malunga umsipres oqhelekileyo.
IiConifers kwihlathi leMeditera kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo
IiConifers zabelana ngokujongwayo kunye ne-oki ye-holm, i-oki ye-cork kunye namatyholo kwindawo amahlathi emediteraImizekelo ebalaseleyo yeMeditera iquka iAleppo pine (UPinus halepensis), umpayina wamatye, umsipres oqhelekileyo, kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zejuniper neesavins, ezikwaziyo ukuzalanisa umhlaba ombi nokumelana nembalela. Kukwakho neentlobo eziqhelaniswe nemekobume efumileyo (i-taxonomy yomgxobhozo) kunye neendawo eziphantsi kwetropikhi (i-araucaris kunye ne-podocarps). Ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga nokunyamekelwa kwezi sampuli, unokubonisana iiconifers njengemithi.
Izinto ezinomdla kunye neenyani ezizodwa malunga ne-conifers
- Ubomi obude kakhulu: Bristlecone Pine (UPinus longaeva) sesinye sezona zidalwa zindala zaziwayo, ezisusela kwiminyaka engama-4.000 XNUMX eyadlulayo.
- Isityalo esikhulu: IiSequoias zinokukhula zibe ngaphezu kweemitha ezili-100, nto leyo eyenza ibe yeyona mithi mide kwiplanethi.
- Ukuziqhelanisa nomlilo: Ezinye iintlobo, ezifana nompayina wamatye, zigcina imbewu yazo kwiicones ezivaliweyo kangangeminyaka, zize ziyikhulule kuphela emva komlilo.
- Ukumelana neemeko ezimbi: Ijunipers kunye ne-savins zikhula kwiindunduma eziselunxwemeni, kumhlaba wentaba-mlilo kunye nemozulu embi kakhulu.
