Xa sicinga ngesiphunzi somthi emyezweni, phantse sihlala sisidibanisa nomthi onqunyulwe isiqingatha, into embi ekufuneka isuswe ngokukhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, Eso sihlahla somthi siseleyo sinokuba bubutyebi bokwenene bendalo. Kwaye sisixhobo esibalulekileyo segadi yakho kunye nezilwanyana zasendle ezihlala kuyo. Kunokuba ibe "yinkunkuma eluhlaza" nje, isiphunzi somthi sisiqalo sothotho lobomi bonke.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izifundo ezahlukeneyo zesayensi kunye namava olawulo lwamahlathi abonise ukuba Iziphunzi zemithi kunye nomthi ofileyo zibalulekile kwizinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyoUkususela kumahlathi amakhulu ukuya kwiigadi ezincinci zasezidolophini, iziphunzi zemithi zinokufumaneka kuyo yonke indawo. Kukho nophando olumangalisayo olubonisa indlela ezinye iziphunzi ezihlala ngayo ziphila ngenxa yokunxibelelana kwazo neengcambu zeminye imithi, zenze into efana "nezidalwa eziphilayo" zezityalo. Makhe sijonge ngokusondeleyo ukuba yintoni isiphunzi somthi, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, kunye nendlela esinokuzinceda ngayo izilwanyana zasendle ezikwigadi yakho.
Yintoni kanye kanye isiphunzi somthi kwaye zeziphi iintlobo esinokuzifumana?
Kwigadi nakumahlathi, isiphunzi sibizwa ngokuba intsalela yesiqu esihlala sinamathele kwiingcambu emva kokugawula umthi, ngakumbi kwiintlobo ezifana UQuercus roburIhlala ishiywa kumgangatho womhlaba okanye kwindawo esezantsi, kodwa kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeziphunzi ekufuneka zahlulwe, kuba azizizo zonke ezizalisekisa indima efanayo kwindalo.
Kwelinye icala, kukho isiphunzi segadi "esiqhelekileyo": ukusika okuphantsi, kufutshane nomhlabaesidla ngokushiywa, sicolwe, okanye sisuswe ngoomatshini. Olu hlobo lwesiphunzi, nangona ngamanye amaxesha kwenziwa imizamo yokusisusa ngenxa yezizathu zobuhle okanye zokunceda, sinokuba yindawo yokuhlala encinci exabisekileyo ukuba siyekwa ukuba sibole ngokwendalo, apho iifungi ezifana IPleurotus ostreatus.
Kwelinye icala, kulawulo lwamahlathi sithetha isiphunzi esiphezulu okanye ikhonkco elenziweyoIsiqu somthi sisihlahla esinqunyiweyo, sishiya icandelo lesiqu liphakathi kweemitha ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-4 ukuphakama. Olu hlobo lwesiqu lusetyenziswa ngabom kumazwe afana neFinland neSweden ukwenza imithi emileyo efileyo, nto leyo eluncedo kakhulu kwiintlobo ezininzi zezinambuzane, iintaka kunye neefungi.
Ngaphezu koko, kwamanye amahlathi umntu unokufumana iziphunzi ezithi, nangona zingenamagqabi, Zihlala ziphila ngaphakathi ngenxa yeengcambu zazoLe yimeko yesiphunzi esidumileyo se-kauri (i-Agathis australis), esingumzekelo we imithambo kuchazwe kuphando olwenziwe ngabaphandi kwiYunivesithi yeTekhnoloji yaseAuckland, olubonise ukuba esi “siqu singenaso isithsaba” sahlala sisebenza njengoko sasidibene neengcambu zemithi ekufutshane.
Ityala lesiphunzi se-kauri esiphilayo: imithi edibene njenge-superorganism
Kwihlathi laseNew Zealand, izazinzulu ezimbini zadibana ne- Isiqu somthi we-kauri wamandulo obonakala ngathi ufileInto eyatsala ingqalelo yabo kukuba izicubu ezintsha ze-callus zavela kumthi omdala, obolileyo, kwaye isiphunzi sawo sakhupha i-resin, uphawu olucacileyo lokuba kusekho iindawo eziphilayo ngaphakathi.
Benomdla, baqala ukulinganisa indlela amanzi ahamba ngayo ngaphakathi kwesiphunzi somthi. Ukuze benze oku basebenzise izinzwa zokuhamba kwe-sap ratio yobushushuezisebenza ngokuthumela ii-pulses ezincinci zobushushu kwizicubu ezihambisa amanzi kwaye zirekhode isantya apho ziphola khona, okuvumela ukubalwa kokuba kukho na kwaye kungakanani na ukujikeleza kwencindi.
Iziphumo bezityhila oku: isiphunzi sasingafanga. Isantya sokuphefumla kwabo kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi kwizicubu zabo kwakufana noko kwemithi ejikelezileyo.Kodwa ngepateni engaqhelekanga. Emini, xa imithi enamagqabi ikhula kakhulu, isiphunzi sasivaleka. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ebusuku nangeentsuku zemvula, xa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kwimithi ekufutshane kuncipha, isiphunzi "sasebenza" saza saqalisa ukuhambisa amanzi—kunye nekhabhoni kunye nezondlo—ngaphakathi kwaso.
Le ndlela yokuziphatha ikhomba kwinto ebizwa ngokuba ukudibanisa nge-hydraulicIingcambu zesiphunzi zazifakwe kwimithi ephilileyo enye okanye ngaphezulu, nto leyo eyadala uthungelwano oludibeneyo lokujikeleza kwamanzi kunye nobutyebi. Ukufakelwa kweengcambu kwenzeka xa umthi ubona izicubu zengcambu ezihambelanayo ne-biocompatible kufutshane, nto leyo evumela zombini iinethiwekhi ukuba zihlangane kwaye zabelane ngencindi.
Ngenxa yolu qhagamshelo, isiphunzi se-kauri, esingenamagqabi okanye amandla okwenza i-photosynthesize, Wayesaphila kuba wayefumana iicarbohydrates kunye nezondlo "kubamelwane bakhe abamxhasayo"Kwisiqu, inzuzo icacile: asifi nangona siphulukene nesithsaba saso. Kodwa imithi enikelayo inokufumana iingenelo, njengenkqubo yeengcambu ebanzi ephucula uzinzo lomhlaba kwiindawo ezithe tyaba kwaye incede ekufikeleleni kumanzi anzulu.
Oko sikuxelelwa yile nto ifunyenweyo ngamahlathi
Uphononongo lwesiphunzi se-kauri lubonisa ukuba Ubudlelwane phakathi kwemithi ephilayo kunye neziphunzi buyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Oku kungaphezulu kunokuba bekucingelwa ngaphambili. Asikuko nje ukuba isiphunzi "sisisulu sezinambuzane" esingasebenziyo, kodwa sisebenzise ngobuchule amaxesha okuncipha kwemfuno yamanzi kwimithi ekufutshane ukuze sibambe izixhobo ezivela kwinkqubo yeengcambu ezabelwana ngazo.
Le ndlela yokuziphatha ihambelana nengcamango eyamkelwa ngakumbi yokuba Amahlathi asebenza njengeendawo ezisebenzisana ngokweneneAbabhali abafana noPeter Wohlleben baye basasaza umfanekiso wemithi njengeentsapho ezixhasanayo, besabelana ngezixhobo ngokusebenzisa iingcambu kunye nefungi ye-mycorrhizal. Ngokwale mbono, akumangalisi ukuba umthi oqinileyo "unondla" isiphunzi ukuze sihlale siphila.
Abaphandi kwimeko yaseNew Zealand bade bathi, ukuba ukuthuthwa kwamanzi ecaleni phakathi kwabantu kufumaniseka kuyinto eqhelekileyo, Kuya kufuneka sicinge ngokutsha ngentsingiselo yento umthi oyiyoEndaweni yezinto eziphilayo ezizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo, kunokuba luncedo ngakumbi ukujonga amahlathi njengezinto eziphilayo ezinkulu apho isiqu somthi ngasinye siyinxalenye enye yenkqubo enkulu.
Nangona kunjalo, bayavuma ukuba, okwangoku, babhale ngokweenkcukacha imeko enye ethile yesiqu se-kauri esiphilayo. Kufuneka uphando oluthe kratya ukuze kuchongwe ukuba le nto ixhaphake kangakanani na. kwaye oku kunefuthe elingakanani kwindaleko. Nangona kunjalo, xa sithetha nabahlali bamahlathi basekuhlaleni, bayazi ukuba iimeko ezifanayo ziye zabonwa kwixesha elidlulileyo kwaye ukuhluzwa kweengcambu zemvelo kwimithi ye-kauri bekurhanelwa kangangeminyaka emininzi.
Olu hlobo lokufumanisa lutshintsha indlela esijonga ngayo isiphunzi somthi xa sihamba ehlathini okanye emyezweni. Oko kubonakala ngathi yintsalela elula, engasebenziyo kusenokwenzeka ukuba... iqhagamshelwe kwinethiwekhi yobomi engabonakaliyo phantsi kweenyawo zethuukuthatha inxaxheba ekutshintshiselaneni ngamanzi nezondlo neminye imithi.
Isiqu somthi njengesixeko esincinci: kutheni umthi ofileyo uyigolide yendalo
Ngaphaya kweziphunzi eziphilayo ezidityaniswe neminye imithi, nasiphi na isiphunzi—esiphilayo okanye esifileyo—ekuhambeni kwexesha, isixeko esikhulu sokwenyani sezinto ezahlukeneyo eziphilayoKwakamsinya nje ukuba umthi uwile okanye ugawulwe kwaye umthi uvezwe, kuqala inkqubo enzima yendalo edla ngokungaqatshelwa xa uyijonga kuqala.
Kweso siqu, iifungi, iibhaktheriya, iilichen, iimosses, kunye nezinambuzane ezingenakubalwa zihlala, ziqala ukubola komthi kunye nokubuyiselwa kwezondlo emhlabeniLe nkqubo ibalulekile ekuvaleni umjikelo wendalo: ngaphandle kokubola imithi efileyo, amahlathi alahlekelwa kuchuma kwaye abe yindlala kwiintlobo ngeentlobo; ngaphezu koko, iifungi, umzekelo, zinokuvela emthini. gyrgolas, abathatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo ekonakaleni.
Iintlobo ezininzi zeentaka zifuna iziphunzi, iziqu eziwileyo, okanye amathambo emithi ukuze zondle. isidleke kwimingxuma okanye ukusabela kwizilwanyana ezidla ezinye kunye nemozulu embiIzilwanyana ezincinci ezincancisayo, izilwanyana eziphila emanzini nasemanzini, kunye nezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo nazo zisebenzisa ezi zakhiwo njengeendawo zokuzimela ezipholileyo nezifumileyo, ingakumbi ngamaxesha omileyo okanye ashushu.
Kwiindawo ezihlala amahlathi, ubuninzi kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zemithi efileyo zithathwa njenge isalathisi esithe ngqo sempilo yendalo, ingakumbi kumahlathi om-oki (ii curiosities holm okiOkukhona imithi efileyo ifumaneka kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokubola, kokukhona iindawo ezihlala kuzo izilwanyana ezikhethekileyo, uninzi lwazo olungenakuphila emahlathini "acocekileyo" kakhulu.
Nokuba kwiigadi zabucala nakwiipaki zasezidolophini, ukugcina imithi eyomileyo—ukuba nje ayibangeli mngcipheko wokuwa okanye iingozi— Ikhuthaza ulwahlulo lwezinto eziphilayo lwasekuhlaleni kwaye iphucula ulwakhiwo lomhlabaNgaphezu koko, kusinceda siqonde ukuba indalo ayisiyondawo entle nje kuphela, kodwa yinkqubo eqhubekayo apho ukufa kwezinye izinto kondla ubomi babanye.
Iziphunzi zemithi ezinde: iindawo zokukhusela ezibalulekileyo zezinambuzane, iintaka kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo
Kumazwe aseNordic afana neFinland neSweden, abaphathi bamahlathi bafumanise ukuba Ukushiya iziphunzi zemithi emide kwiindawo zokugawula imithi kwenza umahluko omkhulu kwizinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyoIsiphunzi eside, esiziimitha ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-4 ukuphakama, sinika uhlobo lomthi omile ongomiyo olunqabileyo xa kugawulwa imithi kakhulu.
Uphononongo lwasekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-2000 lutyhile ukuba, kwiindawo zokuvuselela amahlathi orhwebo apho kwakugcinwa khona iziphunzi ezinde, Amanani eenkumbi ezininzi—kuquka neentlobo zezilwanyana ezisengozini yokutshabalala—ayesanda kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa neendawo apho kungekho mithi ifileyo. Inani leentlobo zezilwanyana landa nge-50% kwangoko emva kokugawulwa kwemithi, kwaye lalisephezulu nge-25-35% nangona emva kweminyaka emithathu.
Le mpembelelo ayipheleli nje kwizinambuzane. Ezinye izilwanyana ezingenamqolo kunye nezinto eziphilayo ezixhomekeke kwimithi efileyo nazo zifumana indawo efanelekileyo yokuhlala kwiziphunzi ezinde. indawo yokuhlala ezinzileyo kwixesha eliphakathi nelideIngakumbi iintlobo ezinqabileyo, zithanda ukufikelela kwinani lazo eliphezulu emva kweminyaka elishumi emva kokugawulwa, xa umthi ububola ixesha elithile kodwa usagcina izakhiwo eziluncedo.
I-Polypore fungi (i-cap fungi eqhelekileyo enamathele emthini) ayisebenzisi kangako iziphunzi ezinde kuba, ngokubanzi, Imithi emiyo yomile kakhulu kwiintlobo ezininzi zezi ntloboNangona kunjalo, ukuba ukongeza ekushiyeni isiphunzi siphezulu, umphezulu womthi nawo ushiywe emhlabeni, indibaniselwano yomthi owomileyo ngokuthe nkqo kunye nomthi omanzi emhlabeni idala i-mosaic efanelekileyo yefungi kunye nezilwanyana ezinxulumene nayo.
Iingcuka zomthi zezinye zezona zixhamli zibalulekileyo: Zisebenzisa iziphunzi zemithi ezinde ukumba iindlwane nokutya iimbungu zeengcuka ezinkulu. Ezihlala ngaphakathi kwemithi. Emva koko, ezinye iintaka ezininzi kunye nezilwanyana ezincinci zihlala kwezi ndawo zilahliweyo ukuze zizale okanye zikhuseleke, nto leyo ephinda-phinda ixabiso lendalo lesiphunzi ngasinye.
Amava aseFinland naseSweden: amakhulu amawaka eziphunzi zemithi ezinde ngonyaka
EFinland, iinkampani zabucala kunye nolawulo lukarhulumente ziye zafaka ukudalwa kweziphunzi zemithi emide kwizakhiwo zazo. ulawulo lwamahlathi rhoqo ngenjongo yokugcina "uqhubekeko" lwemithi efileyo kumahlathi avelisayo. Le ndlela ilula: ukuqinisekisa ukuba kwinqanaba ngalinye lokubola kuhlala kukho iinkuni kunye neziphunzi ezaneleyo zeentlobo ezizifunayo.
Inkampani enkulu yamahlathi yaseFinland yaqala ngokushiya iziphunzi ezibini ezinde ngehektare nganye kwiindawo zokugawula imithi, yaza kamva liphindwe kabini inani laya kwiziqu ezine kwihektare nganyeOku kwenziwa kokubini kwimithi encitshisiweyo ephakathi nakwimithi ephinda ivuselelwe, kukhethwa imithi enexabiso eliphantsi lorhwebo, njengemithi ethile enamagqabi abanzi okanye imizekelo yomgangatho ophantsi.
Iindleko zoqoqosho zale ndlela ziphantsi kakhulu: ngokugcina imithi enexabiso eliphantsi ukuze ijikwe ibe ziziqu, Ilahleko iqikelelwa kwi-euro enye ngehektare nganyeEli lixabiso eliphantsi kakhulu xa lithelekiswa neenzuzo ezinkulu zendalo ezifunyenweyo. Ngokwedatha yenkampani, ngaphambi kowama-2020 bashiye malunga neziqu zemithi ezingama-250.000 ezinde ngonyaka, kwaye ngolu luhlu lutsha bavelisa malunga ne-500.000 ngonyaka.
Inkampani karhulumente elawula amahlathi kawonke-wonke aseFinland nayo izibekele usukelo lokudala amahlathi ajikeleze Iziphunzi zemithi ezinde eziyi-100.000 ngonyakaLe ndlela sele idityaniswe kwizikhokelo zabo zokusingqongileyo kwaye iyinxalenye yesiqhelo somsebenzi wokuhlaziya kunye nokunciphisa okuphakathi.
Nangona kwezinye iimeko iziphumo zingekafumaneki ngokupheleleyo—ukubola komthi kuthatha iminyaka—uphando olwenziwe eSweden, apho olu hlobo lonyango ludala khona, lubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba Iziphunzi zemithi emide zonyusa ubutyebi beentlobo zezilwanyana kwaye zinceda ukugcina inani lezinambuzane ezikhethekileyo. ebezingayi kunyamalala kumahlathi alawulwa ngokungqongqo.
Iingenelo zeziqu zemithi egadini yasekhaya
Yonke into eyenzekayo emahlathini amakhulu ingasetyenziswa, ngomlinganiselo omncinci, kwigadi yakho. Isiphunzi somthi ebaleni lakho akufuneki sibe yinto ebangela uloyiko. Inokuba yinto ebalulekileyo ekuxhaseni izilwanyana zasendle, phucula umgangatho kwaye unike indawo uphawu.
Ukuba ugqiba ekubeni ungasincothuli okanye usinqumle isiphunzi, siya kubola ngokuhamba kwexesha size sinike indawo yokuhlala kwizinambuzane eziluncedo, imisundululu, iintwala zomthi, izigcawu, kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezincinci ezingenamqolo. Ezi zilwanyana zisebenza njengokutya kweentaka ezitya izinambuzane kunye nezilwanyana ezincinci ezincancisayo., nto leyo etyebisa uthotho lokutya emyezweni wakho.
Kwimozulu efumileyo okanye kwiindawo ezinkcenkceshelwa rhoqo, umphezulu wesiphunzi unokuba kuya kuvela iifungi, iilichens kunye neemossesEzi zinto zinceda ukugcina umswakama kwaye zinike igadi inkangeleko yendalo. Kwiminyaka edlulileyo, umthi uya kuthamba kwaye uxubane nomhlaba, uphucule ulwakhiwo lwawo kunye nokukwazi kwawo ukugcina amanzi kunye nezondlo.
Ngokwembono yobuhle neyokusebenza, isiphunzi esikhulu somthi sinamandla amakhulu. Singaguqulwa sibe itafile yasemaphandleni, ibhentshi yokwexeshana, isiseko sembiza yeentyatyambo yokuhombisa okanye isitendi sebhafu yeentakaIngafakwa nakwibhedi yeentyatyambo, ijikelezwe zizityalo ezihlala ixesha elide "ezizamkelayo" kwaye ziyifihle kancinci, ngaphandle kokunciphisa ixabiso layo kwindalo.
Endaweni yokuyibona njengento "ebuhlungu" okanye engathandekiyo, kufanelekile ukuyiqwalasela isiqu somthi njenge isikhumbuzo esincinci kwimijikelo yendalo yegadi yakho: imele ibali lomthi ongasekhoyo apho, kodwa umthi wawo uqhubeka nokondla ubomi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.
Ukuvumela isiphunzi sibole: enye indlela elula yokusisusa
Ukususa isiphunzi somthi ngokupheleleyo, nokuba kusetyenziswe oomatshini okanye ngokumba ngesandla, kunokubiza kakhulu, kube nzima, kwaye konakalise nomhlaba kunye neengcambu zezinye izityalo. Enye indlela ethandwa kakhulu yile vumela isiphunzi sibole endaweni yaso, ukuyiguqula ibe “ngumgquba wobunewunewu” omncinci wegadi yakho.
Ukuze ukhawulezise inkqubo kancinci, ungaziqhelanisa. imingxunya embalwa phezulu kwesiphunzi Sebenzisa isixhobo esikhulu sokugrumba, gqobhoza imingxuma uze uyizalise ngenkunkuma yasegadini okanye umgquba omncinci, okwenza kube lula ukungena komswakama, iifungi, kunye neentsholongwane ezibolayo. Injongo ayikokunyanzela ukubola ngamandla, kodwa kukuxhasa inkqubo yendalo.
Okwangoku, endaweni yokushiya isiphunzi singenanto, ngumbono olungileyo kakhulu yidibanise kwibhedi yeentyatyambo okanye kwibhedi yeentyatyamboUngatyala iintyatyambo, izityalo ezinevumba elimnandi, kunye nesigqubuthelo somhlaba esijikeleze sona ukuze ugqume isiseko kwaye wenze umfanekiso wendalo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ezinye izityalo ziya kuhlala kwiintanda zomthi, ziwenze ubonakale ngathi sisiqu "esiphilayo".
Ukuba ukhathazekile ngokhuseleko okanye ukuba luncedo kangakanani, ungasoloko usinqumla isikhondo ukuze sibe nobude obufanelekileyo kwaye usisebenzise njengesixhobo... melela imbiza enkulu yeentyatyambo, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wegadi, okanye indawo yokuhlambela iintakaNgoko ke, ukongeza kumsebenzi wayo wendalo, izalisekisa indima yokuhombisa neyokusebenza ethintela ukuziva ushiywe.
Nangona kungekho mthetho umiselweyo malunga nokuba kuza kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuba inyamalale, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lomthi, ukufuma, kunye nemozulu, isiphunzi somthi sinokuba Kungathatha naphi na ukusuka kwiminyaka embalwa ukuya kwiminyaka engaphezu kweshumi ukubola ngokupheleleyo.Kulo lonke elo xesha, iya kuba yondla umhlaba kwaye inike indawo yokuhlala kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana.
Kuzo zonke izinto esizibonileyo, kuyacaca ukuba isiphunzi somthi emyezweni asisosiphelo esingathandekiyo somthi, kodwa ukuqala kwesigaba esinzima nesixabisekileyo sendalo ezinceda izilwanyana zasendle, umhlaba, kunye nolwakhiwo lwendalo. Ukususela kwiziphunzi eziphilayo ezimangalisayo ezidityaniswe neengcambu zabamelwane bazo, ukuya kwiziphunzi ezinde ezisindisa iintlobo zeengcuka kwaye zibonelela ngamakhaya eenkuni, ukuya kwisiphunzi esithobekileyo emyezweni wasekhaya osiba yindawo yokukhosela, itafile, indawo yokutyala, okanye indawo yokusela, zonke zisikhumbuza ukuba kwindalo phantse akukho nto ingenamsebenzi. Ukusebenzisa ezi ntsalela zomthi ngembono ebanzi akuphuculi nje kuphela izilwanyana zasendle kwindawo esikuyo, kodwa kusinceda sizivumelanise nengcamango yokuba injongo yesityalo ngasinye, eneneni, yenye indlela yokuqhubeka nokuxhasa ubomi.
