I<em>cassava, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi<em>manioc, i<em>cassava, okanye iguacamote ngokuxhomekeke kummandla, sesinye sezona zityalo zibalulekileyo neziguquguqukayo emhlabeni. Ukukwazi ukukhula kwimihlaba eyahlukeneyo kunye nemozulu eshushu Oku kwenze ukuba kube yimfuneko kubonelelo lokutya kunye noqoqosho loluntu oluninzi lwasemaphandleni. Nangona ukulinywa kwecassava kusenokubonakala kulula ekuqaleni, ukutyala, ukunyanyekelwa nokuvunwa kwayo kufuna ulwazi oluthile lobugcisa kunye neendlela ezicetyiswayo ezenza umahluko phakathi kwesivuno esiphumelelayo nesingaphumelelanga.
Makhe sichaze yonke into oyifunayo ukuyazi tyala icassava Inyathelo ngenyathelo, ukusuka kwindlela yokukhetha umhlaba ofanelekileyo ukuya kwixesha lokuvuna i-tubers ukwandisa ixabiso lazo lesondlo.
Iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokulima icassava
Ngaphambi kokuba uqalise ukutyala imbewu, Yucca, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo oko ifuna ubushushu obungaguqukiyo, ukufuma okuphezulu kunye nokuba sesichengeni kakuhle elangeni. Ikhula kakuhle kwindawo ezinobushushu obuphakathi kwe 20 kunye ne 32 °C. uzinzile, njengoko amaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe-10 °C amisa ukukhula kwawo kwaye ingqele ehlala ixesha elide inokubulala. Ukwengeza, ukukhanya kwelanga kubalulekile: Esi sityalo sidinga ilanga elithe ngqo imini yonke ukuze sikhule ngamandla kwaye sivelise iingcambu ezinobungakanani obufanelekileyo.
La Icassava ifumaneka kwiindawo ezishushu kwaye iqhelaniswe nokufuma. Nangona kunjalo, iyayinyamezela imbalela bhetele kunokugcwala kwamanzi, ngoko ke kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba umhlaba uphuma kakuhle kwaye awuqokeleli manzi. Ukuba isityalo sikwindawo ethandwa kakhulu yimvula enkulu, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kukhutshwe amanzi okuhambisa amanzi okanye ukutyalwa kwimiqolomba ukuthintela iingxaki.
Ukukhetha umhlaba kunye nokulungiswa
Ukukhetha umhlaba kubalulekile kwikamva lokutyala. Khangela imihlaba echumileyo, enzulu kunye nekhululekileyo, ngokukhethekileyo nge-loamy okanye i-sandy texture kunye nobukho obuhle bezinto eziphilayo. Yiphephe imihlaba exinene kakhulu kunye naleyo ithande ukugcwala amanzi emva kwemvula. Uphawu oluhle kukufumana imisundululu esebenzayo kunye nezityalo ezilungileyo zendalo kwiploti, ezibonisa umhlaba ophilileyo.
Indawo efanelekileyo kufuneka ibe flat okanye ithambeka elithambileyo (ngaphantsi kwe-15%) Ukuthintela ukhukuliseko, lula ukucocwa nokuvunwa, kwaye uvumele ukukhupha amanzi. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukwazi imbali yokusetyenziswa: ukuba umhlaba ubufusi iminyaka emininzi, uya kunika izondlo ezininzi kwaye unciphise ubukho bezinambuzane. Ngokuchaseneyo, ziphephe iindawo apho izinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo okanye iingxaki zezifo eziqhubekayo zenzeke, kunye nomhlaba ophelelwe yi-monocultures.
Uwulungisa njani umhlaba oza kutyalwa
Ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko yangaphambili yomhlaba, ukulungiswa komhlaba kuya kwahluka:
- Kwiziza sele ilinyiwe Kungekudala, kwanele ukususa ukhula, yenza enye okanye ezimbini iipaseji zokulima kunye nokulinganisa umhlaba ukulungiselela i-seedbed.
- Ukuba uvela kwi-a ifusi elifutshane elinemidumba njenge-mucuna okanye i-pueraria, isityalo sokudibanisa sihlala njengesichumisi okanye sisebenzise njenge-mulch ukuphucula isakhiwo kunye nokuchuma.
- Kwimeko iifusi ezinde okanye amahlathi esibini, qalisa ukusika uhlaza kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, uqhube ukutshisa okulawulwayo (ngokuqaphela) ukucoca udoti okhuni kunye nokuququzelela ukulima.
Kuzo zonke iimeko, kuphelisa iirhizomes kunye neengcambu zokhula oluhlaselayo, ngakumbi i-genus Imperata (efana nengcongolo okanye i-cisca), ekhuphisana kakhulu ne-cassava kwaye inokunciphisa kakhulu isivuno. Ukuba kukho ukhula oluninzi, ungasebenzisa imichiza ethile yokutshabalalisa ukhula phambi kokuqala umsebenzi womhlaba.
Ukulima nokulawula umhlaba
Ukuseka isityalo se-cassava esomeleleyo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kuqhutywe a ukulinywa okunzulu kwe-15 ukuya kwi-30 cm ngekhuba, kulandele ukukhwela ukucutha amagada kunye nokugqibezela ngenduli ukuba umhlaba uyakufuna. Le nkqubo iphucula ukungena komoya, iqhekeza ukuxinana, lulawula ukhula y iququzelela uphuhliso lweengcambu.
Kwimihlaba eyisanti okanye eethe-ethe, kungcono ukhethe iindlela zokulima ezingarhabaxa kangako, ukuze londoloza ubume bomhlaba nobomi. Musa ukusebenzisa ngokugqithisileyo ikhuba kumhlaba olula: iphula kuphela umaleko womphezulu ukuvumela ukusika ukuba iingcambu zibe lula.
Ukuba unokufikelela kubuchwepheshe bezolimo bedijithali, sebenzisa ithuba lokuthambeka kunye neemephu zokuphakama ukuze uchonge iindawo ezifuna umsebenzi othile, njengokucocwa okongeziweyo okanye utshintsho kwipatheni yokulima.
Ukukhetha kunye nokulungiselela iindidi ze-cassava
Enye yeempazamo ezinkulu ekulimeni icassava yi ukungakhethi iindidi ezifanelekileyo kwiimeko zendawo okanye kwindawo yokugqibela yemveliso. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi, kodwa eziphuculweyo zivelele. (umz. TME 419, TMS 98/002, Pro-Vit A), ezikhethelwe Ukumelana nezifo, ukulungelelanisa kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu.
Icassava ihlelwa ngokwe mnandi kwaye krakra ngokomxholo wabo we-cyanogenic compound. Iintlobo ezikrakra ziqulethe i-hydrocyanic acid (HCN) eninzi kwaye ngoko ifuna i ukupheka ngononophelo ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa ukuphepha ubuthi. I-sweet, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingadliwa emva kokupheka okuqhelekileyo kunye nomngcipheko omncinci.
Ukulungiselela i-yucca cuttings
Eyona ndlela ithembekileyo nekhawulezayo yokusasaza icassava kungo ukusika iziqu (ukusikwa). Ukuveliswa kwembewu kusetyenziswa kuphela kwiinkqubo zokuphucula ufuzo, kuba ukuhluma kuphantsi kwaye izityalo ezibangelwayo zivame ukungalingani.
Landela la manyathelo ukuqinisekisa ukutyala ngempumelelo ngokusikwa:
- Khetha iziqu kwizityalo ezisempilweni, ezingenazifo, ngokukhethekileyo isiphelo esisezantsi sesiqu, esikhulile kwaye sinamandla.
- Sika ukusikwa kwe 20 ukuya ku-25 cm ubude kunye no-2 cm ububanzi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba banamaxolo aqolileyo kwaye akukho magqabi.
- Sebenzisa izixhobo zokusika ezicocekileyo, ezibukhali, ngokukodwa kwizityalo ezisempilweni, ukuthintela usulelo lwentsholongwane okanye umngundo.
- Qinisekisa ukuba wenza amanxeba acocekileyo, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa amaxolo, ukwenzela ukuba i-cuttings igcine bonke amandla abo xa ityalwe.
- Ukuba ufuna ukugcina ama-cutlets phambi kokutyala, zigcine kwisigcina-kufuma esifumileyo, kwiingxowa zeplastiki, okanye amanzi ukuze zithintele ukuba zingomi kwaye ziphulukane namandla azo okuntshula.
Ukutyala i-cassava: indlela kunye nokuxinana
Ukuhlwayela ngokusikwa, sebenzisa Isiqu esisempilweni sinobude obuyi-9 ukuya kwi-30 cm ubude, kukho node enye ebonakalayoUnokutshala i-cuttings ngokuthe nkqo okanye elele phantsi, kubunzulu obuphakathi kwe-5 kunye ne-10 cm, ukuqinisekisa ukuba bafumana ukufuma okwaneleyo kunye nezondlo emhlabeni. Ibalulekile tyala emva komngcipheko weqabaka kwaye, kwiindawo ezinemvula ephawulweyo, sebenzisa ithuba lokuqala kwexesha lemvula ukuqinisekisa ukuntshula.
Iindlela zokusasaza kunye nezakhelo zokutyala
- Indlela yegridi yakudala: Ibandakanya ukwahlula izityalo kunye nemiqolo ngemitha enye, evumela ukuba malunga Izityalo ezingama-10.000 ngehektare nganyeYeyona ndlela iqhelekileyo kwiindidi zemveli kwaye iqinisekisa ukufikelela okulungileyo ekukhanyeni kunye nezondlo.
- Utyalo oluthe nkqo kwiindidi ezingengawo amasebe: Kule nkqubo, imiqolo igcinwa iqelelene ngemitha enye kwaye ukutyalwa kwenziwa rhoqo ngesiqingatha ukuya kwikota yesithathu yemitha emgceni, nto leyo evumela ukuxinana okukhulu ngaphandle kokuncama ukukhula kweengcambu.
- Indlela yophindaphindo lwesiqu: Ilungele ukukhula kwembewu yezityalo okanye ukukhula ngokukhawuleza, izityalo ziqelelane ngama-50 cm phakathi kwemiqolo naphakathi. Apha, ukukhula kwesiqu kubekwa phambili kunobungakanani beengcambu.
Ukutshintshwa kokusikwa okungaphumelelanga
Xa utyala icassava, kuqhelekile ukuba ayizizo zonke iingcambu ezisikiweyo. Ukugcina ingxinano efanelekileyo, jonga isityalo emva kweeveki ezimbini uwasuse onke amagatya angekantshuliswa. Musa ukuthatha indawo yezo zonakaliswe yimbalela ide kune imvula, kuba akuyi kuba luncedo ukutyala amagatya amatsha kumhlaba owomileyo. Ngalo lonke ixesha sebenzisa amatsha kunye nokusikwa okunempilo ukutshintshwa, ukuwafaka kwimingxuma emitsha ukuphucula amathuba abo okuphumelela.
Ukhathalelo olusisiseko emva kokutyala
Icassava sisityalo esomeleleyo, kodwa isabela kakuhle kakhulu kwimisebenzi ethile yolawulo eyenza umahluko kubungakanani kunye nomgangatho wesivuno. Ukuchumisa, ukhula, izitshabalalisi kunye nolawulo lwezifo Zizitshixo zokuba isityalo sikhule somelele kwaye sivelise iingcambu ezinencasa.
Ukuchumisa ukuvuselela iingcambu
Ngokukodwa kwimihlaba eye yalinywa kwimijikelezo emininzi, ukusetyenziswa kwezichumisi kubalulekile ukugcina imveliso. I-cassava idinga kakhulu i-phosphorus kunye ne-potassium ukwenza iingcambu ezinkulu kunye noovimba bokugcina. Kufuneka ulumke ngenitrogen: ukuyigqithisela kunokubangela amagqabi amaninzi kodwa iingcambu ezimbalwa.Faka izichumisi kwiinyanga ezimbalwa zokuqala, xa isityalo senza inkqubo yaso yeengcambu.
Kwiifama ezincinci, kuqhelekile ukusetyenziswa izichumisi eziphilayo ezifana nomgquba wenkomo okanye wedada, ngelixa kwiifama ezinkulu kusetyenziswa izichumisi zeminerali, idosi ngokohlalutyo lomhlaba.
Ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinambuzane, izifo kunye nokhula
Icassava Inokuchatshazelwa zizifo ezifana ne-mosaic virus kunye ne-anthracnose kananjalo ngezibetho zezinambuzane ukuba ukunciphisa isivuno seengcambu. Uthintelo lungundoqo: sebenzisa iintlobo ezixhathisayo, gcina intsimi icocekile kwaye isebenzisa ulawulo lwebhayoloji nenkcubeko phambi kokusebenzisa imichiza.
Xa kukho iimpawu zesifo okanye umonakalo wezinambuzane, Thatha amanyathelo ngokukhawulezaSusa izityalo ezichaphazelekayo kwaye udibane ne-agronomists ukuba ingxaki iya isanda. Isifo sikaMosaic sinokubangela ilahleko engaphezu kwe-15% ngonyaka, ngoko ukubeka iliso kunye nokuthintela kubalulekile.
Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukukhula kwecassava?
El Umjikelo wokukhula kwecassava mde kunowezinye izityalo, kwaye iyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiindidi ezityaliweyo. Kukho iintlobo ezivuthwa kwangoko (ezifana neSree Jaya, TME 419 kunye neZizila) ezinokulungela ukuvunwa Iinyanga ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-12Nangona kunjalo, iintlobo zesintu kunye nezivuthwa kade (iButamu, iDisanka, iNsansi, phakathi kwezinye) inokuthatha ukuya kuthi ga. Iinyanga ze24 ekugqibezeleni umjikelo wayo.
Imiba yemozulu efana nembalela, imvula egqithisileyo, okanye amaqondo aphantsi obushushu anokulibazisa ukuvela kweengcambu zorhwebo. Ngoko ke, Kubalulekile ukukhetha ixesha elifanelekileyo lokutyala kwaye uhlengahlengise ukhathalelo ngokwemozulu.
Uvunwa njani kwaye nini icassava
Ngokuqhelekileyo, i Ukuvunwa kwe-cassava kwenzeka phakathi kweenyanga ezi-8 kunye ne-20 emva kokutyala., ukulungelelanisa kwiindidi kunye nokusetyenziswa kokugqibela kwengcambu. Nangona iingcambu ezininzi zifikelela kubungakanani obuhle kwiinyanga ezi-8-12, Kumalunga neenyanga ezili-18-20 xa ziqokelela istatshi kunye nezondloUkuba zishiywe emhlabeni ixesha elide, iingcambu ziba nzima kwaye ixabiso lentengiso liyancipha.
Ixesha lokuvuna likwaxhomekeke kwimarike. Ukusetyenziswa okutsha, vuna xa ingcambu inobunzima obuhle kunye nokubunjwa. Ukwenza istatshi okanye umgubo, linda elona nqanaba lifanelekileyo lokuvuthwa, ngaphandle kokulivumela ukuba lifikelele kwinqanaba eliqinileyo, lemithi.
Ubuchule bokuvuna
- Ukuvuna ngezandla: Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo kwizityalo ezincinci. Iziqu zinqunywe kumgangatho ophantsi kwaye zisuswe nge-hoe okanye ezinye izixhobo, uqaphele ukuba ungonakalisi iingcambu.
- Ukuvuna okwenziwa ngoomatshini: Kwiifama ezinobungakanani obuphakathi, oomatshini basetyenziselwa ukuhambisa umhlaba kunye nokuququzelela ukukhutshwa kwezandla okulandelayo.
- Ukuvuna ngoomatshini: Kwiifama ezinkulu, oomatshini abakhethekileyo bavuna, bacoca, kwaye bakha ngenkqubo enye, bekhulisa ixesha nomgudu.
Kuyacetyiswa Musa ukushiya iingcambu emhlabeni ixesha elide emva kokugqithisa., njengoko belahlekelwa umgangatho ngokukhawuleza: banokuwohloka kwiintsuku nje ezimbini. Ukuzigcina kwindawo ebandayo kunokwandisa ubomi babo kangangeentsuku ezimbalwa, kodwa ukudluliselwa ngokukhawuleza kwintengiso okanye ukusetyenzwa kuyakhethwa. Ukugquma izityalo malunga neeveki ezimbini phambi kokuvuna Inokuphucula isivuno nge-10%, ithanda ukugxilwa kwesitatshi kwaye iququzelele ukuvunwa.