Kujikeleze umthi womnquma, umthi omelana nembalela Ukulinywa kweminquma kubaluleke kakhulu kuqoqosho lwezolimo lwaseMeditera, kodwa kukwabonisa imbali ende yolwazi lwezolimo, ulondolozo, kunye nokuziqhelanisa notshintsho lwemozulu. Ukususela kwindlela umthi onqunyulwa ngayo emva kokuvunwa kweminquma kwifama yase-Andalusia ukuya kwizicwangciso zokugcina imbewu yawo kwigumbi elingaphantsi komhlaba e-Arctic, esi sityalo namhlanje sibandakanya amasiko nesayensi ephucukileyo.
Ngelixa iingcali zikhumbuza abalimi ukuba Ukunqunyulwa ngakunye komthi kutshintsha ibhalansi yangaphakathi yomthi Kwaye ekubeni oku kuza kuchaphazela isivuno kwiminyaka ezayo, abaphandi kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe bagqibezela ukuthunyelwa kwezinto zemfuza yomnquma kwiSvalbard Global Seed Vault eNorway, indawo ebizwa ngokuba yi "doomsday vault" yembewu. Amacala amabini omngeni ofanayo: ukugcina umthi womnquma uphila, uvelisa imveliso okwangoku, kwaye ukhuselwe kwixesha elizayo.
Ukuthenwa kwemithi yomnquma emva kokuvuna: isigqibo esibumba isivuno esilandelayo
Xa isivuno seminquma siphelile, umlimi weminquma ungena kwelinye lawona manqanaba abuthathaka onyaka: ukuthena ihlathi lomnqumaKunokuba ngumsebenzi olula woomatshini ngeesarha nezikere, iingcali ezivela kwi-Andalusian Plant Health Alert and Information Network (RAIF) zigxininisa ukuba lungenelelo olunefuthe ngqo kwimveliso yexesha elizayo, ukuvunwa rhoqo kunye nenzuzo yefama.
Kumthi ngamnye, Ukuthena kutshintsha ibhalansi yamagqabi/ingcambu kunye namagqabi/umthiOko kukuthi, indlela umthi womnquma osasaza ngayo amandla awo phakathi kokukhula, ukugcina isakhiwo sawo, kunye nokuvelisa iziqhamo. Ukuthena kakhulu okanye ukukhetha kakubi amasebe okususa kunokunyanzela umthi ukuba usebenzise inxalenye enkulu yezinto zawo ezigciniweyo ukwakha kwakhona ikhusi lawo endaweni yokuvelisa amahlumela avelisayo, into enengxaki kakhulu kwiindawo ezindala. Ke ngoko, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kuphetshwe ukusika ngokugqithisileyo eziphazamisa i-physiology yomthi.
Injongo yezolimo kukulungisa olu lungelelwaniso: ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthi womnquma ugcina amagqabi aneleyo asebenzayo ukuze ondle iingcambu kunye nomthi, kodwa ngaphandle kokudala isakhiwo esidala nesingasebenzi kakuhle. Ukuthena, ucacisa uRAIF, kufanele ukuqondisa uyilo lwemithi ukuze lusebenze kakuhle ngakumbi, ukungawushiyi "ungenanto" ngaphandle kwemiqathango.
Ngasemva kuvela ingcamango eyaziwayo kakhulu kweli candelo: utshintsho oluphawulweyoEkubeni iminquma ikhula kwihlumelo lonyaka ophelileyo, ukuthenwa okungacwangciswanga kakuhle okanye okunzulu kakhulu kunokubangela utshintsho olukhulu lwamaxesha onyaka anemveliso kakhulu kulandele lawo angengawo alungileyo. Ke ngoko, iingcali zicebisa ukuba kuphetshwe utshintsho olukhulu kulawulo kwaye kukhethwe iindlela ezihambelanayo nezihambelanayo ukusuka kwixesha elithile ukuya kwelinye.
Lo mbono weqhinga awumtsha. Kwanakwixesha lamandulo, ababhali abafana no Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella Bamkela ingcamango yokuba nabani na olima intsimi yomnquma ucela iziqhamo, nabani na oyifaka umgquba ucela ngentlonelo, kwaye nabani na oyithenayo uyayinyanzela ukuba ivelise. Eli qhalo, elidla ngokukhankanywa kwiingqungquthela zobugcisa, lishwankathela ngokucacileyo impembelelo yokuthena kwimpendulo yomthi.
Ukulinganisela ukukhula kunye nemveliso: indlela yokuphepha ukuthwala izinto ezitshintshanayo
Enye yeengongoma ezigxininiswe kakhulu kwiingcebiso ezisemthethweni yimfuneko yokuba ukulinganisela ukukhula kwezityalo kunye nemvelisoUmthi womnquma awunakukwazi ukusebenzisa onke amandla awo kwixesha lokukhula elinye, kuba kufuneka ulungiselele imithi emincinci kunye namahlumela achumileyo kwixesha elizayo. Ngaphezu koko, ukutya okunempilo kunye nolawulo lomhlaba, njengoko kuchaziwe kwizikhokelo [ulwazi olungekhoyo - mhlawumbi "izikhokelo zezityalo" okanye umbhalo ofanayo], kubalulekile. ukuchunyiswa kwemithi yomnquma, inegalelo ekulinganiseni uphuhliso lwezityalo.
Xa imithi emidala ixhaphakile emthini kwaye amagqabi akhanyayo kakuhle enqabile, isiphumo sidla ngokuba kukwehla kokukhula okutsha kunye nokuncipha kwesivuno ngokuthe ngcembe. Kwezi meko, ukuthena kufuneka kusebenze njengenyathelo lokulungisa. khanyisa amasebe amadala kwaye yenze indawo yamahlumela amatsha, kodwa ingashiyi umthi ungenawo amandla okwenza i-photosynthesis.
Kwimithi yeminquma emidala kakhulu okanye engavuselelwanga kakuhle, le ngxaki ibonakala ngokucacileyo: izithsaba ezishinyeneyoIngaphakathi linomthunzi, kwaye isiqhamo sigxile eziphelweni. Kwezi meko, iingcali zicebisa ukuhlaziywa kancinci kancinci kwamasebe, axutywe kangangeminyaka eliqela, ukuze umthi ungawi ngequbuliso imveliso.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukunyusa kancinci kancinci ubunzulu bokungenelela. Ukuthena ngokugqithisileyo kunokubonakala kunomtsalane "wokuvuselela" umthi womnquma ngokukhawuleza, kodwa kunciphisa kakhulu isivuno esikhawulezileyo kwaye kunokwenza umthi ube buthathaka ngamandla awo onke. Ke ngoko, kuyacetyiswa ukuba unqumle kakhulu kwiimeko ezithile, kwaye ngokubanzi, khetha ukunqumle okuthambileyo nokuqhubekayo.
Le ndlela ikwavumela ukuncipha kokuthwala okutshintshatshintshanayo, kuba umthi womnquma ufikelela kwixesha ngalinye lonyaka unesakhiwo esizinzileyo, ungaguquguquki kakhulu, kwaye ukuvuna rhoqo ngakumbiNgokwendlela enokwenzeka, oku kuthetha ukuvuna rhoqo kunye nokucwangcisa uqoqosho olungenabungozi kangako kumlimi.
Imithi yeminquma emincinci: ithenwa kancinci kwaye rhoqo ukuze iqale imveliso ngokukhawuleza
Ukuba umthi uselula, indlela osebenza ngayo iyatshintsha. Kwiindawo ezintsha zokutyala izityalo, injongo kukuba umthi womnquma uqale ukuvelisa iziqhamo ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ulwakhiwo lwawo lwexesha elizayo. Ukufezekisa oku, Ukuthena kakhulu kwiminyaka yokuqala kuthathwa njengempazamo eqhelekileyo nto leyo ebambezela ukuqala kwesivuno. Okubizwa ngokuba ukuthena izixhobo Kufuneka kube lula, kodwa kube rhoqo.
Iingcali zicebisa ukuba umnxeba ukuthena izixhobo Ukuthena kufuneka kube lula kodwa kube rhoqo. Injongo kukuqondisa ulwakhiwo lomthi—ukuphakama kwesiqu, inani kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwamasebe aphambili—ukuthintela ukusikwa okukhulu okuphazamisa ulungelelwaniso lwamagqabi/ingcambu. Ukuba kususwe amahlumela amaninzi amatsha, umthi womnquma kufuneka uchithe amandla awo amaninzi ekuwutshintsheni, endaweni yokuqinisa inkqubo yeengcambu eqinileyo kunye nesakhiwo esivelisayo.
Kolu hlobo lwemithi yomnquma, ngenelela minyaka le ngezilungiso ezincinci Ihlala ivelisa iziphumo ezingcono kunokuthena rhoqo emva kweminyaka embalwa ngokuthena kakhulu. Umthi ukhula rhoqo, awufumani xinzelelo lungako, kwaye ufikelela kumthamo wekhava onenzuzo ngokukhawuleza.
Kwifama yanamhlanje enabantu abaninzi, apho ukwenziwa koomatshini bokuvuna Le ngcinga ibalulekile, kwaye icace nangakumbi: ukwakheka kunye nokugcinwa kwekhanopu kuyilwe kwasekuqaleni kucingwa ngoomatshini, kodwa kusoloko kusenziwa ngomgaqo ofanayo: ukungathinteli kakhulu uphuhliso lwezityalo. Ubuchule bobuchwephesha buyenza lula le msebenzi, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiiprojekthi ze izixhobo zokuthena, inokunciphisa iindleko zabasebenzi.
Ukwandisa ubomi behlathi lomnquma nokuthintela ukwaluphala kwangethuba
Enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo zomthi womnquma kukukwazi kwawo ukuphila nokuvelisa iinkulungwane. Nangona kunjalo, obu bude bexesha buxhomekeke kwindlela umthi kunye nomhlaba ezilawulwa ngayo. Amanqaku obuchwephesha asikhumbuza ukuba Intsimi yomnquma egcinwe kakuhle inokugcina ubomi obuvelisa phantse bungenamda.nokuba zikwimeko ezomileyo, ukuba nje iziqu eziphilileyo kunye neengcambu ezisebenzayo ziyagcinwa.
Ukuthena kakhulu nokuphindaphindwayo kunciphisa kakhulu ubomi bomntuUkuthena okunzima ngakunye kushiya amanxeba, kunciphisa indawo yamagqabi, kwaye kunyanzelise umthi ukuba usebenzise imali egciniweyo ukwakha kwakhona isakhiwo sawo. Ekugqibeleni, uthotho lweendlela zokungenelela eziqatha lubangela intsimi yomnquma ediniweyo, engakwaziyo ukuphendula kwimbalela, iqabaka, okanye izinambuzane. Ngaphezu koko, ukusebenzisa inkunkuma yokuthena ngendlela ezinzileyo yindlela encedisayo, njengoko kuchazwe ngamanyathelo angoku ukusetyenziswa okuzinzileyo kokuthena.
Yiyo loo nto iingcali zicebisa vavanya isenzo ngasinye kungekuphela nje kwisivuno esilandelayo, kodwa nesiphumo saso esidibeneyo kwi-physiology yomthi. Xa isebe libonisa iimpawu ezicacileyo zokwaluphala - imithi emininzi, ukuhluma okuncinci, imveliso ephantsi - isisombululo kukulihlaziya, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe: ukulitshintsha ngamahlumela abekwe ngcono, ukususa imithi emidala kunye nokuphepha ukwenza iindawo ezinkulu ngaxeshanye.
Le ndlela ikwanceda ekugcineni isakhiwo sesithsaba sikhuselekile ngakumbi emoyeni nasekhephu, umngcipheko omncinci wokwaphukakwaye yenza kube lula imisebenzi efana nokuvuna okanye unyango lwezityalo. Umthi womnquma olungeleleneyo, onemithi ehlaziyiweyo nesasazwe kakuhle, udla ngokuba lula kwaye ukhawuleze ukuwuthena, nto leyo ethetha ukuba iindleko zomsebenzi ziphantsi.
Ukuthena nokunkcenkceshela: ukulungisa i-canopy ukuze ihambelane nokufumaneka kwamanzi
E-Andalusia, kwaye eneneni nakweyona ndawo ininzi yaseSpain, amanzi yeyona nto iphambili ekuthinteleni ingxaki. Yiyo loo nto iingcebiso ezisemthethweni zigxininisa ukuba Umthamo wophahla kufuneka uhambelane nomlinganiselo wamanzi afumanekayo. yefama. Umthi omkhulu kakhulu, onamagqabi amaninzi kakhulu, ukhula kakhulu kwaye unokungqubana namanzi okwenyani afumaneka emhlabeni nakwimozulu.
Kwimithi yeminquma eyomileyo, umthetho ucacile ngakumbi: ukuthena kufuneka kube bubulumko, kodwa kufuneka kugcinwe umthi ulingana nemvula kunye nobunzulu bomhlaba. Ukushiya iingcango ezinkulu kwiigadi zeziqhamo ezinemvula enqabileyo kunye nomhlaba onganzulu kudla ngokukhokelela ekubeni Iziqhamo ezincinci, ezine-pulp encinci kunye nemveliso enciphileyo yamafuthakuba isityalo sifumana uxinzelelo lwamanzi ngamaxesha abalulekileyo okutyeba.
Kwiindawo ezinkcenkceshelwayo, umda mkhulu. Ukuba ukunkcenkceshela okwaneleyo nokulawulwa kakuhle kuqinisekisiwe, umthamo omkhulu wophahla unokuvunyelwa, ukuba nje ukukhanya okuhle kwangaphakathi Umthi omdaka ngaphakathi, ozele ngumthi ongenamagqabi, uyafana nokusebenza kakubi kwemveliso, nokuba amanzi akhona.
Kuzo zombini iinkqubo, ukuthena kuba sisixhobo sokwenza lungisa imfuno yamanzi yomthi womnqumaUkulungisa ubungakanani kunye noxinano lwekhava kunceda ukunciphisa umngcipheko woxinzelelo olukhulu lwamanzi ngamaxesha anzima, into ebaluleke ngakumbi kwimeko yotshintsho lwemozulu kunye neziganeko zembalela ezinde.
Ukuthena njengotyalo-mali kwezoqoqosho, kungekuphela nje njengomsebenzi wonyaka
Ngaphaya kwemicimbi ye-physiological, imibutho yezolimo igxininisa ukuba ukuthena kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngokwemali. Umsebenzi ocokisekileyo kakhulu, okanye ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezingafanelekanga, kunokunyusa iindleko zomsebenzi ngaphandle kokubonelela ngeenzuzo ezifanayo. Ingcinga kukuqonda ukuthena njenge utyalo-mali olunembuyekezokungekhona njengesithethe esimiselweyo rhoqo ebusika.
Ngale ndlela, ukubaluleka chaza iinjongo ezicacileyo ngeploti nganyeHlaziya, lawula ubude, lungisa ukungalingani, phucula ukufikelela koomatshini, dibanisa abasebenzi abanezakhono nezixhobo ezigcinwe kakuhle, kwaye uphephe ukuthena umthi omnye ngokungeyomfuneko ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Izisombululo ziquka ukusungula izinto ezintsha kunye nozinzo zichaphazela ezo njongo.
Amava asentsimini abonisa ukuba Ukuthena okucacileyo nokucwangcisiweyo kunciphisa ixesha kunye neendlekoIngakumbi xa amaqela eqonda imigangatho yefama kwaye engasebenzi ngokwezinto ezikhethwa ngumsebenzi ngamnye. Kwiifama ezininzi, ukuqeqeshwa kwabatheni kunye nokubekwa esweni kobuchwephesha ngexesha leesizini ezimbalwa zokuqala kwenza umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwehlathi lomnquma elilawulwa kakuhle kunye nelinye elinezigqibo eziphikisanayo.
Le ndlela yezoqoqosho idibene nezinye izinto: umthi olungeleleneyo, olungelelaniswe namanzi akhoyo kwaye onesakhiwo esitsha, ngokuqhelekileyo ukunciphisa iindleko zokugcina izinto zisemgangathweni unyaka nonyaka kwaye ifuna ukulungiswa okungqongqo okuncinci, nto leyo eqinisekisa ukuba ingeniso iyahlala izinzile.
Ukusuka kumasimi eMeditera ukuya kwiArctic: umthi womnquma uya kwiSvalbard Global Vault
Nangona ezi nkcukacha zolawulo zilungiswa kwiifama, umthi womnquma ulungiselela ukuthatha inyathelo elingaqhelekanga elinomfuziselo nelingokwesayensi. Okokuqala ngqa, izinto zemfuza ezivela kwesi sityalo ziya kongezwa kwiSvalbard Global Seed Vault., kwisiqithi saseNorway esigcina ulondolozo lwezinto eziphilayo zezolimo kwihlabathi liphela, ngaphezu kweekhilomitha eziliwaka ukusuka kwiNorth Pole.
Eli gumbi lingaphantsi komhlaba, eligrunjwe edwaleni nakwi-permafrost laza lagcinwa kumaqondo obushushu amalunga ne--18 degrees Celsius, Isebenza njengomshuwalense wehlabathi nxamnye neentlekeleiimfazwe okanye iingozi ezinokutshabalalisa ukuqokelelwa kwembewu kwiindawo ezivela kuzo. Njengoko inomthamo wezigidi zeesampulu, sele igcina izinto ezivela kwizityalo eziphambili kuwo onke amazwekazi amahlanu.
Kude kube ngoku, umthi womnquma wawushiywe ngaphandle kwelo gumbi liqandisiweyo. Oko kuya kutshintsha phakathi kwangoku nangoku. Ngomhla wama-23 nowama-27 kuFebruwari, ngo-2026, xa i-vault icwangciselwe ukuvula enye yeefestile zayo ezimbalwa zonyaka ukuze yamkele, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezithunyelwayo, umthwalo wembewu yomnquma eququzelelwayo evela eSpain.
Le projekthi iqhutywa yi IKomiti yeHlabathi yeOyile yeMinquma (IOC), ngentsebenziswano ne-FAO kwaye yasekwa ngaphakathi kwephulo laseYurophu le-Gen4Olive lenkqubo ye-Horizon 2020. ESpain, uMphathiswa wezoLimo, iiNtlanzi kunye nokutya, iWorld Olive Germplasm Bank yeYunivesithi yaseCordoba, iYunivesithi yaseGranada kunye neZiko leZixhobo zeMvelo yeZityalo kunye noLimo oluZinzileyo lwe-CSIC, phakathi kwezinye izinto, bathatha inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo.
Zilungiselelwa njani izinto zemfuza eziza kuhamba zivela eSpain?
Ukuthunyelwa kwempahla akupheleli nje ekupakisheni iiolive ezimbalwa. Okwangoku, amaqela aseCórdoba naseGranada asebenza kuyo. ukuqokelela imingxunya yeminquma kwimithi evelise esi sivunoImbewu ikhutshwa kwizityalo kunye nemithi yomnquma yasendle. Emva kokucocwa nokuxutywa, iyakhenkcezwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba iyakhula.
I-World Olive Germplasm Bank, ekwiRabanales Campus (iYunivesithi yaseCórdoba), inikela ngezinto ezihambelana nenxalenye enkulu yeentlobo ezingaphezu kwama-700 ezidweliswe kwingqokelela yayo yamazwe ngamazwe. Kwicala layo, iYunivesithi yaseGranada igxile qokelela izinto ezivela kwimithi yomnquma yasendle, izalamane zasendle zomthi womnquma otyaliweyo, ezibalulekileyo ekugcineni iimpawu zokuxhathisa kunye nokuziqhelanisa.
Nje ukuba zilungiswe kakuhle, ezi mbewu ziya kuhlelwa zibe ziibhetshi kunye neebhokisi, eziza kulawulwa liziko le-CSIC e-Alcalá de Henares ngaphambi kokuba zihambe ziye eNorway. Lilonke, kulindeleke ukuba malunga Iisampuli ezili-1.500 ezivela kwii-genotypes ezingamakhulu aliqelaeziza kongezwa kwi-1.200 esele zithunyelwe zivela eSpain ukuze ziye kwezinye izityalo kwiminyaka edlulileyo.
IBhunga leMinquma leHlabathi ligxininisa ukuba, ngokunyanisekileyo, oko kugcinwayo akuzo "iintlobo ezinokudityaniswa" ngokohlobo, kuba umthi womnquma awuhlali uvelisa ngembewu kodwa ngokusasazeka kwezityalo (ukunqunyulwa okanye ukuhluzwa). Ekubeni luhlobo olunamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuzivundisa ngokwalo kunye nokuvundisa rhoqo, injongo ku... gcina ichibi lemfuza lomthi womnqumaOko kukuthi, uluhlu lolwahlulo oluzuzwa njengelifa oluchaza isityalo kunye nezihlobo zaso zasendle kwiMeditera.
Kwimeko yexesha elizayo yokulahleka okukhulu kwezinto zezityalo, ezi mbewu aziyi kuvumela ukwakhiwa ngokutsha kweentlobo ezifanayo zorhwebo ezikhoyo ngoku, kodwa ziya kubonelela isiseko esibalulekileyo seenkqubo zokuphucula imfuza kunye nokwakhiwa ngokutsha kwabantu abalungelelaniswe neemeko ezinzima.
Kutheni ukukhusela iintlobo ngeentlobo zeminquma kuyinto ebalulekileyo kangaka
Amava akutshanje abonise indlela ekubaluleke ngayo ukuba ne-backup ebonakalayo yembewu. Ngo-2015, iZiko leHlabathi loPhando lwezoLimo kwiindawo ezomileyo lacela izixhobo kwiSvalbard Global Seed Vault ukuze Buyisela kwakhona iingqokelela zengqolowa elahlekileyo eAleppo ngenxa yemfazwe eSiriya. Ngenxa yeesampuli ezigcinwe eNorway, kuye kwenzeka ukuba kuphinde kwakhiwe ingqokelela efana naleyo yanyamalala kwimfazwe.
Kumthi womnquma, umngcipheko awupheleli nje kwiimeko zemfazwe. Izinambuzane ezikhulayo, izifo ezitshabalalisayo, kunye neziganeko zembalela nobushushu obugqithisileyo Ezi zezinye zezona zisongelo zikhankanywa rhoqo ngabaphandi kunye nabalimi. Ukuba novimba obanzi wokwahluka kwezakhi zofuzo yindlela yokuba nezixhobo zebhayoloji ezifumanekayo kwixesha elizayo ukuphendula kwezi zisongelo: izakhi zofuzo zokunyamezela imbalela, ukumelana neentsholongwane, okanye ukukwazi ukuziqhelanisa neemeko ezintsha zemozulu. Funda okungakumbi malunga izifo zemithi yomnquma Kuyanceda ukuqonda ezo ngozi.
ISpain, njengomvelisi omkhulu weoyile yomnquma kwihlabathi kunye nelizwe elinelifa elikhulu leentlobo ngeentlobo, idlala indima ephambili kweli cebo. IBhanki yeHlabathi yeOlive Germplasm eCórdoba Idibanisa abantu abangaphezu kwewaka abavela kumazwe amalunga namashumi amathathuuhlobo lwemephu ephilayo yokulima umnquma kwihlabathi liphela. Inxalenye yaloo nto iya eSvalbard iya kusebenza njengenkxaso yesibini kwimeko-bume yemozulu ezinzileyo kakhulu.
Abo basebenza kule projekthi bathetha ngento ethile ingqiqo yoxanduva lwembaliUkuqonda ukuba okwenziwayo namhlanje kunokumisela iindlela zokuziqhelanisa nezityalo kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Ngokwamazwi eengcali ezibandakanyekayo, kumalunga nokwenza into "ebalulekileyo eluntwini," ngaphaya kwezinto ezinomdla kwilizwe okanye kwixesha elithile lonyaka.
Xa ijongwa iyonke, umthi womnquma ubonakala namhlanje njengesityalo esibanjwe phakathi kwezikali ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kodwa ezinxulumeneyo: esomlimi ogqibayo ebusika ukuba leliphi isebe aza kulisika ukuqinisekisa isivuno sonyaka olandelayo, kunye neso seqela lezenzululwazi elipakisha imbewu yohambo oluya eArctic lijonge iingxaki ezinokubakho kwiminyaka emininzi ezayo. Ukuthena ngokufanelekileyo okwandisa ubomi bomthi ngamnye Kwaye ukugcinwa kweentlobo ngeentlobo zemfuza kwihlabathi liphela kutyhila ingcamango efanayo esisiseko: ukunyamekela umthi womnquma kufuna ukudibanisa umsebenzi wasentsimini, ucwangciso lwexesha elide kunye nomlinganiselo omkhulu wokubona kwangaphambili kweqela.
