I-Ulmus laevis: Isikhokelo esipheleleyo kwiiMpawu kunye nokuKhathalela kwe-European White Elm

Intshayelelo kwi-Ulmus laevis: I-European White Elm

ulmus laevis, yaziwa njenge I-elm emhlophe yaseYurophu, ukungcangcazela u pedunculate elm, ngumthi ovuthulukayo ongowosapho lwe-Ulmaceae. Ibalasele njengenye yee-elms ezixhathisa kakhulu kumhlaba omanzi kunye nokhukulisekileyo, nto leyo eyenza ibe luhlobo oluphambili kwi-ecosystems.

Usasazo lwayo lwendalo lugubungela umbindi, impuma, kunye nomzantsi-mpuma weYurophu, ukusuka kumntla-mpuma weFransi ukuya kumazantsi eFinland, ukuya empuma ukuya eUrals, kumzantsi-mpuma ukuya eBulgaria naseCrimea, kunye nabemi abahlukeneyo eCaucasus. Okumangalisayo kukuba, uhlolisiso lwakutshanje lwemfuza luye lwabonisa ukuba ulmus laevis Ivela kwiPeninsula yase-Iberia, apho kukho abantu abahlaziyiweyo abathi, ngenxa yeyantlukwano yemfuza, bacebise ngemvelaphi yakudala kulo mmandla.

Ngumthi othi utsale ingqalelo kubukhulu bawo obumangalisayo kunye nexabiso lawo kwindalo nokuhombisa kwawo, uyinto ebalulekileyo ekubuyiselweni kwemigxobhozo kunye neeprojekthi zolondolozo lweentlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo.

Inkcazo yezityalo kunye neMorphology ye-Ulmus laevis

El I-elm emhlophe yaseYurophu Ngumthi onembonakalo entle, onokufikelela phakathi kwe-30 kunye ne-35 yeemitha ukuphakama, kunye nobubanzi besiqu esingaphezulu kweemitha ezi-2 kwimizekelo ye-centenarian. Yahlulwe kwezinye iilms ngayo isithsaba esibanzi nesingaqhelekanga, enamasebe ajingayo ngokukhululekileyo kunye nesakhiwo ngokubanzi esingaphantsi kwe-symmetrical kunesinye i-Ulmus.

• AmaSpredishithi: I-Deciduous, enye, ilula, i-elliptical ukuya kwi-oval kwimilo, kunye nesiseko esilinganayo kunye nomda ophindwe kabini. Iqabunga leqabunga lincinci, liguquguqukayo, liphantse libe liphepha kwi-texture, kunye ne-tomentose underside (egqunywe ngeenwele ezithambileyo), enceda ukuhlula kwezinye iintlobo.
• Iintyatyambo: Zivela phambi kwamagqabi, adityaniswe ngamaqela angama-15-30, angenapetali, kunye ne-pollinated emoyeni. Intyatyambo nganye, emalunga ne-3-4 mm ububanzi, ithwalwa kwii-peduncle ezinde kakhulu (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20 mm), oluphawu lweentlobo.
• Iziqhamo: Zingama-samaras (isiqhamo esomileyo esinamaphiko) ngaphantsi kwe-15 mm ubude malunga ne-10 mm ububanzi, kunye nomda we-ciliated (ubonelelwa ngeenwele), zijinga kwaye zivuthwe ngokukhawuleza entwasahlobo.
• Inkqubo yeengcambu: Ineengcambu ezingaphezulu kwaye ezinabileyo, ezinokuthi zenze iibhutsi eziphawulekayo emazantsi esiqu, nto leyo enegalelo kuzinzo kumhlaba ofumileyo.

Ixolo ligudileyo kwaye lingwevu kwimizekelo emincinci, liqhekeka ngenxa yobudala. Ingaphila iinkulungwane ezininzi, kunye nenye yeesampulu ezindala eYurophu ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-500 ubudala.

ITaxonomy kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo

• Ubukumkani: IPlantae
• ICandelo: Magnoliophyta / Tracheophyta
• Iklasi: magnoliopsida
• Myalelo: IRosales
• Usapho: ulmaceae
• Isini: Ulmus
• Iintlobo: Ulmus laevis Pall.

Uhlobo alunazintlobo ezincinci ezaziwayo. Ezinye iintlobo ezincinci okanye iifom zokuhlobisa ziye zachazwa, ngakumbi eRashiya, njenge i-aureovariegata, argentovariegata, irubra y ilifolia. Ukongeza, kukho iindidi ezifana celtidea (yemvelaphi enokwenzeka yaseUkraine), i-parvifolia y izinto ezilula, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuthintelwe kakhulu kwaye ukuqatshelwa kwayo njengeentlobo ezizimeleyo kungumxholo wengxoxo.

Igama Ulmus lithatyathwe kwigama lesiLatini lakudala elithi "elm", kunye laevis lithetha “eligudileyo,” libhekisela kwindlela emile ngayo amaxolo amatsha.

Ukusasazwa kunye neNdalo yokuHlala

ulmus laevis Luhlobo olunxulunyaniswa ngokusisiseko nemo engqongileyo efumileyo kunye nemihlaba ene-alluvial. Uluhlu lwayo lwendalo lubandakanya:

• Umbindi kunye neMpuma Yurophu, ukusuka eFransi ukuya entshona yeRashiya.
• I-Asia Minor, kunye nobukho obuvela eUkraine ukuya eCaucasus.
• KuSingasiqithi we-Iberia, abantu abancinci be-relict babonisa ubuntu babo bokuzalwa, kunye ne-elm inqabile kwaye ibekwe ikakhulu kwiindawo ezisecaleni komlambo.

Crece ngokukhethekileyo kwimijelo yamanzi, kumahlathi agudle unxweme, kwimimandla yezikhukula, nakwimihlaba etyebileyo ngezinto eziphilayoNangona ikwazi ukunyamezela imihlaba enamanzi ixesha elide, ingakhula nakwimihlaba eyomileyo, nangona ikhula kancinci. Ubude obuphezulu obuxeliweyo bujikeleze i-400 yeemitha, kodwa ngaphandle kokufika kwi-1700 yeemitha zikhankanywe. Ukuqonda nzulu iimpawu zomthi kunye nokukhula, nceda uqhagamshelane necandelo lethu iintlobo zemithi.

Iye yaziswa (engangeni ndawo) kwiipaki kunye nezitiya kwezinye iindawo ezipholileyo, kuquka i-East Asia (i-China) kunye ne-Australia, apho isetyenziswe njengeentlobo zokuhombisa kunye nokubuyisela imigxobhozo eyonakeleyo. Ukuba ungathanda ukuqonda ngcono ukhathalelo kunye neempawu zayo, jonga icandelo lethu konke malunga ne-Ulmus.

I-Ecology kunye neXabiso lokusiNgqongileyo

El I-elm emhlophe yaseYurophu idlala indima ephambili kulondolozo lweentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziselunxwemeni, ibonelela:

• Umthunzi kunye nokuzinza komhlaba Enkosi kumagqabi ayo kunye nenkqubo yengcambu enamandla, ithintela ukukhukuliseka kweendonga kunye namathambeka akufutshane nemijelo yamanzi.
• Indawo yokuhlala kunye nezibonelelo zezilwanyana zasendle zasekuhlaleni: Amagqabi kunye namahlumelo awo ngumthombo wokutya kwemfuyo, izinambuzane ze phytophagous nkqu neentlobo ezithile zamabhabhathane. Satyrium W-albhamuIziqhamo zixabiswa ziintaka (i-fringillids, i-goldfinches, i-finches, njl.), ngakumbi kwiinyanga zasentwasahlobo.
• Into ephambili kwi ukubuyiselwa kwemigxobhozo nasekulweni ubuntlango.
• Enkosi ngonyamezelo lwemihlaba enamanzi kunye nomtsalane ophantsi kwi-Dutch elm vectors yesifo, lukhetho oluphambili kwiiprojekthi zokubuyisela i-ikholoji. Ngolwazi oluthe vetshe malunga nezinambuzane kunye nezifo, tyelela Izifo zemithi ezisi-7.

Ukulima kwe ulmus laevis Kukwabalulekile ukulondoloza izinambuzane ezahlukahlukeneyo, amabhabhathane omthonyama, kunye nokomeleza ukomelela kwemekobume yendalo eselunxwemeni kutshintsho lwemozulu kunye nezifo ezivelayo. Ukuqonda indlela yokuthintela izinambuzane, unokuba nomdla kweli nqaku uqongqothwane elm.

Iimpawu ezahlukeneyo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye ii-Elms

• Izikhondo zeentyatyambo kunye neziqhamo ixesha elide kunase-Ulmus minor kunye ne-Ulmus glabra, eququzelela ukuchongwa.
• Amagqabi amancinci, akhanyayo kunye ne-tomentose ngaphantsi, ngoxa i-Ulmus minor idla ngokuba nencakuba yegqabi elijiyileyo nelirhabaxa, kwaye i-Ulmus glabra inamagqabi amakhulu kakhulu narhabaxa.
• Ukunyamezela okukhulu kumhlaba okhukulisekileyo kunye nomhlaba we-anoxic kunezinye ii-elms ezininzi zaseYurophu.
• Ukunganyangeki okuncinci kwimimoya enamandla: Isithsaba saso esincinci esincinci kunye nemithi ebuthathaka ithetha ukuba akukhuthazwa ukuba uyityale kwiindawo ezivezwe kwimimoya eqinile.
• Umthi womgangatho ophantsiUmthi we-Ulmus laevis ukhaphukhaphu kwaye uthambile kunezinye iielm kwaye awufane usetyenziswe ekuchweleni okanye njengeenkuni zokubasa.

Ukukhathalelwa kunye noLondolozo lwe-Ulmus laevis

Umhlaba kunye nendawo

• Ikhetha imihlaba inzulu, ifumile, ipholile kwaye ikhutshwe kakuhle, kunye nobuninzi bezinto eziphilayo kunye ne-acidic encinci okanye i-pH engathathi hlangothi. Ukukhula kakuhle, unokubonisana malunga ixolo lomthi.
• Iyaziqhelanisa nodongwe, intlenga, kunye nomhlaba oyisanti, ukuba nje ungeyotyuwa okanye wome kakhulu. Iyachukumiseka kubutyuwa.
• Yiphephe imihlaba enamanzi ngokusisigxina ngaphandle kokukhupha amanzi, kunye neendawo ezivezwe ngumoya onamandla.

Ukutyhileka elangeni kunye neMozulu

• I-elm emhlophe idinga ukukhanya okuninzi ukuze ikhule ngokugqibeleleyo, nangona inyamezela umthunzi othile.
• Imelana namaqondo obushushu aphantsi kunye neqabaka, ifanele imozulu epholileyo nepholileyo.
• Njengomntu omdala, inokunyamezela iziqendu ezimfutshane zembalela ephakathi, kodwa ayikhathazwa kuxinzelelo lwamanzi ixesha elide.

Unkcenkceshelo

• Ifuna ukunkcenkceshela rhoqo kwiminyaka yokuqala ukuqinisekisa ukumiliselwa kweengcambu, ingakumbi ehlotyeni okanye kumhlaba ongekho nzulu.
• Umhlaba kufuneka ugcinwe "ufumile kancinane," kodwa ungaze uhlale umanzi. Ukufuma okugqithisileyo ngaphandle kwe-oxygenation kunokukhuthaza izifo zeengcambu zefungal.
• Kwiindawo zendalo ezikufutshane nemilambo okanye amachibi, idla ngokuziseka ngenxa yokufuma okuphezulu.
• Kwimizekelo etyalwe kwiigadi okanye kwiindawo zasezidolophini, kucetyiswa ukuba unikeze a Uluhlu lwe-mulch ngeenxa zonke kwisiseko ukugcina ukufuma kunye nokuthintela ukhuphiswano kwezinye izityalo.

Ukuchumisa

• Ayidli ngokufuna izichumisi zekhemikhali ngaphandle kwemihlaba embi kakhulu.
• Phucula umhlaba ngomgquba osele ukhulile okanye umgquba obole kakuhle ekuqaleni kwentlakohlaza uthanda ukukhula kweengcambu nophuhliso.
• Gwema izichumisi zamaminerali okanye iikhemikhali, njengoko ziyakwazi ukuguqula i-microbiota yomhlaba kwaye ayimfuneko kwimihlaba echumileyo.

Ukuthena

• Ayidli ngokufuna ukuthenwa kwesakhiwo., kodwa kuyacetyiswa ukuba kususwe amasebe afileyo, abuthathaka okanye anqamlekileyo ngasekupheleni kwebusika, ngaphambi kokuhluma kwentwasahlobo.
• Uqeqesho lokuthena kwimithi emincinci kunokukhuthaza i-canopy elungeleleneyo kwaye izinzile.
• Ukuthenwa ngokugqithisileyo akukhuthazwa, njengoko kuguqula isakhiwo sendalo somthi kwaye kunokukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kwezifo zamanxeba.

Ukuphindaphinda

• Ngembewu: Hlwaya kubunzulu obungekho nzulu (malunga ne-6 mm) kwindawo efumileyo nengena umoya kakuhle.
• Ukukhula kwembewu kuyahluka kakhulu unyaka nonyaka; ngoko ke, ukusasazeka kwezityalo kuthembeke ngakumbi.
• Ukwenzela ukusikwa: Ukugawulwa kumasebe amancinci, athathwe ekuqaleni kwehlobo, iingcambu ngokulula kwiimeko zokufuma okuphezulu, ngokukhawuleza ukuvelisa inkqubo yeengcambu ezishinyeneyo.

Ukutshintshwa

• Imizekelo emincinci ye ulmus laevis Ziyakwazi ukutshintshwa ekupheleni kobusika okanye ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo xa umthi ulele.
• Kunconywa ukunkcenkceshela kakuhle ngaphambi nangemva kokutshintshwa kunye nokukhusela umthi ekukhanyeni kwelanga kwimihla elandelayo.

Izifo, Izitshabalalisi kunye noKuchasana kwendalo

Isifo se-Elm saseDatshi

La Igraphiosis (Isifo se-Elm saseDatshi), esibangelwa yi-fungus Ophiostoma ulmi kwaye isasazwa ngamaqongqothwane (Scolytus), iye yatshabalalisa abantu baseYurophu naseMntla Melika. Nangona kunjalo, ulmus laevis ibonise ukuxhathisa okukhulu okunxulumeneyo:

• Ayithandwa yi-beetle ye-vector, ngenxa yobukho be-triterpene ebizwa ialnulin kwixolo layo, elinciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wekholoni.
• Nangona kunjalo, inokuchaphazeleka ukuba ayikho eminye imithi ye-elm ekhoyo, nangona kwiimeko ezininzi ukuhla kwabemi eNtshona Yurophu kungenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi ngaphezu kwesi sifo.
• IiClones ezinokumelana okukhulu ziye zaphuhliswa, ezikwaziyo ukusinda ekufakweni kokungunda kunye nokuhlaziya amagqabi emva kokulahlekelwa ukuya kwi-70% yamagqabi awo.

Ezinye izifo

• Elm Yellows: I-elm emhlophe yaseYurophu inokuchaphazeleka kancinci ukuya kokuphakathi kule phytoplasmosis.
• Amaqongqothwane amagqabi (Xanthogaleruca luteola): Umonakalo ongaphantsi, ekubeni i-Ulmus laevis ingathandeki kule nkathazo.
• Ezinye izinambuzane eziqhelekileyo ze-elms, ezifana ne-aphid, i-spider mites, kunye ne-mealybugs, nazo zinokuvela, nangona zihlala zibangela umonakalo omncinci.

Igalelo kunye nokuSetyenziswa kwe-Ulmus laevis

Ixabiso lokuhombisa

Ngenxa yenkangeleko entle, ukumila kwamagqabi kunye nokunyamezela umhlaba omanzi, ulmus laevis Ingumthi ofanelekileyo wokuhombisa iipaki, iigadi ezinkulu kunye nokungenelela kokulungisa umhlaba kwiindawo eziselunxwemeni okanye kumhlaba omtsha.

Ixabiso le-ikholoji kunye nokubuyisela

• Isitshixo sokubuyiselwa kokusingqongileyo kweendonga zemilambo kunye neendawo ezonakeleyo ngenxa yokukwazi ukubopha umhlaba nokudala iindawo zokuhlala zeentaka kunye nezilwanyana ezingenamqolo.
• Amava ukubuyiselwa kwezinto eziphilayo kunye ne-Ulmus laevis baye babonisa impembelelo entle, kungekuphela nje kwizityalo nezilwanyana kodwa nasekunciphiseni ukhukuliseko kunye nokwandisa iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezinxulumeneyo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwamaplanga

• La iinkuni zikumgangatho ophantsi, ukukhanya kwaye akuxhatshazwanga kakhulu, ngoko ke akulula ukusetyenziswa ekuchweleni okanye kumandla asekhaya.

Bonsai

• Njengezinye ii-elms, ulmus laevis Ingakhuliswa njenge-bonsai, nangona ingaqhelekanga kune-Ulmus minor, i-Ulmus parvifolia, okanye i-Ulmus glabra. Ukukhula kwayo ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuhluma okulula kuyenza ilungele abantu abanamava okuzonwabisa.

ULondolozo, iiNkqubo kunye nokuBuyiselwa kwe-Ulmus laevis

Okwangoku, amanyathelo amaninzi kumanqanaba kazwelonke naseYurophu afuna ukulondoloza, ukusasaza, kunye nokubuyisela abantu abamhlophe baseYurophu:

• Inkqubo ye-Elm yaseSpain: Iququzelelwa yiYunivesithi yasePolytechnic yaseMadrid kunye neSebe lezoLimo, iinzame zayo zisekwe ekufumaneni, ekukhuseleni, nasekusasazeni iielms zemveli ezixhathisayo, zombini i-Ulmus minor kunye ne-Ulmus laevis.
• Iiprojekthi ezifana noBomi+ Olmos Vivos: Benze ukuba kuveliswe kuze kutyalwe amawaka emizekelo ekwaziyo ukumelana nezifo kuyo yonke imimandla yaseTagus nakwimimandla ekhuselweyo.
• Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabemi: Amabhunga eSixeko, izikolo, kunye nemibutho yokusingqongileyo isebenzisana ngokukhutheleyo ekutyalweni nasekugcinweni kwemithi ye-elm kwiipaki, kwiindonga zemilambo, kunye nokusingqongileyo kweedolophu, ukukhuthaza ulwazi lwendalo kunye nokubuyiselwa kwe-ecological.
• Izifundo zemfuzo: Babonisa iyantlukwano enkulu kubantu base-Iberia base-Ulmus laevis, bebonisa ubukho bayo obuyi-relic ukususela kwi-Ice Age yokugqibela kunye nokubaluleka kwayo njengendawo yokugcina imfuza yaseYurophu.

Iingcebiso ezisebenzayo zokuKhula kwiGadi okanye njengoMthi wasezidolophini

• Tyala ekwindla okanye ekupheleni kobusika ukuqinisekisa ukuncothula kweengcambu phambi kobushushu basehlotyeni.
• Khetha iindawo ezipholileyo, kufutshane nemithombo yamanzi okanye ngonkcenkceshelo olugciniweyo, kumhlaba onzulu, onesondlo.
• Khusela imizekelo emincinci kwimimoya ebhudla ngamandla nakwiqabaka egqithileyo emva kwexesha.
• Thintela ukhuphiswano kwezinye izityalo kwisiseko ngokugcina isangqa esicacileyo kunye nomaleko we-organic mulch.
• Kwiigadi zasezidolophini, kubalulekile ukunika indawo eyaneleyo, ngaphezulu nangaphantsi komhlaba, ukwenzela uphuhliso olupheleleyo lwe-canopy kunye neengcambu.
• Unyango lothintelo lwe-phytosanitary aluyomfuneko ngaphandle kokuba izinambuzane okanye izifo ezithile zifunyenwe. Lawula ukuvela kwezinambuzane ngokwendalo, ukukhuthaza ukwahlukahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo kunye neentshaba zendalo.