La khangela ezinye iindlela ezizinzileyo endaweni yezibulali-zinambuzane zeekhemikhali Le yenye yeengxaki ezinkulu ezijongene nezolimo zanamhlanje. Iminyaka emininzi yokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezibulali-zinambuzane kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane isivumele ukuba sondle uluntu olukhulayo kwihlabathi liphela, kodwa zikwashiye uphawu oluxhalabisayo emanzini, kwizinto ezahlukeneyo, nakwimpilo yabantu. Ke ngoko, naluphi na ubuchwepheshe obunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwethu kwezi zinto ngelixa sigcina imveliso yezityalo bujongwa ngomdla omkhulu.
Kwimeko enjalo, ulawulo lwezinambuzane kusetyenziswa ukungcangcazela kunye ne-ultrasound Isuke ekubeni yinto enomdla kakhulu kwezenzululwazi yaya ekubeni sisixhobo sokwenyani ngaphakathi kolawulo oludibeneyo lwezinambuzane. Ukususela kwizixhobo ezilinganisa iimpawu zokungcangcazela ezisetyenziswa zizinambuzane ukuze zizale ukuya kwizixhobo ezikhupha i-ultrasonic ezilinganisa ubukho bezilwanyana ezizingelayo, uphando lwakutshanje lubonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka "ukuthetha ulwimi" lwezinambuzane ukuze uzitsale, uzibhidanise, okanye uzigxothe, konke oku ngaphandle kokutshiza intsimi ngeekhemikhali.
Kutheni ezolimo zifuna ezinye iindlela endaweni yezibulali-zinambuzane
La Ulimo lwanamhlanje olusebenzisa kakhulu izinto ezininzi luhlasela okusingqongileyo ngendlela engenakuphikiswaOku kungenxa yokuba isekelwe ekuthandeni uhlobo olunye olulinyiweyo ngaphezu kwalo naluphi na ukhuphiswano: ukhula, izinambuzane, ifungi, okanye izilwanyana ezincinci ezincancisayo. Ngoomatshini kunye nesidingo sokuvelisa ngaphezulu kwihektare nganye, isisombululo esikhawulezileyo yayizii-pesticides, ebezisoloko zingumhlobo obalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni isivuno kangangeminyaka emininzi.
Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwezi zinto kuye kwabangela iingxaki ezinkulu kakhulu zokusingqongileyo nezempiloUkungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba, ukonakala kwezilwanyana ezingajoliswanga (kuquka izinambuzane ezithumela impova ezifana neenyosi kunye neenyosi ezinde), ukuvela kokumelana nezinambuzane ezininzi, kunye neengozi zempilo kubantu abachaphazelekileyo. Likrele elibukhali kabini eliqhelekileyo: zinceda ekuveliseni ukutya, kodwa kwangaxeshanye, zinokusichaphazela.
Le meko iqhubele phambili uphuhliso izisombululo zebhayoloji ezifana nezichumisi zebhayoloji kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane zebhayolojiEzi ndlela zisekelwe kwiintsholongwane okanye izinambuzane eziluncedo ezikhuphisana okanye ezihlasela izinambuzane. Nangona zimele inkqubela phambili enkulu, azinakuyitshintsha ngokupheleleyo imichiza yezolimo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kukusebenza kakuhle, ingakumbi kwiinkqubo ezisebenza kakhulu.
Yiyo loo nto umdla kumaqhinga amatsha afana ulawulo lomzimba okanye lokuziphatha kwezinambuzane ngokusebenzisa ukungcangcazelaokuvumela ukuphazamisana nonxibelelwano lwezinambuzane okanye ukulinganisa ubukho bezilwanyana ezizingelayo, ukunciphisa umonakalo ngaphandle kokushiya iintsalela ezinobuthi kwindalo esingqongileyo.
Indima yokungcangcazela kunye ne-ultrasound kunxibelelwano lwezinambuzane
Izinambuzane ezininzi zezolimo zisebenzisa ukungcangcazela kunye nemiqondiso ye-acoustic ukuze baziqhelanise, bafumane iqabane, okanye babone izilwanyana ezizingelayo. Ezinye iintlobo zinxibelelana ngokungcangcazela okudluliselwa zizityalo (ngeziqu namagqabi), ngelixa ezinye zisebenzisa i-ultrasound ekhutshwa emoyeni, engavakaliyo ebantwini kodwa eqondwa kakuhle zezinye izilwanyana.
Kwimeko iincukuthu ezifunxa iinkozoIzinambuzane ezibalulekileyo zesoya, umbona, ingqolowa kunye neembotyi zibonakalisiwe ukuba zidibanisa iinkqubo ezimbini: kumgama omde, ukuya kuthi ga kwiimitha ezili-100, zisebenzisa iipheromones ukutsala amaqabane anokuba ngamaqabane. Xa besondela, batshintsha itshaneli baze baqalise ukusasaza imiqondiso yokungcangcazela kwisityalo ukubonisa indawo yayo ngqo, umyalezo oza kuba yinto efana nokuthi "Ndilapha, yiza kum".
Ezi ntshukumo zihamba emzimbeni wesityalo, nto leyo esebenza njengenyaniso "intambo" yendalo edlulisela isignaliInto enomdla kukuba iimazi ezininzi kunye nezinye iinkunzi zinokusabela kwisandi esifanayo, ngoko ke "incoko yokungcangcazela" kwinkcubeko inokuba nzima kakhulu.
Kwezinye izinambuzane, ezifana amanundu asebusuku bohlobo lweSpodopteraI-ultrasound idlala indima ebalulekileyo. La mabhabhathane axhaphakile kwiilulwane, eziwafumana ngqo ngenxa ye-ultrasound echolocation. Bona, baphuhlise uthotho lweempendulo ze-acoustic ezinokuthi ukubhidanisa indlela amalulwane acinga ngayo okanye ubancede babone ubukho babo ngexesha lokubaleka. Ngamanye amazwi, kukho "imfazwe yesandi" esibhakabhakeni ebusuku.
Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo zonxibelelwano kuye kwavumela abaphandi ukuba bacebise ingcamango enamandla kakhulu: Ukuba siyazi ukuba zithini izinambuzane ezivayo kunye nendlela ezinxibelelana ngayoSingadala izixhobo ezilinganisa, ezitshintsha, okanye ezithintela ezo mpawu ukuze sizisebenzise ukuze sizuze.
Isixhobo saseBrazil esisebenzisa ii-micro-vibrations ukutsala iincukuthu
Enye yezona nkqubela zibalaseleyo ekulawuleni izinambuzane ngokusebenzisa ukungcangcazela ivela eBrazil, apho iqela elivela kwi- I-Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) kunye neYunivesithi yaseMato Grosso kaRhulumente iphuhlise isixhobo se-elektroniki esikwaziyo ukuphinda sivelise imiqondiso yokungcangcazela esetyenziswa zizinambuzane ezifunxa iingqolowa kwinqanaba lazo lokuzala.
Le teknoloji isekelwe kwiminyaka yokujonga indlela yokuzala kwezi zinambuzaneIzazinzulu zihlalutye amaxesha athile okungcangcazela ezikukhuphayo xa zikhangela iqabane, zaza zakwazi ukurekhoda, ukugcina, kunye nokuvelisa kwakhona ngendlela elawulwayo ngeprototype ye-elektroniki enamathela kwimigibe ebaleni.
Ezi zigibe zidibanisa iintlobo ezimbini zezithako: iipheromones zokwenziwaezisebenza zikude ukutsala iingcongconi "ngevumba", kunye nesixhobo esincinci esingcangcazelayo esifana imiqondiso yokungcangcazela echanekileyo Ezi zinambuzane zithi zithetha ukudibana kwezilwanyana. Isiphumo sazo luhlobo "lwesibonakaliso sobuxoki" esigxininisa izinambuzane emgibeni endaweni yokuzisasaza kulo lonke isivuno.
Ngokutsho kwesazi sebhayoloji uRaúl Alberto Laumann, ovela kwiLebhu yeeSemiochemicals zeGenetic Resources kunye neBiotechnology e-Embrapa, ukusetyenziswa okudibeneyo kwe iintshukumo kunye neepheromones Ayivumeli nje kuphela ukubanjwa kweencukuthu zebhedi, kodwa ikwavumela nokufumana ulwazi oluchanekileyo malunga nobuninzi kunye nokusasazeka kwendawo yezinambuzane ezikwisiza.
Kwizilingo zasentsimini eziqhubekayo okwangoku, imigibe enesixhobo ibekwe malunga rhoqo ngeehektare ezintlanuEmva koko, izinambuzane ezibanjiweyo kwindawo nganye ziyabalwa, kwaye kusetyenziswa iimodeli zezibalo ukuqikelela ubuninzi bezinambuzane kulo lonke isityalo. Le ndlela yenza ukuba imigibe yokungcangcazela ibe isixhobo sokujonga kakuhle, isitshixo ekugqibeni ukuba uza kungenelela nini kwaye njani.
Iingenelo kunye namathuba okulawula izinambuzane zebhedi ngokungcangcazela
Iincukuthu zebhedi kunye neencukuthu ezimbini zezona zinambuzane ziyingozi kakhulu kwiimbotyi zesoya kunye nezinye izityalo eziziinkozo. Nangona izityalo eziguqulweyo kunye neentsholongwane ezibangela izifo zisetyenziswa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukulawula iincukuthu, ulawulo lwezinambuzane ezinukayo lusaxhomekeke kakhulu kwizibulali-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali. Ke ngoko, ukufumana ezinye iindlela ezingezizo ezomeleleyo nezikhuselekileyo kwindalo esingqongileyo nakwimpilo yabantu ngumceli mngeni obalulekileyo.
Isixhobo sokungcangcazela saseBrazil sikhomba ngqo kuloo ndlela. Inomtsalane omkhulu kukuba singaba yi- Enye indlela yokwenyani endaweni yezibulali-zinambuzane eziqhelekileyookanye ubuncinane ukunciphisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngokuzidibanisa kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwezinambuzane ezidityanisiweyo. Le migibe iya kusebenza ekujongeni nasekunciphiseni inani leencukuthu zebhedi ukuya kutsho kumanqanaba angaphantsi komda womonakalo kwezoqoqosho.
Ngaphezu koko, yiteknoloji ikhetheke kakhulu kwizinambuzane ekujoliswe kuzoNgokungafaniyo nesibulali-zinambuzane esibanzi, esinokutshabalalisa izinambuzane eziluncedo ezifana nezilwanyana ezizingelayo okanye izinto ezithumela impova, ukungcangcazela kunye neepheromones zijoliswe kuphela kwizinambuzane ezifunxa iinkozo eziqonda ezi mpawu. Oku kunciphisa impembelelo kwizinambuzane eziluncedo.
Ngokweziphumo zokuqala ezikhutshwe liqela le-Embrapa, ukusetyenziswa okudibeneyo kwee-pheromones zokwenziwa kunye nokungcangcazela kuvumele kunciphisa ngokucacileyo ubukho beencukuthu emasimini lwezilingo, kwaye konke oku ngaphandle kokuphazamisana nomsebenzi wezinambuzane eziluncedo ezifana neenyosi okanye iinyosi ezinkulu. Kwimeko apho i-FAO iqikelela ukuba izinambuzane zinokubangela ukwehla kwemveliso yezolimo yehlabathi ukuya kuthi ga kwi-40%, nayiphi na inkqubela kweli candelo ine impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho nakwindalo.
Ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wale teknoloji lafakwa ngasekupheleni kuka-2023 kwiBrazilian National Institute of Industrial Property kwaye, okwangoku, Ayikafumaneki kurhwebo okwangokuAbaphandi bafuna amaqabane emizi-mveliso, ingakumbi iinkampani ezizinikele ekuphuhliseni imigibe ezenzekelayo, ngenjongo yokwandisa imveliso kunye nokuzisa ezi zixhobo kwimarike yezolimo.
Imingeni yokusebenzisa ii-microvibrations ngomlinganiselo omkhulu
Nangona kukho umdla obangelwe lolu tshintsho, kukho nezinye izinto ezixhalabisayo eziye zaphakanyiswa. amathandabuzo afanelekileyo malunga nokuphila kwayo okukhuluIngcali yezinambuzane uJosé Maurício Simões Bento, ingcali kwi-ecology yeekhemikhali kunye nokuziphatha kwezinambuzane kwiYunivesithi yaseSão Paulo, uyixabisa kakhulu umsebenzi ka-Embrapa, ingakumbi ukuchongwa ngokuchanekileyo kwamaza okungcangcazela asetyenziswa zizinambuzane.
Nangona kunjalo, uSimões uthi into enkulu engaziwayo Indlela yokuphinda le nkqubo kwiifama ezigubungela amakhulu amawaka eehektareOku kunjalo ngeembotyi zesoya eBrazil, apho kulinywa khona iihektare ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-45. Ukufaka izixhobo kwiindawo ezininzi kunokuba yindleko kwaye kube nzima ngokwezothutho, kwaye ibhalansi efanelekileyo phakathi kweendleko zobuchwepheshe kunye nokunciphisa umonakalo ayikacaci.
Enye into ebalulekileyo kwezobuchwepheshe kukuba Unxibelelwano olushukumayo lweencukuthu zebhedi lwenzeka ngesityalohayi ngqo emoyeni. Ukuze isignali idluliselwe ngempumelelo, isixhobo kufuneka iqhagamshelwe kwisityalo okanye isakhiwo esivumela ukungcangcazela ukuba kusasazeke kuzo zonke izicwili zesityalo. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo efana nale: Ngaba kwanele ukubeka isixhobo esinye ngomgibe ngamnye? Ngaba kufuneka sinamathele kwisityalo esithile? Ukusasazwa kutshintsha njani ngokuxhomekeke kubuninzi besityalo?
ULaumann kunye neqela lakhe bacebisa ukusombulula eminye yale mingeni ngokusebenzisa ukusetyenziswa kweemodeli zezibalo ezidibanisa ukubanjwa kwetrafi kunye nobuninzi bezinambuzane, ngaloo ndlela kuthintelwe imfuneko yokugubungela isityalo ngasinye ngesixhobo. Ngaphezu koko, bacebisa ukudibanisa obu buchwephesha nezinye iindlela zokulawula izinto eziphilayo, njengokusetyenziswa iiparasitoids zamaqanda eembungulu zebhediezondla kwaye zikhule ngaphakathi kwamaqanda esi sinambuzane, nto leyo enciphisa inani laso ngakumbi.
Ukuba kwenziwe inkqubela phambili ekuzenzekeleni ukubalwa kwezinambuzane ezibanjiweyo, into ekwasetyenzwa kuyo, imigibe engcangcazelayo inokuguqulwa ibe yi- isixhobo esiphambili kulawulo oludibeneyo lwezinambuzaneukwazisa umlimi ngexesha langempela malunga namanqanaba eencukuthu kwindawo nganye yefama, ngaloo ndlela kube lula ukwenza izigqibo zokulawula ezichanekileyo nezifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo.
Izixhobo ze-ultrasound zokugxotha iinundu nezinye izinambuzane ezibhabhayo
Ngaphaya kokungcangcazela okudluliselwa zizityalo, enye indawo esebenzayo yophando yi ukusetyenziswa kwe-ultrasound ukuthintela izinambuzane eziyingoziUphononongo lwakutshanje olupapashwe kwijenali iProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) liqela laseJapan lubonise iziphumo ezithembisayo kakhulu ngokuchasene neenundu zohlobo lweSpodoptera, izinambuzane eziphambili kwizityalo ezifana namaqunube, itswele, iitumato kunye neminye imifuno emininzi.
Phantsi kolwalathiso lomphandi uRyo Nakano, waseNagoya University, iimvavanyo zenziwe e amasimi kunye neendawo zokugcina izityalo zama-strawberry kunye ne-anyanisi apho kwafakelwa khona ii-emitters ze-cylindrical ultrasonic, ezikwaziyo ukukhupha isandi kuma-degrees angama-360. Ezi zixhobo zazilinganisa i-ultrasound ekhutshwa ziimpukane, izilwanyana ezizingelayo zendalo zeenundu zasebusuku.
Izazinzulu zigxile ekulungiseni ngokuchanekileyo ubude, imvamisa kunye nobukhulu bemiqondiso ye-ultrasonic ukuze kufezekiswe ukusebenza okuphezulu kokugxotha. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba, xa izixhobo zivuliwe ukususela ngokuhlwa ukuya ekuzeni kokusa (ixesha lokusebenza kwezi zinambuzane), ukubhabha kweemazi kwancitshiswa kakhulu, kwaye ngaphezu kwako konke, ukubekwa kwamaqanda kwizityalo.
Oku kubalulekile kuba iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana ezifana I-Spodoptera littoralis (idonathi emnyama) okanye i-Spodoptera exigua (idonathi eluhlaza okanye umsundululu wemikhosi) Zibangela uninzi lomonakalo ngexesha lesigaba seengqalutye. Ukuthintela iimazi ukuba zingabeki amaqanda azo kwisivuno kususa ingxaki, kunciphisa kakhulu inani leengqalutye ezitya amagqabi neziqhamo.
Ingcali yezinambuzane uMiguel Ángel Miranda Chueca, uNjingalwazi weZoology kwiYunivesithi yaseBalearic Islands, ukholelwa ukuba le ndlela iye isiseko esiqinileyo sesayensiOku kungenxa yokuba isebenzisa ulwimi oluvakalayo (i-ultrasound) olusetyenziswa ngala mabhabhathane ngokwemvelo ukunxibelelana nezilwanyana ezizingelayo. Ukholelwa ukuba olu hlobo lobuchwephesha lunokuba yindlela entsha yokulawula ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yolawulo lwezinambuzane edibeneyo.
Imida ye-ultrasound kwezinye izinambuzane eziqhelekileyo
Nangona iziphumo ngeenundu zohlobo lweSpodoptera zithembisa kakhulu, iingcali ziyavuma ukuba Ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-ultrasound akunakuchazwa ngokubanzi kuyo nayiphi na inkathazo.Uhlobo ngalunye lunebhayoloji yalo yeemvakalelo, kwaye azizizo zonke ezisebenzisa ukungcangcazela okanye i-ultrasound ukunxibelelana okanye ukubona iingozi.
Umzekelo ocacileyo ngu impukane yeziqhamo (Ceratitis capitata)I-sting bug yenye yezona zinambuzane zibalulekileyo ezichaphazela imithi yeziqhamo kwihlabathi liphela. Ngokutsho kweengcali, esi sinambuzane asisebenzisi i-ultrasound njengendlela ephambili yokunxibelelana, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima kakhulu ukufumana isandi esivakalayo kunye "nomyalezo we-acoustic" oza kubangela ukuba sigxothe okanye sibaleke. Ngaphandle kwesi siseko sebhayoloji, ukuyila inkqubo yesandi esebenza ngokwenene akunakwenzeka.
Kwenzeka into efanayo nakwizinambuzane zasekhaya ezifana amaphelaKukho izixhobo ezithengiswayo ezithi zigxotha amaphela kusetyenziswa i-ultrasound. Nangona kunjalo, abaphandi abafana noMiranda Chueca bathi ezi mveliso azinamsebenzi ngokwebhayoloji kuba amaphela awasebenzisi ezi mpawu ngendlela evumela ukugxothwa okuqhubekayo.
Kwimeko u mosquitoLe ngcamango inesiseko esithe kratya, kuba zisebenzisa izandi kwindlela yazo yokuzala (umzekelo, ukuvunguza kwamaphiko azo ukuze zitsale iimazi). Nangona kunjalo, izifundo ezikhoyo zibonisa ukuba ukuphinda ezo zandi Ayinasiphumo sicacileyo sokugxothaKwaye okwangoku, akukho mzekelo we-ultrasound oye wafunyanwa onokuzigxotha rhoqo phantsi kweemeko zokwenyani.
Elinye icandelo apho i-ultrasound ivavanyiwe khona yile ulawulo lweempuku njengeempuku, iimpuku, okanye iivoles, ingakumbi ngamaxesha okuhlaselwa kakhulu kwezolimo. Siyazi ukuba ezi zilwanyana zinokuthetha zisebenzisa izandi ezivakala kakhulu, umzekelo, xa zithandana okanye zikhusela indawo, kwaye oku kukhokelele ekuyilweni kwezixhobo ezithiwa ziyagxotha izilwanyana. Nangona kunjalo, ubungqina besayensi bubonisa ukuba isiphumo sisesexeshana kakhuluIngxolo entsha inokuba yinto eyoyikisayo ekuqaleni, kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha izilwanyana ziyayiqhela, njengokuba kunjalo nakuthi bantu abanesandi esicaphukisayo rhoqo.
Impembelelo yendalo kunye "nongcoliseko lwengxolo" emaphandleni
Ingxaki enye engenakulibaleka yile impembelelo yendalo enokubakho ngenxa yokukhutshwa kwe-ultrasound kunye nokungcangcazela okwenziweyo kwi-ecosystem yezolimo. Nangona injongo isenokuba kukugxotha okanye ukutsala izinambuzane ezithile, inyaniso kukuba ezinye izinto eziphilayo ezininzi zabelana ngaloo ndawo kwaye zinokuchaphazeleka zezi mpawu.
Ababhali bophando lwaseJapan kwi-PNAS ngokwabo bayavuma ukuba ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezi zixhobo kunokuvelisa into ethile "Ungcoliseko lwengxolo" kwezinye iintlobo zezilwanyanaNangona i-ultrasound ingavakali ebantwini, iyavakala kwizilwanyana ezininzi, kwaye inokuphazamisana nonxibelelwano okanye ukuziphatha kwazo ukuba ayisetyenziswa ngendlela elawulwayo.
Umzekelo, ukulinganisa okuqhubekayo kwe-ultrasounds zelulwane ezenzelwe ukoyikisa iinundu kunokwenza ikwachaphazela nezinye iibhabhathane ezingenabungozi zasebusuku okanye izinambuzane eziyinxalenye yokutya kweentaka okanye ezinye izilwanyana ezizingelayo. Ngokutshintsha indlela eziziphatha ngayo izilwanyana ezizingelayo, yonke inkqubo yendalo inokutshintshwa ngokungathanga ngqo. itsheyina lokutya nto leyo sele inzima kakhulu kwiinkqubo zezolimo ezigxile kakhulu.
Kwimeko-bume efana nezolimo, naluphi na ungenelelo, nokuba luneenjongo ezintle kangakanani, luye iziphumo kwindalo esingqongileyoNgoko ke, ngaphambi kokuba kusetyenziswe izisombululo ezinkulu ezisekelwe kwiintshukumo okanye kwi-ultrasound, iingcali zezinambuzane zigxininisa kwimfuneko yokufunda ngcono ezi ziphumo zingalindelekanga kwaye zivavanye ukuba ziyamkeleka na xa kuthelekiswa nomonakalo ocetywayo ukuba uphetshwe.
Isitshixo siya kuba kukufumana ulungelelwano phakathi kokusebenza kakuhle kunye nentlonipho yendaloSebenzisa imiqondiso efunekayo ubuncinane, ngamaxesha achanekileyo nakwiindawo ezichanekileyo, kwaye udibanise ezi zixhobo nezinye iindlela (ulawulo lwezinto eziphilayo, ulawulo lweendawo zokuhlala, iintlobo ezixhathisayo, njl.njl.) ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ngaphandle kokudala iingxaki ezintsha ezingabonakaliyo.
Ekugqibeleni, ulawulo lwezinambuzane olusebenzisa ukungcangcazela kunye ne-ultrasound luya luqalwa njengesixhobo intsimi enamandla kakhulu yokuvelisa izinto ezintsha Kwizolimo ezizinzileyo, imigibe yokungcangcazela yeencukuthu zengqolowa, ekwaziyo ukuzitsala ngeepheromones eziveliswe ngombane kunye nee-micro-vibrations, ivula ucango lolawulo olujoliswe kulo olungaxhomekekanga kakhulu kwizinambuzane. Okwangoku, ii-ultrasonic emitters eziphefumlelwe ziilulwane zibonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka "ukukhohlisa" iinundu ezifana neSpodoptera kwaye zinciphise kakhulu ukuzala kwazo amaqanda. Nangona imingeni isekho malunga nokukhula, iindleko, imida ethile yeentlobo, kunye nemiphumo enokubakho kwezinye iintlobo zobomi, zonke iimpawu zibonisa ukuba ezi teknoloji ziya kuhlanganiswa ngokuthe ngcembe kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwezinambuzane ezidibeneyo, zinike abalimi esinye isixhobo sokukhusela izityalo zabo ngaphandle kokonakalisa okusingqongileyo okanye ukubeka impilo yabo basebenza kwaye baxhomekeke kumhlaba esichengeni.
